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PubMed1994

NASA's Space Life Sciences Training Program.

The Space Life Sciences Training Program (SLSTP) is an intensive, six-week training program held every summer since 1985 at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC). A major goal of the SLSTP is to develop a cadre of qualified scientists and engineers to support future space life sciences and engineering challenges. Hand-picked, undergraduate college students participate in lectures, laboratory sessions, facility tours, and special projects: including work on actual Space Shuttle flight experiments and baseline data collection. At NASA Headquarters (HQ), the SLSTP is jointly sponsored by the Life Sciences Division and the Office of Equal Opportunity Programs: it has been very successful in attracting minority students and women to the fields of space science and engineering. In honor of the International Space Year (ISY), 17 international students participated in this summer's program. An SLSTP Symposium was held in Washington D.C., just prior to the World Space Congress. The Symposium attracted over 150 SLSTP graduates for a day of scientific discussions and briefings concerning educational and employment opportunities within NASA and the aerospace community. Future plans for the SLSTP include expansion to the Johnson Space Center in 1995.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed1978

Education and integration of midlevel health-care practitioners in obstetrics and gynecology: experience of a training program in Washington state.

The impetus for the development of the Gynecorps Training Program was the identification of medically underserved populations of women in Washington State and their need for preventive health care, the maldistribution of physicians, and the success of a pilot program for training midlevel personnel conducted in 1972 by the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine. The program trains community-based and -sponsored Registered Nurses and Physician's Assistants as women's health-care specialists, with the goal of delivering preventive care in obstetrics and gynecology to populations of high-risk, low-income, and/or underserved women. A summary of the training program, its curriculum, and the integration of its graduates into community health teams is presented and discussed.

Certification↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Training program in strategies to improve memory].

INTRODUCTION: The Training Program in Strategies to Improve Memory arises like answer to the high percentage of complaints that older people express on their loss of memory. The main aim of this program is to intervene in those failures, trying to improve the quality of life of this population sector, more and more numerous. DEVELOPMENT: The specific objectives of this Program are: to inform on what it is, how it works and how it is possible to improve the memory; to learn a wide range of useful strategies to obtain it; and to modify attitudes and beliefs on the memory of older people. The phases of the Program are: 1. Pre training evaluation: a battery of test, that have relation with the tasks and strategies that they are going to handle in the training sessions, is administered. 2. Training program: it consists of nine sessions of 90 minutes of duration each one, with a frequency of two sessions per week. In the sessions they deal with attention, concentration, memory, perception, language, etc., through the learning of the following strategies: association, categorization, visualization, repetition, etc. Each session has its own objectives, tasks and strategies to learn. There are 10 or 12 people in each group. 3. Posttraining evaluation: it is applied when finalizing the nine sessions of training. The same wide range of tests than in the first evaluation is administered (different forms or versions). 4. Final evaluation: it is made to the six months of the application of the training program. It tries to measure if the subjects keep on using the learnt strategies. 5. Monitoring sessions: during the six months mentioned, two monitoring sessions are carried out to fix the strategies to learnt. 6. Evaluation of the program: an evaluation of human and material resources employed and activities is made, just like the satisfaction with the program. At the present time, this program has been applied to 34 older than sixty people, and the results obtained demonstrate the existence of a clear improvement after the training, which is maintained six months after. But in addition to the mentioned improvement, the data show a reduction in the levels of anxiety and depression.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

[Training programs in spinal cord injury].

INTRODUCTION: Individualised exercise training programs in spinal cord injury (SCI) individuals are considered highly effective for improving and maintaining capacity for physical activity, as well as for reducing cardiovascular risk. However, no consensus exists on the type, intensity, and frequency of the training programs for SCI. OBJECTIVE: To review the literature about training program characteristics for SCI and describe their efficacy, limits, and results, with the aim of proposing specific recommendations. METHODS: Query using Medline and Embase databases. Ninety-nine references were found, including the following: Clinical studies examining physical endurance capacity of individuals with SCI, physiological responses to maximal exercise, or cardiovascular differences between sedentary and wheelchair-trained subjects; Articles? investigating the effects of training programmes for SCI. RESULTS: Various combinations of training intensity, duration, frequency, type, and ergometers have been proposed for SCI. Whatever the characteristics of the training program, a review of 25 cardiorespiratory training studies involving SCI subjects revealed an average improvement of 9% to 99% in VO2max, 19% to 118% in power output, and a decrease in submaximal values after 4 to 36 weeks of training. DISCUSSION - CONCLUSION: Wheelchair ergometers seems to be interesting for SCI because it mimics closely the daily motor tasks of wheelchair users and allows for adjustment of the wheelchair. Both continuous and interval training programmes are appropriate, but intermittent exercise intensities may be more beneficial since they mimic the intermittent nature of daily activity patterns. Furthermore, on the basis of the results of these studies, we recommend that training at or above 70% of maximum heart rate, for 30 minutes of rhythmic exercise, three days per week during eight weeks, will provide a sound of basis for design of an endurance exercise programme for people with SCI.

Exercise Therapy↗
PubMed2005

Factors that influence physicians' detection of distress in patients with cancer: can a communication skills training program improve physicians' detection?

BACKGROUND: No study to date has assessed the impact of skills acquisition after a communication skills training program on physicians' ability to detect distress in patients with cancer. METHODS: First, the authors used a randomized design to assess the impact, on physicians' ability to detect patients' distress, of a 1-hour theoretical information course followed by 2 communication skills training programs: a 2.5-day basic training program and the same training program consolidated by 6 3-hour consolidation workshops. Then, contextual, patient, and communication variables or factors associated with physicians' detection of patients' distress were investigated. After they attended the basic communication skills training program, physicians were assigned randomly to consolidation workshops or to a waiting list. Interviews with a cancer patient were recorded before training, after consolidation workshops for the group that attended consolidation workshops, and approximately 5 months after basic training for the group that attended basic training without the consolidation workshops. Patient distress was recorded with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale before the interviews. Physicians rated their patients' distress on a visual analog scale after the interviews. Physicians' ability to detect patients' distress was measured through computing differences between physicians' ratings of patients' distress and patients' self-reported distress. Communication skills were analyzed according to the Cancer Research Campaign Workshop Evaluation Manual. RESULTS: Fifty-eight physicians were evaluable. Repeated-measures analysis of variance showed no statistically significant changes over time and between groups in physicians' ability to assess patient distress. Mixed-effects modeling showed that physicians' detection of patients' distress was associated negatively with patients' educational level (P = 0.042) and with patients' self-reported distress (P < 0.000). Mixed-effects modeling also showed that physicians' detection of patient distress was associated positively with physicians breaking bad news (P = 0.022) and using assessment skills (P = 0.015) and supportive skills (P = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to what was expected, no change was observed in physicians' ability to detect distress in patients with cancer after a communication skills training programs, regardless of whether physicians attended the basic training program or the basic training program followed by the consolidation workshops. The results indicated a need for further improvements in physicians' detection skills through specific training modules, including theoretical information about factors that interfere with physicians' detection and through role-playing exercises that focus on assessment and supportive skills that facilitate detection.

Communication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prehospital rapid-sequence intubation: a pilot training program.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a training program enabling paramedics to use sedation and paralytic medications to facilitate endotracheal intubation in patients who otherwise could not be successfully intubated. METHODS: Paramedics underwent a training program consisting of six hours of didactic education, two four-hour mannequin labs, one four-hour animal intubation lab, and operating room experience. Rapid-sequence intubation (RSI) runs were reviewed for appropriateness in patient selection and medication use. Non-RSI runs were reviewed to determine whether appropriate patients were being missed. Intubation success rates continue to be followed. Long-term quality assurance includes monthly run reviews, periodic quizzes, and unannounced on-site practical tests. RESULTS: 101 patients have been intubated using RSI, including medical, trauma, pediatric, and adult cases. Of all patients receiving RSI drugs, 100 of 101 were successfully intubated. There were no undetected esophageal intubations. Paramedics were able to demonstrate proper patient selection and appropriately administer RSI medications. The use of sheep labs was a critical component of this training because it permitted multiple intubations in a live model possessing an airway quite similar to that of the human. The gum elastic bougie was felt to be critical in the intubation of three patients. CONCLUSION: This RSI training model can serve as a template for other agencies seeking to implement RSI. Limitations of this model include the availability of live animal labs and the expense of conducting the training. Intense medical director involvement has been key to the success of this prehospital RSI program.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed1994

Psychogeriatric training in Australia and New Zealand: a survey of psychiatry trainees and training program co-ordinators.

Psychiatry trainees and training program co-ordinators in Australia and New Zealand were surveyed about psychogeriatric training. Responses were received from the co-ordinators of all training programs and 68% of trainees. Over 94% of responding trainees believe they require at least 3 months' psychogeriatric training. Currently about 70% of trainees obtain a psychogeriatric term by Year 4 of training, with 17 out of 21 training programs having positions available. Most trainees positively rate their psychogeriatric training experiences, with 89% enjoying it and 78% believing it adequate for their needs. It is recommended that psychogeriatric training be available to all trainees before sitting the RANZCP Section 1 examinations.

Australia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Validation of an evaluation guide for healthcare training programs in the field of humanitarian efforts].

The training of healthcare professionals working in the field of humanitarian action is of fundamental importance but there have been few procedures for assessing the training programs. A specific guide was produced for the evaluation of healthcare training programs. It uses a three-pronged approach to improve the training of healthcare personnel, encouraging educators to take a fresh look at the way in which they work. The guide seeks to improve the efficiency of training by evaluating programs. The guide was tested on four training programs conducted by three non-governmental organizations in three countries: Handicap International in Cambodia and Mozambique, Médecins Sans Frontières in Cambodia and Action Nord Sud in Brazil. Questionnaires, guides and appraisals were analyzed, and the results suggested that the guide was valid, reproducible and easy to use. However, it is vital to provide external educational assistance during evaluation, to promote the implementation of decisions, thereby improving training practices.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1997

Clinical training program for distributive pharmacists.

A training program to enable staff pharmacists in a state correctional system to shift their practice from distributive to clinical is described. Under a contract with the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ), the University of Houston College of Pharmacy provides pharmaceutical services to 145,000 patients in 100 correctional facilities. An automated centralized distribution site was built in 1993 and four regional pharmacies were subsequently closed, resulting in the reallocation of eight distributive pharmacists positions to clinical services. Four of the eight pharmacists who would be displaced began a retraining program in preparation for decentralized clinical positions. The 18-month program, developed by university staff on contract to TDCJ and college faculty members, included 34 home-study modules, case studies, case presentations, seminars, and supervised practice experience. Three of the pharmacists completed the program, passed competency tests, and were certified for clinical practice privileges, including drug therapy assessment and written consultations. The three pharmacists now operate ambulatory care clinics at prison units. A clinical skills training program developed by a college of pharmacy correctional services division in cooperation with faculty members enabled staff pharmacists to convert their roles from distributive to clinical.

Education, Pharmacy, Continuing↗
PubMed1999

Forceps and vacuum delivery: expectations of residency and fellowship training program directors.

The objective of this study is to compare current forceps training practices in North American obstetrical residency training programs with that in maternal-fetal medicine fellowship programs. We sent a survey to all obstetrics and gynecology residency training programs and to all maternal-fetal medicine fellowship programs in North America. After sending out 354 questionnaires, 219 were returned for a response rate of 62%. The response rate for fellowship programs (52 of 59; 88%) was significantly greater than that of residency training programs (167 of 295; 56.6%) (p < 0.05). All fellowship training programs were using the 1988 ACOG forceps classification system, as were 98% of the residency training programs. Eighty-five percent of fellowship directors and 80% of residency directors felt the same system should be used for vacuum deliveries. All residency and fellowship directors expected proficiency with both instruments for outlet deliveries. For low deliveries requiring < or =45 degrees of rotation, at least 92% expected proficiency with both instruments. For low-forceps deliveries with >45 degrees of rotation, 82% of fellowship directors and 80% of residency directors expected proficiency. For low-vacuum deliveries with >45 degrees of rotation, 80% of fellowship directors and 76% of residency directors expected proficiency. Significantly more fellowship directors expected midforceps proficiency (47%) than did residency program directors (38%) (p < 0.05). Midvacuum proficiency was expected by 73% of fellowship directors and 69% of residency directors. The ACOG 1988 forceps classification system has now achieved wide acceptance and is taught by both residency and fellowship program directors. Most program directors favor using the same classification system for vacuum extraction deliveries. In general, the expectations of the residency program directors mirror those of maternal-fetal medicine fellowship directors. While outlet and low operations with < or =45 degrees of rotation are taught and proficiency is expected, most programs no longer expect proficiency in midforceps delivery, but do expect proficiency in midvacuum delivery. Proficiency in low operations with rotations < or =45 degrees is still expected.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The efficiency of respiratory muscle strengthening training programs in pilots.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficiency of respiratory muscle training programs in pilots. METHODS: Twenty-four male pilots were divided into two groups. The training group (12 pilots) underwent respiratory strengthening training programs besides routine physical exercises. The other 12 pilots in the control group only did routine physical exercises, but the training time was the same in these two groups. Before and after training programs in the two groups, the respiratory muscle functions were examined. RESULTS: 24 pilots in these two groups completed training programs within four weeks. The pilots in the training group got improvement of respiratory muscle functions which was much better than those of the control group. CONCLUSION: It suggests that the strengthening training programs of respiratory muscles can improve and strengthen the respiratory muscle functions in pilots.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Pediatric emergency medicine education in emergency medicine training programs. SAEM Pediatric Education Training Task Force. Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

BACKGROUND: The educational goal of emergency medicine (EM) programs has been to prepare its graduates to provide care for a diverse range of patients and presentations, including pediatric patients. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the methods used to teach pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) to EM residents. METHODS: A written questionnaire was distributed to 118 EM programs. Demographic data were requested concerning the type of residency program, number of residents, required pediatric rotations, elective pediatric rotations, type of hospital and settings in which pediatric patients are seen, and procedures performed. Information was also requested on the educational methods used, proctoring EM received, and any formal curriculum used. RESULTS: Ninety-four percent (111/118) of the programs responded, with 80% of surveys completed by the residency director. Proctoring was primarily performed by PEM attendings and general EM attendings. Formal means of PEM education most often included the EM core curriculum (94%), journal club (95%), EM grand rounds (94%), and EM morbidity and mortality (M&M) conference (91%). Rotations and electives most often included the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and the emergency department (ED) (general and pediatric). CONCLUSIONS: Emergency medicine residents are exposed to PEM primarily by rotating through a general ED, the PED, and the PICU, being proctored by PEM and EM attendings and attending EM lectures and EM M&M conferences. Areas that may merit further attention for pediatric emergency training include experience in areas of neonatal resuscitation, pediatric M&M, and specific pediatric electives. This survey highlights the need to describe current educational strategies as a first step to assess perceived effectiveness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Baseline injury risk factors for runners starting a marathon training program.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the baseline characteristics of participants starting a 25-week marathon training program, and their relationship to injury risk factors. DESIGN: Prospective survey. SETTING: Community-based marathon training program. PARTICIPANTS: 1,548 of 2,314 registrants for the Houston Fit Marathon Training Program (mean age 35.8 +/- 9.3 years, mean body mass index 24.3 +/- 3.9, 63% female). INTERVENTION: 4-page survey administered at registration. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Running experience, training practices, demographics, chronic medical problems and previous injuries. RESULTS: Females were more likely to be classified as underweight and males as overweight or obese (p < 0.0001). The mean number of years of running experience was 6.2 +/- 6.2. Most (87.5%) planned to train at a 9-minute mile or slower pace. 52.3% of the participants had not previously trained for a marathon. In the 3 months prior to starting the program 16.1% had been sedentary. Those runners who had not previously completed a marathon and not previously trained with Houston Fit had a higher prevalence of baseline training techniques that could be risk factors for injury. During the previous 3 years, 38.1% reported having an injury, and 35% of all injuries were still symptomatic at the start of the program. CONCLUSIONS: Training programs for the marathon attract more female athletes and those with less running and marathon experience. The prevalence of being overweight or obese is 35.6%. 16.1% are sedentary during the 3 months before starting this program. Training programs must take measures to establish baseline fitness, to educate on injury prevention training techniques, and to set appropriate fitness goals. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The research study shows that many patients wanting to start a marathon training program are relatively untrained and inexperienced with reference to endurance running. These patients will need special care and education so as to minimize injury and maximize the effect on their physical activity habits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of an anaphylaxis training program for unlicensed assistive personnel.

This study evaluated a training program designed to prepare unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) in high school settings to recognize and respond effectively to an anaphylactic emergency. Subjects included 53 adults employed by a high school district in the San Francisco Bay Area of California. A training model was developed based on Bandura's theory of sources of self-efficacy. Knowledge and perceived self-efficacy of participants were measured before and after the training program to determine if a theory-based anaphylaxis recognition and epinephrine auto-injector training program would increase participants' knowledge and self-efficacy in responding to an anaphylactic emergency. Paired t tests revealed significant improvement in scores for both knowledge and perceived self-efficacy following the intervention (p < .001). This theory-based training program offers a valuable model for other school nurses in providing knowledge and skill training for unlicensed assistive personnel in other health emergencies.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Family therapy training: program and outcome.

A family therapy training program has been conducted for staff of mental health agencies located throughout Pennsylvania. This paper is a report on the content and results of the four-year-old training program. Three hundred practitioners have been trained in family therapy. The program has also led to the development of a core group of 64 family therapy trainers. There has been an associated delivery of more family-oriented mental health services throughout the Commonwealth.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Service learning at dementia care programs: an orientation and training program.

The present paper describes a project that addresses the unique challenge service-learners face at dementia care programs. The project was conducted in conjunction with two courses on aging that offer students a service-learning (S-L) option at a university adult day service (ADS) program that accepts service-learners from these courses. The intervention consisted of two elements: (a) an orientation and follow- up sessions in which students learned about the causes of dementia, the behavioral characteristics exhibited by persons with dementia, and the best methods of interacting effectively with cognitively impaired persons; and (b) a structured scrapbook project for service-learners to exercise their new knowledge and skills. The authors designed the project to increase students' comfort in the dementia care setting and to facilitate students' knowledge of the elderly. The following sections describe the project and its procedures, benefits, and challenges. Recommendations for continuing the project and for adapting the project to other dementia sites are provided.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ambulant training programs for obese children. Criterions of comparison for the development of valid therapy recommendations].

Valid knowledge concerning structure and contents of an ambulant training program for obese children and adolescents suggested by experts is still missing. In 1999/2000, we assessed a survey based on defined criterions in the "Arbeitsgemeinschaft für pädiatrische Diäthetik (APD)" and investigated the literature to cover and to compare based on defined criterions the spectrum of ambulant treatment models in Germany to advance guidelines for therapy in obese children. 13 ambulant training programs were detected. Training of children aged 8 to 12 years and their parents based on diet, behavioural treatment and sports therapy over couple of months without great experiences and without complete financing by health insurance were in common. Time volume of the training programs widely varies. In the seven evaluated training programs, up to one third of the patients broke off, while more than two third of the children successfully finished the training programs. The comparison of the programs failed on missing data concerning the collective, missing or different evaluation criteria, sometimes low number of patients and not standardised calculation of overweight. The survey reflects the often low experiences and the heterogeneous, insufficient evaluation of ambulant treatment models in Germany and demonstrates the great requirement of research. The schedule of criterions facilitates the comparison of programs to develop valid ambulant training programs for obese children.

Adolescent↗