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PubMed2000

Collaborative study for the quality control of trace element determinations in paint coatings. Part 2. Certification of alkyd resin paint reference materials for the migratable contents of trace elements (CRMs 620 and 623).

This paper describes the preparation, homogeneity studies and certification of a series of two paint reference materials (mild steel coated with alkyd resin paint, CRM620, and comminuted paint from alkyd resin paint, CRM623) which have been produced in support of the EU Toy Safety Directive (88/378/EEC). The reference materials have been certified for levels of toxic element migration using the method specified in European Standard EN71-3:1994 published by the European Committee for Standardization. As such, the certified values, indicative values and range data quoted for the reference materials in this paper are method specific and relate only to European Standard EN71-3:1994. The paper summarizes the analytical work carried out and gives a description of the analytical methods used to measure As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Sb and Se, the 8 toxic elements specified in European Standard EN71-3:1994, in the sample extracts. Descriptions of the reference materials, certified values, indicative values together with their associated uncertainties or range of laboratory means as appropriate are given. The preparation of a (not certified) reference material (beechwood coated with nitrocellulose paint, RM621) is also described and assigned values for As, Ba, Cd and Se are given. The Hg content could not be certified in any of the reference materials, owing to a high dispersion of results.

Certification↗
PubMed1985

[Levels of alkaline phosphatase, quantity and trace elements in the serum and compact bone in the rabbit].

One can find only little information about the quantitative analysis of quantity elements and trace elements in animal bone compact substance and blood serum. The authors analysed potassium, sodium, phosphorus, calcium, iron, copper, zinc, and the alkaline phosphatase in the blood serum and in the compact substance of the tibial shaft of the rabbit. The collection and the preparation of blood serum and bone for the analytic investigation and the analysis methods were shown. The concentration of the inorganic elements were determined in mol/l and the content were calculated on 1 g dry bone substance.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1992

[Metabolism of trace elements in healthy and sick children. I. Health status].

The oligo-elements or trace elements have acquired a major importance in the knowledge concerning corporal composition and in the comprehension of their metabolic participation in organic processes. Today, thanks to the technological and scientific progress reached by modern pediatrics, the studies made at cellular level have advanced to a molecular level, which will in the future be, without doubt, the bridge that will lead into the atomic level. In addition, this review will briefly summarize several facts of the knowledge accumulated up to now, regarding: 1. The nutritional aspects of these oligo-elements; 2. Its biological functions in healthy condition, especially in children; 3. Their respective nutritional requirements.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

Assessment of trace element status.

Biochemical and clinical investigations involving trace elements are made for the diagnosis of inherited or acquired deficiencies of essential trace elements and their treatment, to monitor the efficacy of the therapeutic administration of non-essential trace elements in order to achieve maximum clinical response with minimum toxicity, and for the early detection of excessive ingestion of non-essential toxic trace elements. The wide range of tests used to assess trace element status in these three areas of clinical importance is discussed with examples of essential and of toxic trace elements since therapeutic use of trace elements is discussed elsewhere in this issue. Particular attention is given to zinc, copper, selenium, lead and cadmium because the various tests used to assess the status of these elements encompass the principles of all currently available tests. Although trace element analysis of body fluids and tissues is the most useful and most commonly used method of assessment of trace element status, this is of limited value and no single test may be considered as ideal for any element. The provision of more detailed information from elemental analysis of cellular and subcellular fractions and of protein fractions from plasma leads inexorably to measurements of element-dependent enzymes, metalloproteins and of low molecular weight element-binding ligands. Even at this level of discrimination the choice of body tissue or tissue fluid for investigation is determined by the trace element and its principal metabolic targets.

Cadmium↗
PubMed1996

Laboratory gloves as a source of trace element contamination.

Contamination in a trace element laboratory can come from a variety of sources, including laboratory gloves. Therefore, vinyl and latex gloves were obtained from as many manufacturers as would supply gloves. These gloves were either prepared for acid-washing and subsequent soaking in an acid solution, or immersed in an acid solution for a duration of either 1 min or 1 h. Incubation washes were analyzed for a variety of trace elements by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) or inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results indicated that only three brands of vinyl gloves were acceptable for use in a trace element laboratory, whereas others had contamination of different elements. Latex gloves contained such high levels of biologically important elements that they were not considered suitable for routine trace element work. Vinyl gloves of choice should be routinely acid-washed before use in a trace element laboratory.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed1988

Trace element alterations in infectious diseases.

Trace elements like copper, zinc, iron and selenium have a significant influence on the function of the immune system. We studied plasma levels of trace elements in 53 patients with acute bacterial and viral infections. In bacterial infections (septicaemia, pneumonia, erysipelas and meningitis) the plasma concentrations of selenium, iron and zinc were decreased. Plasma copper was unchanged in patients with erysipelas, but increased in other types of bacterial infections. Although the patients with viral infections showed similar shifts of the trace elements as were observed in patients with bacterial infections, the changes were not as pronounced. A plasma selenium value below 0.8 mumol/l was found in only 6% of the patients with viral infections in contrast to 63% of the patients with septicaemia or 57% of the patients with pneumonia. Furthermore, in viral infections 60% of the zinc values were below the mean level of 12.8 mumol/l observed in healthy controls as compared with 90% of the values in patients with sepsis or 92% of the values in patients with pneumonia. The onset of change in trace elements occurred within a few days and persisted for several weeks. These changes seem to be non-specific and are independent of the agent causing infection. The different types of infections were followed by changes in most of the plasma proteins which are known to be associated with an inflammatory reaction. The changes in plasma proteins were most pronounced in patients with sepsis and pneumonia. Patients with sepsis having a high degree of inflammation did not show a positive correlation between the severity of the disease--as judged by plasma proteins--and the alterations of trace elements.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed2005

Atmospheric dry deposition fluxes of trace elements measured in Bursa, Turkey.

Trace element dry deposition fluxes were measured using a smooth, greased, knife-edge surrogate surface (KSS) holding greased Mylar strips in Bursa, Turkey. Sampling program was conducted between October 2002 and June 2003 and 46 dry deposition samples were collected. The average fluxes of crustal metals (Mg, Ca, and Fe) were one to four orders of magnitude higher than the fluxes of anthropogenic metals. Trace element fluxes ranged from 3 (Cd) to 24,230 (Ca) microg m(-2) d(-1). The average trace element dry deposition fluxes measured in this study were similar to those measured in other urban areas. In addition, ambient air samples were also collected simultaneously with flux samples and concentrations of trace elements, collected with a TSP sampler, were between 0.7 and 4900 ng m(-3) for Cd and Ca, respectively. The overall trace element dry deposition velocities, calculated by dividing the fluxes to the particle phase concentrations ranged from 2.3+/-1.7 cm s(-1) (Pb) to 11.1+/-6.4 cm s(-1) (Ni). These values are in good agreement with the values calculated using similar techniques. The anthropogenic and crustal contributions were estimated by employing enrichment factors (EFs) calculated relative to the average crustal composition. Low EFs for dry deposition samples were calculated. This is probably due to contamination of local dust and its important contribution to the collected samples.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1998

Precipitation of trace elements in parenteral nutrition mixtures.

Trace elements are an essential additive to parenteral nutrition (PN) mixtures. Previous studies have indicated that certain trace elements, in particular copper and iron, may interact with complete PN mixtures leading to precipitate formation. The causes of these incompatibilities have not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to determine factors responsible for common trace element incompatibilities, using X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy to examine the elemental content of precipitates isolated from stored PN mixtures with added trace elements. Results indicated that copper sulphide precipitated most rapidly in PN mixtures containing Vamin 9 and in mixtures stored in multilayered bags. Copper sulphide precipitation was delayed in PN mixtures containing Vamin 14 and was not observed in PN mixtures stored in EVA bags. Iron phosphate precipitates were observed in Synthamin-containing PN mixtures after storage, but this was prevented in mixtures containing vitamins stored in multilayered bags.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2005

Trace elements in agroecosystems and impacts on the environment.

Trace elements mean elements present at low concentrations (mg kg-1 or less) in agroecosystems. Some trace elements, including copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), molybdenum (Mo), and boron (B) are essential to plant growth and are called micronutrients. Except for B, these elements are also heavy metals, and are toxic to plants at high concentrations. Some trace elements, such as cobalt (Co) and selenium (Se), are not essential to plant growth but are required by animals and human beings. Other trace elements such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) have toxic effects on living organisms and are often considered as contaminants. Trace elements in an agroecosystem are either inherited from soil parent materials or inputs through human activities. Soil contamination with heavy metals and toxic elements due to parent materials or point sources often occurs in a limited area and is easy to identify. Repeated use of metal-enriched chemicals, fertilizers, and organic amendments such as sewage sludge as well as wastewater may cause contamination at a large scale. A good example is the increased concentration of Cu and Zn in soils under long-term production of citrus and other fruit crops. Many chemical processes are involved in the transformation of trace elements in soils, but precipitation-dissolution, adsorption-desorption, and complexation are the most important processes controlling bioavailability and mobility of trace elements in soils. Both deficiency and toxicity of trace elements occur in agroecosystems. Application of trace elements in fertilizers is effective in correcting micronutrient deficiencies for crop production, whereas remediation of soils contaminated with metals is still costly and difficult although phytoremediation appears promising as a cost-effective approach. Soil microorganisms are the first living organisms subjected to the impacts of metal contamination. Being responsive and sensitive, changes in microbial biomass, activity, and community structure as a result of increased metal concentration in soil may be used as indicators of soil contamination or soil environmental quality. Future research needs to focus on the balance of trace elements in an agroecosystem, elaboration of soil chemical and biochemical parameters that can be used to diagnose soil contamination with or deficiency in trace elements, and quantification of trace metal transport from an agroecosystem to the environment.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1996

[Trace elements: mechanistic aspects of anticarcinogenic action].

Trace elements play important roles and are increasingly recognized as versatile anticarcinogenic agents. Several biologic mechanisms have been proposed to explain how trace elements could reduce the incidence of a number of different cancers. The proposed mechanisms involve the antioxidant potential of trace element dependent enzyme system, induction of metallothionein, effects on immune response and DNA repair system, alterations of carcinogen metabolism, and apoptosis of the initiated cells. However, epidemiologic studies have failed to support the hypothesis that enhanced trace element status reduces the risk of cancer. Furthermore, several animal and in vitro studies have shown carcinogenic potentials of trace elements. A few chemoprevention trials with trace elements have now been conducted.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Toxic effects of trace element excess.

Excesses of many trace elements can cause direct toxic effects to cattle as well as indirect effects that can cause a secondary deficiency of other trace elements. Clinical signs may vary from poor growth and feed utilization to neurologic disorders. Toxic effects vary with the specific trace element in question, the total amount of that element in the diet, the age and condition of the animal, and the presence or absence of certain other dietary components. A diagnosis of toxic trace element interaction is based upon compatible clinical signs in affected animals as well as supporting chemical analyses.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Trace elements in total parenteral nutrition].

Trace elements execute a vital function in the human body, and their requirements increase depending on the individual pathology of each patient. The present work discusses the amounts of ten trace elements that must be given to a patient in a Total Parenteral Nutrition situation, in relation to his pathology and when to start with each trace element to avoid or forestall complications because of the absence of them. Those trace elements in discussion are: Zinc, Copper, Chromium, Selenium, Molybdenum, Manganese, Iodine, Silicon and Cobalt, this last one as an ion as an element of Vitamin B.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

The number of glucocorticoid receptors in peripheral human lymphocytes is elevated by a zinc containing trace element preparation.

A trace element preparation (Béres Drops Plus, BDP) elevates the number of glucocorticoid receptors (gcR) in peripheral lymphocytes isolated both from healthy blood donors and rheumatoid arthritis patients. This enhancement by BDP was found either for constitutive expression of gcRs or in experiments when the lymphocytes were stimulated by interleukin (IL)-6. There was no significant effect of BDP on IL-1 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha)-induced changes of gcRs. The effect of BDP was greatly dependent on the presence of Zn++ ions in the preparation, since the augmenting effect was abolished if BDP did not contain zinc.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗