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PubMed1986

The use of goal attainment scaling to evaluate a cancer research training program for high school and college students.

Goal attainment scaling has been used frequently in the evaluation of mental health services. The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of the goal attainment scaling methodology in the evaluation of a cancer research training program. Subjects were 62 high school and college students participating in a summer research program. Prior to the program, all students were asked to predict the specific outcomes they expected to attain in relation to eight independent dimensions of the research training program. At the close of the program students were asked to indicate the outcome they attained for each dimension. Students also ranked the importance of each dimension. The analyses indicated that participants entered the program with accurate expectations of their ultimate achievement and satisfaction with the program. Significant differences were found for expected outcomes on a number of program dimensions for the high school and college students at the preprogram assessment. Significant differences were also found for the high school and college students' importance rankings at both the pre-program and post-program period. Goal attainment scaling proved to be a valuable and flexible technique for the evaluation of a cancer research training program.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

A report of a 1972 survey of physician's assistant training programs.

This article presents select results of a 1972 survey of all physician's assistant training programs in the United States and its territories. The survey gathered a broad range of information useful to federal health manpower policymakers, physician assistant training program administrators, guidance counselors, and prospective students. Responses were received from 75 operational programs and 13 programs still in planning for an estimated response rate of 81 per cent from the estimated 108 programs in existence.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1988

Audiology training in Nigeria--II: A cost-effective approach to training programs.

The purpose of this article is to provide some ways and means so that an audiology training program can be implemented in a developing country (Nigeria). Specific problems facing students, faculty and the training process itself are examined. Suggestions are provided to reduce these problems. In addition to mobilization of local resources, it is suggested that international cooperation be sought in the development, establishment and implementation of audiology training programs in developing countries. While the present approach may not be unique, it may provide some cost-effective means for meeting the shortage of hearing health care professionals in many developing countries.

Audiology↗
PubMed1978

Ambulatory neurology in residency training programs: a perspective.

Inpatient care and teaching have been the central theme in academic medicine, including neurology, for the last several decades. However, pressures from within and outside of medicine are building to create a renewed commitment to ambulatory care and education. Most neurology training programs have not yet made that commitment. They should do so for the benefit of both the patients and residents served by the programs. Effective outpatient clinic training programs should include full-time staff devoted to ambulatory care, teaching, and research. The practicing clinical neurology staff could be used more effectively. Regular chart review, case management conferences, and other teaching strategies, and the reorganization of the clinic to include private patients, as well as group practice and interdisciplinary team concepts, could improve both the patient care and resident training in the neurology clinic.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1992

What is the legal 'standard of medical care' when there is no standard medical care? A survey of the use of home apnea monitoring by neonatology fellowship training programs in the United States.

In treating a patient, a doctor is obliged to use the skill and care that is ordinarily used by reasonably well-qualified doctors in similar cases. In addition, the only way in which a juror may decide whether the defendant used the skill and care which the law required of him or her is from evidence presented by doctors called as expert witnesses (cf Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions). However, what should be done if expert opinions differ concerning the care that is "ordinarily used"? Home apnea monitoring (HAM) is prescribed at times for graduates of neonatal intensive care units despite the fact that indications for its use are not well established and efficacy is completely unknown. The authors attempted to determine standards for HAM as it is currently practiced in neonatology training programs. The primary teaching hospital for each of the 99 neonatology training programs in the United States was identified. Both the medical director (MD) and a neonatal intensive care unit nurse manager (RN) were asked about the use of HAM in their own nursery for four clinical vignettes. Each vignette depicted a 1000-g birth weight infant, currently 7 weeks old and ready for discharge. In three vignettes, the infant had demonstrated no apnea, mild apnea (resolved by 2 weeks of age), or moderate apnea (requiring theophylline therapy at discharge) during the hospital course. In the fourth vignette, the infant had no apnea but was to be discharged home with supplemental oxygen. For 67 of 99 training programs, paired responses of RN managers and MD directors were obtained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aftercare↗
PubMed1977

Governmental peer review of training programs in child psychiatry.

The authors present the results of a review of grant applications from 84 child psychiatry training programs that was conducted by the Psychiatry Education Branch of NIMH during fiscal year 1975. They found that training programs whose applications were approved were (among other things) university based and successful in filling training positions; they provided experiences in two or more treatment modalities in varied settings and with diverse types of patients, had active liaison with community organizations and with departments of pediatrics, and provided research opportunities for trainees.

Child Psychiatry↗
PubMed1991

Cost effectiveness of a training program for dementia carers.

An intensive 10-day residential training program for dementia carers has previously been shown to be associated with increased patient survival at home and decreased psychological morbidity in carers (Brodaty & Gresham, 1989). Results from a further follow-up, about 39 months after entry into the trial, were even more impressive. Patients whose carers had trained in the program had much higher adjusted rates of survival at home (53% versus 13%) and, unexpectedly, fewer deaths (20% versus 41%) than those whose carers did not have training. Patients whose carers had delayed training achieved intermediate results (31% surviving at home and 21% dying). These results were achieved with an average saving of $A7,967 ($U.S.5975) per patient over the first 39 months.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Evaluation of two relaxation training programs under medication and no-medication conditions.

This study evaluated two taped relaxation training programs with 39 psychiatric inpatients, half of whom received minor tranquilizers in conjunction with relaxation training. It appeared that the procedurally enhanced relaxation program was able to produce slightly more therapeutic effects than the standard training program. Significant differences were found between the medicated and the unmedicated groups by multivariate analysis of variance on multiple measures, including heart rate and frontalis EMG. Procedural clarity in relaxation treatment research and the importance of considering contextual factors in the treatment setting are stressed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

1987-1988 Medical Oncology training programs.

A continuing survey of Medical Oncology training programs was conducted. In 148 programs, there were 841 trainees. This was an increase in the number of trainees recorded in a 1984 survey (767), with a substantial increase in third-year trainees. Since trainees in combined oncology/hematology programs intend to take the Medical Oncology certifying examination, a continuing output of medical oncologists can be expected.

Certification↗
PubMed1977

A psychodynamically oriented group training program for early childhood care givers.

A training program for enhancing the care-giving qualities of child-care workers was developed and implemented through semistructured groups for family day-care mothers. The authors describe the theoretical orientation, program goals, and the outcome for trainees and trainers. Most impressive was the group process and content, which indicated the effectiveness of psychodynamically oriented program for care givers--people who ordinarly would not be expected to integrate such an experience successfully.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Undergraduate pharmacological training programs applicable to agricultural science majors.

Undergraduate training programs leading to degrees in pharmacology or toxicology do not exist on most university campuses. Agricultural science students who may ultimately use large quantities of herbicides, pesticides, and other agricultural products may obtain degrees without any exposure to the disciplines of pharmacology or toxicology; some reasons for this are discussed. The design and implementation of some courses suited to the qualifications of most undergraduate agricultural science majors are outlined. In general, a blend of lectures, discussions, and student presentations facilitates adequate presentation of the course material. Specific suggestions for student term projects are mentioned. Some of the available textbooks suitable for undergraduate courses of this type are very briefly discussed. It is suggested that in order to educate nonacademic users of agricultural chemicals, pharmacologists and toxicologists may have to work closely with both industry and those closer to the agricultural community such as county agricultural extension agents and farm youth organizations.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1975

The effect of preceptorship and rural training programs on physicians' practice location decisions.

This study analyzes the relationship between medical student participation in rural training programs, including preceptorships, and the decision to locate medical practice in rural areas. Data consist primarily of responses to questionnaires mailed in 1972 to all graduates of United States medical schools in 1965. Study findings indicate that the overall impact of such programs on practice location decisions is relatively slight, but is most pronounced with respect to urban-reared physicians in nonprimary care specialties. It was also found that a large proportion of urban-located physicians had seriously considered rural practice and that the reluctance of many physicians to locate in rural areas is linked to fear of professional isolation. The findings suggest that an increased orientation toward urban-reared students and dissemination of information on nonsolo practice opportunities in rural areas are means of increasing the effectiveness of preceptorships and other rural training programs in attracting young physicians to underserviced areas.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1990

Effect of neurolinguistic programming training on self-actualization as measured by the Personal Orientation Inventory.

Neurolinguistic programming training is based on principles that should enable the trainee to be more "present"-oriented, inner-directed, flexible, self-aware, and responsive to others, that is, more self-actualized. This study reports within-person changes on self-actualization measures of the Personal Orientation Inventory following a 24-day residential training in neurolinguistic programming. Significant positive mean changes were found for 18 master practitioners on nine of the 12 scales and for 36 practitioners on 10 of the 12 scales. Findings are consistent with the hypothesis that training increases individual self-actualization scores.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Characteristics of pediatric intermediate care units in pediatric training programs.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: To assess effective alternate care sites for the technology-dependent, but less acute critically ill child, we surveyed pediatric training programs to determine the availability and characteristics of non-neonatal pediatric intermediate care units. METHODS: A questionnaire was mailed to the program directors of all 226 United States pediatric residency programs in October 1988. Institutions were queried about pediatric residency program and hospital demographics, along with specific day-to-day management issues in an intermediate care unit. RESULTS: The intermediate care unit offers highly skilled nursing care with greater than 90% of the units primarily covered by RNs in a 1:2 or 1:3 RN/patient ratio. The technologies used in these units were similar to those technologies used in an ICU, and the average daily bed charge was 40% less than the average daily bed charge in an ICU. However, an intermediate care unit was present in only 33% of pediatric training programs and pediatric residents were not specifically trained to care for patients in these units; 37% of these units did not have daily attending physician/nurse/resident rounds, despite the complexity and degree of illness in the patients located in these units. In addition, greater than 20% of intermediate care units were predominantly staffed by RNs with degrees less than BSN. Thirteen percent of these units had a predominance of RNs with only routine experience. CONCLUSIONS: Standard levels of care and academic and financial guidelines should be established to optimize the value of pediatric intermediate care units.

Child↗
PubMed1978

National study of internal medicine manpower: II. A typology of residency training programs in internal medicine.

This second paper of the National Study of Internal Medicine Manpower describes the differing environments of residency training programs. Using previous studies as prototypes, the authors apply factor analysis to data from questionnaires returned by residency training directors and residents to illustrate the myriad interrelations within training programs. The most important result of this study is the demonstration that the largest residency programs have the most subspecialty programs, and their residents are more likely to pursue subspecialty fellowships after completing their third residency year. However, preliminary findings show no associations between the typology (typologic categories of residencies and their trainees) used and desired practice locations in states having few physicians relative to the population or in states with fewer urban inhabitants. The typology also does not predict the future practice aspirations of residents who are more likely to care for the poor or minority populations. A separate set of factors, possibly unrelated to training environments, will help to predict such career outcomes. Further specification of these factors will be the subject of a later paper in this series.

Environment↗
PubMed1991

Effects of a resistive training program on lipoprotein--lipid levels in obese women.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a resistive training program on the time course of changes in strength, body mass index, lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins in sedentary obese women. Sixteen sedentary obese women strength trained 3 times . wk-1 for 12 wk performing three sets of six to eight repetitions per set with sets 1 and 2 at 60-70% of one-repetition maximum. During set 3, the subjects used the greatest weight possible so that failure occurred between six to eight repetitions. Six sedentary obese women served as controls. Blood samples for serum total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoproteins (HDL-C), low-density lipoproteins (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), TC/HDL-C ratio, apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I), and apolipoprotein B-100 (apo B-100) were obtained pre, and after 4, 8, and 12 wk of training and approximately 3-4 d following the last training session. A 3-d dietary record was obtained on all subjects pre and post, and subjects were instructed not to alter their diet. The 12 wk of resistive training did not result in a significant change in body weight, BMI, or total kilocalories consumed per day but did show a mean improvement of 58% in muscular strength (P less than 0.05). The training program did not significantly alter the TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, TC/HDL-C ratio, apo A-I, or apo B-100 levels, which suggests that this increase in strength owing to resistive training in the absence of body weight loss did not alter the lipid profiles in these sedentary obese women.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Cross-sectional and longitudinal evaluations of an endurance training program.

A comparison of the cardiorespiratory responses obtained using both a longitudinal and cross-sectional evaluation of an endurance training program was made in two groups of 60 young male military personnel. Both groups were initially tested (T1) and then retested 6 months later (T2). At T1, Group I was a sample of personnel not participating in a training program while Group II had undergone a 5-month endurance program (2-4 mile run/day). At T2, Groups I and II had been participating in the program for 6 and 11 months, respectively. Testing consisted of sub-maximal and maximal determinations of VO2, VE and heart rate (HR) using an interrupted treadmill test. VO2 max was 11% greater in Group II compared to Group I at T1 and increased 10% in Group I at T2. Similar results were also seen for HR submax, HR max and VE max. These results show that similar values indicative of an improved level of cardiorespiratory fitness can be obtained using either a cross-sectional or longitudinal design when relatively homogeneous groups are studied.

Adolescent↗