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PubMed2005

[Effects of abdominal breathing training using biofeedback on stress, immune response and quality of life in patients with a mastectomy for breast cancer].

PURPOSE: This study was to determine the effects of abdominal breathing training using biofeedback on stress, immune response, and quality of life. METHOD: The study design was a nonequivalent control group pretest- posttest, quasi-experimental design. Twenty-five breast cancer patients who had completed adjuvant chemotherapy were enrolled. The experimental group (n=12) was provided with abdominal breathing training using biofeedback once a week for 4 weeks. State anxiety, cancer physical symptoms, serum cortisol, T cell subsets (T3, T4, T8), NK cell and quality of life were measured both before and after the intervention. RESULT: Though state anxiety, cancer physical symptoms, and serum cortisol were reduced after 4 weeks of abdominal breathing training using biofeedback, there was no statistical significance. It showed, however, improvement in quality of life (p=.02), and T3 (p=.04). CONCLUSION: Abdominal breathing training using biofeedback improves quality of life in breast cancer patients after a mastectomy. However, the mechanism of this beneficial effect and stress response requires further investigation with special consideration in subject selection and frequency of measurement. Nurses should consider this strategy as a standard nursing intervention for people living with cancer.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of endurance training on selected parameters of immune function in elderly women.

BACKGROUND: Immune function decreases with age, rendering the elderly more susceptible to infection and tumor development. In addition, intense exercise has been shown to decrease immune function in some populations. Few studies have examined the effects of exercise on immune function in the elderly and, to our knowledge, no studies have examined the effects of exercise on a population of active, but nonexercising elderly. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a 10-week endurance training program on selected parameters of immune function in active elderly women. METHODS: A total of 29 healthy, active women, aged 70-87, were randomly assigned to either an exercise (76 +/- 5 years, n = 15) or control (77 +/- 6 years, n = 14) group. The exercise group walked 3 days/week at 70% heart rate reserve (HRR). The duration on day 1 was 20 min and it was increased by 5 min each day until subjects were walking for 50 min (week 3). It remained at 50 min for the duration of the study, while controls maintained normal activity. Blood samples were obtained from both groups at rest, and from the exercise group after 20 min of walking at 70% HRR and after 2 h of recovery. Blood samples were collected prior to endurance training and again after 10 weeks of endurance training. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in 1-mile walk times as well as heart rate at completion of the walk in the exercise group. Natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NCMC) was significantly higher post-exercise, compared to pre-exercise both before and after training. After training it remained significantly elevated 2 h post-exercise. The resting NCMC was significantly decreased in controls at week 10 but not in the exercise group. CONCLUSION: Ten weeks of endurance training resulted in a significant decrease in both the 1-mile walk time and the post-walk heart rate in the exercisers but not the controls, without resulting in either an acute or chronic suppression of immune function. Further, endurance training may lead to an attenuation of the decrease in cellular immune measures which occurs during the winter, since the control group experienced a decrease in NCMC and the exercisers did not.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

Effects of summer camp endurance training on non-specific immunity in long-distance runners.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of endurance training during a 1-month summer camp on the non-specific host defence systems of ten highly trained male long-distance runners. Examinations with informed consent were carried out three times: 2 days before the training began, an intermediate day, and 2 days after the camp. The subjects ran a total of about 800 km during the camp. Neutrophilic reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation determined by luminol- and lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence and cytochrome c reduction methods was assayed at two time points because the camp was held far from our laboratory: neutrophils isolated 6 hours after blood sampling were examined at all three time points and neutrophils isolated immediately after blood sampling were examined before and after the camp. The ROS production indicated by peak height of luminol-dependent chemiluminescence and peak velocity of cytochrome c reduction from neutrophils isolated 6 hours after blood sampling was suppressed after the camp (P < 0.05 for both), but, the ROS production from neutrophils isolated immediately after blood sampling and the serum opsonic activity appeared not to be affected. Neutrophils diminished their activity during the 6-hour waiting time after the camp. These results suggest that the non-specific host defence system is not directly impaired by long, strenuous endurance training.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Immunomodulatory effects of acute exercise bout in sedentary and trained rats.

The immune response to acute exercise after long-term training was evaluated in rats. After 10 wk of exercise training on a drum exerciser, both sedentary control and trained groups ran with the intensity of 70% of peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) for 10 min immediately before sacrifice. The mitogenic activity of spleen lymphocytes in trained group to staphylococcal enterotoxin B, a polyclonal T cell activator, decreased as compared to the sedentary control following acute exercise. However, proliferative response to lipopolysaccharide, a B cell mitogen, was augmented. Furthermore, the interleukin-2 production was reduced in the trained group. The lymphocyte subpopulations in the spleen and the peripheral blood lymphocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry. Although the tendency of changes in some populations was observed in trained vs untrained groups, no statistically significant difference was manifested. The serum levels of both norepinephrine and epinephrine increased immediately after acute exercise. The increase in serum lactate concentration was observed following acute exercise in sedentary control, but less prominent in the trained group.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Effects of resistance training on selected indexes of immune function in elderly women.

Women aged 67-84 yr were randomly assigned to either resistance exercise (RE, n = 15) or control group (C, n = 14). RE group completed 10 wk of resistance training, whereas C group maintained normal activity. Blood samples were obtained from the RE group (at the same time points as for resting C) at rest, immediately after resistance exercise, and 2 h after exercise before (week 0) and after (week 10) training. Mononuclear cell (CD3+, CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, CD19+, and CD3-CD16+CD56+) number, lymphocyte proliferative (LP) response to mitogen, natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NCMC), and serum cortisol levels were determined. Strength increased significantly in RE subjects (%change 8-repetition maximum = 148%). No significant group, exercise time, or training effects were found for CD3+, CD3+CD4+, or CD3+CD8+ cells, but there was a significant exercise time effect for CD3-CD16+CD56+ cells. LP response was not different between groups, across exercise time, or after training. NCMC was increased immediately after exercise for RE subjects at week 0 and for RE and C groups at week 10. The week 0 and week 10 NCMC values were above baseline for both RE and C groups 2 h after exercise. In conclusion, acute resistance exercise did not result in postexercise suppression of NCMC or LP, and 10 wk of resistance training did not influence resting immune measures in women aged 67-84 yr.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

A pilot randomized trial assessing the effects of autogenic training in early stage cancer patients in relation to psychological status and immune system responses.

Autogenic training (AT) is a type of meditation usually used for reducing stress. This pilot study describes how AT was used on a group of early stage cancer patients and the observed effect on stress-related behaviours and immune system responses. This was a randomized trial with 31 early stage breast cancer women, having received a lumpectomy and adjuvant radiotherapy. The women were randomized into two groups. Group 1 received a home visit only. Group 2 received a home visit and 2 months' weekly Autogenic training. At the beginning and end of the 2 monthly periods, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and T and B cell markers were measured to give an indication of changes in immune system responses and measurement of anxiety and depression. At the end of the study, HADS scores and T and B cell markers remained similar in the women who did not receive AT. The women receiving AT showed a strong statistical difference for an improvement in their HADS scores and those women observed in a meditative state as opposed to a relaxed state were found to have an increase in their immune responses. This study suggests AT as a powerful self-help therapy.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1994

Infectious diseases in athletes: new interest for an old problem.

Interest in infectious disease among athletes has been greatly stimulated over the past decade by the development of modern automated systems that can enumerate specific elements of the immune system. Research has confirmed earlier clinical and animal studies in showing that either a single bout of exhausting exercise or persistent over-training can increase susceptibility to upper respiratory and other viral infections, although resistance to bacterial infections is apparently unaltered. Such findings do not seem a non-specific response to cooling and drying of the tracheal mucosa. Rather, heavy exercise has a depressant effect upon the T cell/interleukin/NK cell system which may persist for a week or more. In contrast, moderate training enhances immune defences. Given the negative impact of acute viral infections upon both competitive performance and morale, plus the occasional incident of sudden death associated with viral myocarditis, it is important that sports physicians minimize the incidence of viral infections in the athletes for whom they are responsible. Potential tactics include maintenance of immunization schedules, minimizing of exposure to infection, avoidance of over-training, maintenance of an adequate diet, and reduction of psychological and environmental stress. In top athletes, the regular monitoring of immune status may also be warranted, with the possible administration of immunoglobulins and prostaglandin inhibitors as required.

Communicable Diseases↗

PubMed2001

Cellular and humoral immunity, mood and exam stress: the influences of self-hypnosis and personality predictors.

The effects of self-hypnosis training on immune function and mood were examined in medical students at exam time. Hypnosis involved relaxation and imagery directed at improved immune function and increased energy, alertness and concentration. Hypotheses were made about activated and withdrawn personality differences. Eight high and eight low hypnotically susceptible participants were given 10 sessions of hypnosis, one live and nine tape-recorded, and were compared with control subjects (N=12). CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19 and CD56 NK cells and blood cortisol were assayed. Life-style, activated vs. withdrawn temperament, arousal and anxiety questionnaires were administered. Self-hypnosis buffered the decline found in controls in NK (P<0.002) and CD8 cells (P<0.0.07) and CD8/CD4% (P<0.06) (45-35% order of magnitude differences) while there was an increase in cortisol (P<0.05). The change in NK cell counts correlated positively with changes in both CD8 cells and cortisol. Results were independent of changes in life-style. Energy ratings were higher after hypnosis (P<0.01), and increased calmness with hypnosis correlated with an increase in CD4 counts (P<0.01). The activated temperament, notably the cognitive subscale (speaking and thinking quickly), was predictive of exam levels of T and B lymphocytes (P&z.Lt;0.08-P<0.02), and reaching r=0.72 (P<0.001) in the non-intervention control group. The sizeable influences on cell-mediated immunity achieved by a relatively brief, low cost psychological intervention in the face of a compelling, but routine, stress in young, healthy adults have implications for illness prevention and for patients with compromised immunity.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Changes of immune system in military recruits after the training program.

The aim of the exercise was to improve body health including the immune system function. However, several studies have observed the suppression of immune response in athletes who were trained with strenuous exercise. Recruits who have been in the recruitment-training program for 8 weeks might also have immune suppression. Twenty males, aged from 21 to 23 years in Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy infantry battalion volunteered to participate in this study. They were asked to wear a Polar Accurex Plus Telemetric heart rate monitor during the training period. Tuberculin skin test which is the screening method for cellular immune responses was significantly decreased at post-training compared to the pre-training (p<0.02). The levels of serum IgG and IgM at pre-training, 4th week, 8th week and one week post-training were significantly decreased at the initiation period, which were compared with pre-training and 4th week of training (p<0.01), and returned to normal at the 8th week of training and one week post-training. The level of circulating immune cells and number of CD markers (CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD56) were not significantly changed throughout the training period. This study demonstrated that subjects who underwent the recruit-training program were able to improve their health after the period of training i.e., in the adaptation period. The decrease in the initiation period could be compensated with proper diet and enough rest.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Immune parameters of untrained or exercise-trained rats after exhaustive exercise.

The effect of a single exhaustive swimming exercise bout on immune competence of untrained or exercise-trained female Wistar rats was compared with the competence of control sedentary rats. After the exhaustive exercise bout, the blastogenic response to concanavalin A by spleen cells of untrained rats was extensively suppressed, whereas the response of the trained rats was only marginally suppressed. The suppressed immune competence of the untrained rats after the exhaustive exercise was associated with an increase in immune-suppressive activity of splenic lymphocytes. The macrophages of the untrained rats and of the control sedentary rats were slightly immune suppressive to normal spleen cells through a prostaglandin-dependent mechanism. The addition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to the blastogenesis cultures revealed that the spleen cells of untrained rats were unusually sensitive to the suppressive effects of PGE2. In contrast to the untrained rats, the marginal level of immune suppression in trained rats after the exhaustive exercise was associated with a lesser degree of lymphocyte-suppressive activity, an immune stimulatory activity by the splenic macrophages, and an insensitivity of the splenic lymphocytes to the suppressive effects of PGE2.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Exercise and immunology.

The documented effects of physical activity on host defense date to the early 1900s, although the influences of exercise on infectious and neoplastic disease susceptibility in healthy persons have long been subject to widespread disagreement. Even less is known of the effects of exercise in reducing illness predilection for persons already susceptible to, or afflicted by, immune disease or dysfunction. Recently, however, reports suggest that exercise may reduce the incidence and severity of infection. These reports have been bolstered by well-conducted epidemiologic and laboratory studies demonstrating a link between moderate exercise and either heightened immune function or reduced disease incidence, a relationship that is reversed in instances of immoderate exercise. This symposium will present current information addressing beneficial and detrimental influences of exercise on immune function and disease susceptibility. The authors will emphasize direct effects of acute exercise and physical training on immune cells and their neuroendocrine/immune modulators. The relationship among exercise, infection susceptibility, and immune system function will be highlighted, as well as exercise-induced activation of, and illness/disease regulation by, natural killer cells. Consequences of exercise on immune function and disease advancement will be addressed for persons with neoplasia, autonomic dysfunction, aging-related immunosenescence, and AIDS.

Disease Susceptibility↗

PubMed2002

Serum chemistry and hematological adaptations to 6 weeks of moderate to intense resistance training.

This study examined immune cell and blood chemistry changes occurring in trained weightlifters after 1 week of rest followed by 6 weeks of Olympic-style resistance exercise. Blood was drawn weekly after 1 day of rest at the same time and on the same day of the week for 7 weeks. Lymphocyte numbers increased in weeks 5 through 7. Sodium concentration rose above entry levels in week 2, remained elevated, and peaked in week 5. Direct bilirubin dropped below baseline values in the final week. Chloride and alkaline phosphatase concentrations increased as training progressed. Chloride, potassium, albumin, CO(2), and alkaline phosphatase concentrations peaked in weeks 4 through 6. Serum creatinine was elevated in weeks 2 through 5. Data indicate that resistance training induces changes in immune cell count and blood chemistry that remain within, or near, normal clinical values. It appears that resistance training does not induce immunosuppression or negatively affect hepatic or renal function.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2004

Immune system alteration in response to increased physical training during a five day soccer training camp.

Leukocyte and monocyte subpopulations were investigated in ten elite male soccer players before and after a 5-day training camp. It was hypothesized that with increased training intensity and duration, the immune system would show signs of depression. Blood samples were taken at rest before and after the training camp and cell surface antigens were investigated by four-colour flow cytometry. After five days of intensified training, there was a significant decrease in the number of T helper, T cytotoxic and B cells, the expression of CD11 b on leukocytes increased and the NK cell population did not change significantly. It is concluded that after a period of intensified training, soccer players may experience decreased T and B cell numbers in circulation, possibly affecting their capability to activate the immune system and resist infections. However, in contrast to the acute decrease in the number of circulating NK cells commonly observed after physical exercise, no change in this cell population was observed at rest after a period of intensified physical training. Exercise-induced immunological changes were highly differentiated between different leukocyte subpopulations.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

In-vivo cell mediated immunity in elite swimmers in response to training.

This study investigated in-vivo cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses in elite swimmers over a 5-month training season, to assess the impact of intense training on changes in T-lymphocyte function. The CMI Multitest was performed early in the season after a period of rest, during peak high-intensity training, and late in the season during the precompetition taper period. The CMI tests were performed at rest prior to a morning training session. There were no significant differences between the swimmers and a control group for any of the seven CMI antigen responses at any of the test points during the season. In the swimmers, there were no significant differences in the number of positive responses to the CMI antigens between the three test points (Friedman's test = 9.6364, p = 0.47) and no significant differences for the CMI cumulative scores (Friedman's test = 11.98, p = 0.29) at each test point. There was no consistent pattern for changes in CMI cumulative scores for individual swimmers over the training season. The findings of this study indicate that, despite reported transient T-lymphocyte immunosuppression immediately after intense exercise, probably associated with acute redistribution and temporary pooling of blood T cell subsets in extremities, the T-lymphocyte function involved in CMI responses is not compromised by extended periods of training at an elite level.

Adult↗

PubMed2025

Experimental evolution of a pathogen confronted with innate immune memory increases variation in virulence.

Understanding the drivers and mechanisms of virulence evolution is still a major goal of evolutionary biologists and epidemiologists. Theory predicts that the way virulence evolves depends on the balance between the benefits and costs it provides to pathogen fitness. Additionally, host responses to infections, such as resistance or tolerance, play a critical role in shaping virulence evolution. But, while the evolution of pathogens has been traditionally studied under the selection pressure of host adaptive immunity, less is known about their evolution when confronted to simpler and less effective forms of immunity such as immune priming. In this study, we used a well-established insect model for immune priming - red flour beetles and their bacterial pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis - to test how this form of innate immune memory drives the pathogen evolution. Through controlled experimental evolution of the pathogen in primed versus non-primed hosts, we found no change in average virulence after eight selection cycles in primed host. Nonetheless, we observed a notable rise in the variability of virulence, defined as the ability to kill hosts, among independent pathogen lines that evolved in primed hosts, and the bacteria were unable to develop resistance to host priming. Whole genome sequencing revealed increased activity in the bacterial mobilome (prophages and plasmids). Expression of the Cry toxin - a well-known virulence factor - was linked to evolved differences in copy number variation of the cry-carrying plasmid, though this did not correlate directly with virulence. These findings highlight that innate immune memory can drive variability in pathogen traits, which may favor adaptation to variable environments. This underscores the need to consider pathogen evolution in response to innate immune memory when applying these mechanisms in medicine, aquaculture, pest control, and insect mass production.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Immunological patterns during regular intensive training in athletes: quantification and evaluation of a preventive pharmacological approach.

The effects of regular intensive exercise training on immune system homeostasis and the potential value of treatment with an immunostimulating agent were assessed in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. A total of 60 athletes were studied over a 3-month period of regular intensive physical activity. After 1 and 3 months there were significant decreases in the immunoglobulin levels in the whole athlete population compared with baseline values. Specifically there were significant decreases in immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G (G1 and G2 subclasses). There was also a significant decrease in natural killer cells and a slight but significant increase in B and T lymphocytes. In the thymomodulin-treated group, unlike the placebo group, there was no significant decrease in the immunoglobulin G2 subclass and there was a significant increase in the T-helper cell subpopulation. The clinical relevance of these immunological findings should be evaluated in larger clinical and epidemiological studies.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Physical activity and the immune system.

Methods of examining immune function include a charting of susceptibility to infections, differential blood counts or lymphocyte counts, and measures of cell proliferation and immunoglobulin synthesis in response to external mitogens. The reported acute response to exercise is transient and quite variable, depending upon the type of exercise, the immunological methodology used, the intensity of effort relative to the fitness of the individual, and the timing of observation. A leucocytosis, a granulocytosis, a small lymphocytosis, and a decrease in the proportion of T to B cells reflect mainly changes of blood volume, demargination, and migration of cells. Lymphocyte subsets show a decreased helper/suppressor cell ratio and an increase of natural killer cells. Because of the lymphocytosis, mitogens induce an increased overall cell proliferation, but proliferation for a given number of cells is decreased. Prolonged exercise leads to a decrease of serum and salivary immunoglobulin levels. Soluble factors such as interleukin-1 and interferon are increased by a bout of exercise. Cross-sectional comparisons and training experiments suggest that under resting conditions well-conditioned individuals show some lymphocytosis, increased natural killer cell activity, higher levels of interleukin-1, and possibly an enhanced reaction to mitogens. Moderate training does not greatly change exercise responses at a given fraction of maximal effort. Excessive training suppresses immune function, but the changes are small, variable, and thus difficult to relate to overtraining. Moreover, because of their transient nature, they have only a limited influence upon the risks of infection or cancer.

Exercise↗

PubMed1995

Cellular immune activity in response to increased training of elite oarsmen prior to Olympic competition.

This study investigated the changes in urinary neopterin, a biochemical marker of cellular immune activity, in elite male rowers undertaking a progressive increase in training prior to Olympic competition. Twenty-seven male rowers of the 1992 Great Britain team provided daily urine samples for a 4-week period of training that included 17 days of altitude training and 10 days of heat acclimatization. The mean (+/- S.D.) ratio of neopterin/creatinine in urine increased from pre-training values of 135 +/- 32 to a peak of 219 +/- 121 mumol neopterin per mol creatinine on day 19 of training (P < 0.05). Changes in the ratio of neopterin/creatinine with training were found to be transient and highly variable between subjects, ranging from no change to peak values five-fold greater than baseline. On the basis of the in vivo measurement of cell-mediated immunity employed in this study, we conclude that elite athletes engaged in high-intensity training prior to competition show either no change or a moderate increase in cellular immune activation.

Adult↗