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PubMed2004

Inhibited interpersonal coping style predicts poorer adherence to scheduled clinic visits in human immunodeficiency virus infected women at risk for cervical cancer.

BACKGROUND: One of the most common gynecologic conditions among HIV+ women is cervical dysplasia, the precancerous phase of cervical cancer. Therefore, adherence to gynecology visits may be among the most important health care practices for HIV+ women. However, no research has evaluated the psychosocial factors associated with health care practices among HIV+ women at risk for cervical cancer. PURPOSE: This study examined the relationship between inhibited interpersonal coping style and adherence to primary care and obstetrics/gynecology visits in HIV+ women with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection. METHODS: Twenty-eight HIV-1 seropositive Black, non-Hispanic women underwent a psychosocial interview, blood draw, and gynecologic examination. The Millon Behavioral Health Inventory was used to assess coping style. Medical chart review was used to assess adherence to scheduled special immunology clinic visits for 24 months following study entry. RESULTS: Results suggested that greater inhibited coping style significantly predicted greater nonadherence to clinic visits during 1-year (beta = .45, p = .04) and 2-year (beta = .58, p = .02) follow-up, even after controlling for the possible confounding effects of recent depressed mood on adherence. Social support satisfaction did not mediate the relationship between inhibited coping style and nonadherence. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that interpersonal coping style assessment may be a useful tool in predicting adherence in HIV+ women with HPV. Future research should assess the effect of psychosocial interventions on coping style, adherence, and cervical dysplasia in HIV+ women with HPV.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1980

Coping styles of Chicago adults: effectiveness.

With a sample of 2,299 Chicago adults, a quantitive exploration is made of the effectiveness of different coping styles in dealing with stressor situations and feelings of distress associated with marriage, parenting, finances, and job; psychiatric symptomatology; and feelings of low self-efficacy. The specific measure of effectiveness is the extent to which one or more coping styles predicts a given dependent variable in a multiple regression analysis. As a group. coping strategies are more predictive of the stressor situation and feelings of personal distress than of psychiatric symptomatology or feelings of low self-efficacy. Also, coping styles relate differentially among the four life areas; they are more predictive of levels of stressors in marriage and parenting than in finances or job. Some coping styles are strongly predictive of low amounts of stressors; this is particularly true of the use of strategies that invoke direct action.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2002

Coping styles of older adults with ostomies.

Various clinical studies throughout the years have shown that individuals with ostomies are a unique group facing adjustment demands. One of the most important challenges for an individual with an ostomy is coping with the physiological and psychological changes. The purpose of this study was to describe coping styles of older adults after undergoing ostomy surgery and to explore its helpfulness in dealing with the stressors related to having an ostomy. Lazarus and Folkman's theory on stress and coping was used as the framework to guide this study. A sample of 27 participants ranging from age 50 to 84 years was obtained from an ostomy association in southeastern Louisiana. Participants were asked to complete a demographic data form and the Revised Jalowiec Coping Scale. This revised scale measured eight coping styles related to Use and Effectiveness. Findings revealed significant differences existed among the means of the eight measures for both Use and Effectiveness at p < .01. Results demonstrated that the optimistic and self-reliant styles of coping were the most frequently used as effective styles for coping with an ostomy. This indicated a positive outlook and dependence on oneself rather than dependence on others when coping with the stressors of having an ostomy. There were no statistically significant differences related to gender or ostomy type. Also, aging did not appear to be a factor when considering coping styles of older adults with ostomies. The nursing role should include assessment of the individual preoperatively to identify fears, concerns, and stressors related to having an ostomy. Also, nurses can provide education on disease management, assist with identification of ineffective coping mechanisms, and promote effective coping skills and stress management techniques.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Coping styles and personality domains related to menopausal stress.

PURPOSE: Examine the role of coping styles and personality domains in relationship to stress associated with menopause. DATA/INFORMATION: Data are from 170 women ages 45 to 54 who completed a mailed questionnaire and a telephone interview that assessed women's stress associated with menopause, coping style, personality, menopausal symptoms, depressive symptoms, and use of hormone replacement therapy. RESULTS: Rating menopause as stressful was associated with higher levels of neuroticism, seeking social support, and avoidance, and lower levels of agreeableness in unadjusted analyses. In a multivariate model, menopausal symptoms, seeking social support, and neuroticism accounted for 21% of the variance in rating menopause as stressful. CONCLUSIONS: Health care providers treating women going through menopause should be aware that the stress response to the menopause transition is multifactorial and is associated with women's individual personalities and coping styles.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1998

Matching preparatory intervention to coping style: The effects on children's distress in the dental setting.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate the effects of matching preparatory interventions to patient's coping styles. METHODS: Participants were 61 children, with a restricted age range of 6 through 9 years old (mean age was 7.9 years), who underwent dental restoration. Participants were randomly assigned to an information intervention, a relaxation intervention, or a control condition. Play and parent-report of sensitization/repression were indices of coping style. The first hypothesis, that play would relate to sensitization/repression, was tested using Pearson correlations. The second hypothesis, that interventions that were congruent with patients' coping styles would be more effective than incongruent interventions, was tested using MANCOVAs. RESULTS: No relation was found between play and coping style. The "congruency hypothesis" was supported for self-reported distress immediately following the intervention. On behavioral distress variables, the interaction between sensitization/repression and condition was contrary to the congruency hypothesis. CONCLUSIONS: Implications for future research and clinical intervention with pediatric populations were discussed.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparison of the coping styles among schizophrenic patients, dependent patients and patients with a dual diagnosis].

AIM: The purpose of the study was to compare the level of the coping styles among patients suffering from schizophrenia to schizophrenic patients who use drug and alcohol and alcohol and drug dependent patients. The second question referred to the possibilities of changes in the patients with a dual diagnosis style of handling difficult situations after they have participated in the social skills training. METHOD: 30 schizophrenic patients in the group I, 30 schizophrenic patients who use drug and alcohol--group II, and group III--alcohol and drug dependent subjects. Each of the subjects was evaluated twice: at the beginning of the Social Skills Training and 32 weeks after. The Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations by Endler and Parker, in the Polish adaptation by Szczepaniak, Strelau and Wrześniewski was used to measure coping styles. A sociodemographic questionnaire by Sawicka, Positive and Negative Schizophrenia Symptoms (PANSS) by Kay, Fiszbein and Opler, as well as the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test by Seltz ML were applied. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Persons with a dual diagnosis relatively often use task-orientated and emotional style of coping with stressful situations, similarly to dependent persons. Results of the study do not definitely indicate that participation in the cycle of social skills training influences the changes in preferable stress coping styles. However, it is an indisputable fact the percentage of persons with a dual diagnosis who use alcohol and psychoactive substances decreased to 36.7% after they have completed the cycle of trainings.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1994

Suicide and violence risk. I. Relationship to coping styles.

Thirty suicidal psychiatric inpatients were compared with 30 nonsuicidal psychiatric inpatients. A battery of self-report tests was administered measuring suicide risk, violence risk and coping styles. The suicidal patients scored higher on both the suicide risk and violence risk. They also used almost all coping styles less frequently than the nonsuicidal patients. Among suicidal patients, suicide risk was negatively correlated with the coping styles of minimization, replacement and blame. Further, suicide risk and violence risk in suicidal patients were shown to be predicted by coping styles. These data indicate that suicidal patients have inadequate mental resources to deal with life problems. Besides their significance for assessing suicide risk, the findings may have possible clinical implications for case detection and early intervention with potential preventive value.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1996

Parents of children with cancer: a longitudinal study of emotional distress, coping style, and marital adjustment two and twenty months after diagnosis.

Evaluated emotional distress, coping style, and marital adjustment in 84 parents (42 couples) of children with cancer 2 months after diagnosis and again about 20 months after diagnosis. As expected, mothers' mean state anxiety and trait anxiety scores decreased to near normal levels over time. Fathers' scores were lower initially and did not change. Neither mothers' nor fathers' mean marital adjustment scores changed over time. Marital adjustment at treatment follow-up was predicted by depression and the spouse's marital satisfaction in mothers, and depression, child health status, and spouse's marital satisfaction in fathers. In contrast to findings obtained 2 months after diagnosis, coping style was not related to marital adjustment at follow-up. Results are discussed in terms of possible gender differences in the role of social support in marital adjustment and the stability versus situational specificity of coping styles.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

The role of coping styles as predictors of depressive symptoms among adolescents: a prospective study.

The present study prospectively explored the main and interactive effect of approach and avoidant like coping styles, as well as school-related stress on depressive symptoms in a sample of 327 (167 females, 160 males) students in two Norwegian secondary schools. The results showed that seeking parental support as a coping style served as a negative predictor of later depression, and results give some support for aggressive coping styles being a risk factor for depressive symptoms. A significant interaction between aggressive coping style and stress in relation to depressive symptoms was found. We were also able to show that school-related stress at T(1) predicted depressive symptoms at T(2).

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2002

The effect of sensitization and coping style on post-traumatic stress symptoms and quality of life: two longitudinal studies.

The present study investigated the effects of multiple trauma exposure and coping style on post-traumatic stress symptoms and quality of life. It was hypothesized that sensitization would occur in subjects repeatedly exposed to life-threatening situations (study 1), and different coping styles would act as a resilience or facilitating factor in symptom development (study 2). The results showed that the single-exposure group revealed a decrease in trauma specific stress reactions from three weeks to four months, with a persistent reduction at 12-month follow-up, while the repeated-exposure group showed an increase in symptom reporting over the 12-month period. The same pattern emerged for perceived quality of life-measured by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30). The second study revealed a correlation between scores on avoidant-focused coping style and the Impact of Event Scale-avoidance dimension, Post-traumatic Symptom Scale and GHQ-30. Furthermore, only subjects with a dominant coping style of emotion-focused or task-focused coping showed a reduction in trauma-specific symptom scores over time.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2000

Causal links between stressful events, coping style, and adolescent symptomatology.

In a longitudinal study, the causal links between different types of stressors, coping styles and adolescent symptomatology were investigated. A total of 94 adolescents and their mothers participated in three annual assessments of critical life events, daily stressors and coping styles. The longitudinal associations between life events, everyday stressors, a dysfunctional coping style and symptomatology were analyzed via a path-analytic model. Critical life events and daily stressors were found to be strongly related over time; however, the type of stressor was not consistently linked with adolescent symptomatology. In contrast, withdrawal, a form of avoidant coping, emerged as a significant predictor of adolescent symptomatology across all times. Further, emotional and behavioral problems led to a time-lagged increase in withdrawal, creating a vicious circle. The results are discussed with reference to the coping-skill deficit model.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Monitoring: a dual-function coping style.

Monitoring (Miller, 1991) is defined as a cognitive coping style characterized by the tendency to seek information about threats. This study found that information seeking in stressful situations is perceived by individuals as related to the emotion-focused more than the problem-focused function of coping and that there is considerable variance among individuals in the perceived functions of information seeking and the relationships among information-seeking reactions and their perceived functions. Information-seeking preferences in a natural stressful situation (a final course examination) were predicted by individual differences in perceived functions of information seeking rather than by generalized behavioral coping styles (monitoring). The results were interpreted in relation to the cognitive-affective system theory (Mischel & Shoda, 1995), and implications for the measurement of coping dispositions were discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2000

The role of personality, coping style and social support in health-related quality of life in HIV infection.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of health status, personality and coping style, on self-report health-related quality of life (QoL). METHODS: Participants were HIV seropositive individuals at all disease stages from three samples (a) gay/bisexual men from the UK, (b) injecting drug users from the UK, (c) injecting drug users from Italy. All participants completed questionnaires evaluating QoL, personality, coping style and social support. Explicit models of the relationships between the measured variables based on a review of the literature were tested using structural equation modelling. RESULTS: Health status was modestly associated with the physical but not the psychological aspects of QoL (beta = 0.44). Neuroticism was strongly associated with psychological QoL (beta = -0.73) but only weakly with physical QoL (beta = -0.21). The samples did not differ in either the pattern or the magnitude of these relationships. Mediating factors such as coping style, social support and other personality variables had only a weak influence on the role of Neuroticism. CONCLUSIONS: Neuroticism had a strong influence on health-related QoL that was independent of health status. Neuroticism was more strongly associated with the psychological aspects of QoL than health status. Coping styles and the other psychological variables assessed had only a weak mediating influence on this relationship.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1989

Coping style in hypertensive patients: nature and consequences.

Examined the coping styles and health behaviors of hypertensive and normotensive patients visiting a primary care setting for acute medical problems. Hypertensive individuals were far more likely to display a "high-monitoring" (information-seeking) mode of coping than normotensive individuals, who tended to be "low monitoring" (information avoiding) in their coping. Although hypertensive patients reported less dysfunction in their current medical problems than did normotensive patients, they nonetheless reported greater concerns about their condition and its impact. Finally, hypertensive patients were rated by physicians as more likely to desire help with both their presenting medical problem and their stress-related problems. Future research should help to specify the exact relations among coping style, stress, and symptom reporting in hypertension.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Psychometric validation of a monitoring-blunting measure for social anxiety disorder: the coping styles questionnaire for social situations (CSQSS).

The purpose of this investigation was to conduct a psychometric validation of the Coping Styles Questionnaire for Social Situations (CSQSS). The CSQSS was developed to measure monitoring and blunting coping styles in social situations based on Miller's conceptualization of how individuals cope with threat-related information. Study 1 evaluated the content validity of the CSQSS monitoring and blunting items. Study 2 examined factor structure, reliability, and construct validity of the CSQSS in a sample of 443 college students. Evidence supported the content and face validity of the CSQSS. In addition, an exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor solution consistent with the monitoring and blunting constructs. Both monitoring and blunting scores were positively correlated with measures of social anxiety, with blunting having a stronger relationship. Moreover, individuals with high social anxiety engaged in a significantly higher degree of monitoring and blunting than did individuals with low social anxiety. Taken together, these results provide support for the reliability and validity of the CSQSS. The CSQSS may serve as a useful measure for further examination of monitoring and blunting coping styles in a social anxiety disorder sample.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1993

Correlates of suicide and violence risk in an inpatient population: coping styles and social support.

Forty-six suicidal psychiatric inpatients were compared with 44 nonsuicidal psychiatric inpatients on measures of suicide risk, violence risk, impulsivity, feelings of anger, social support, and eight coping styles. The two groups were similar on demographic variables, but the suicidal patients were higher on the suicide risk scale, the violence risk scale, the impulsivity scale, and feelings of anger. Suicidal patients were significantly less likely to use the coping style of minimization to deal with life problems. A negative correlation was found between the social support measure and both suicide risk and violence risk. Three coping styles were found to correlate negatively with violence risk, but none with suicide risk. Coping styles were found to be a better predictor of violence risk than of suicide risk. It was also found that the more variables included in the predictor equation, the higher the correlation with the risk measures.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1984

Examining the interaction effects of coping style and brief interventions in the treatment of postsurgical pain.

The present study sought to ameliorate two major deficiencies in the literature on treating response to surgery, viz., the failure to compare clearly delineated treatments, alone and in combination; and the failure to examine treatment X coping style interactions. Information imparting and brief relaxation were examined in this study as they interacted with an avoidance-sensitization coping style. No differences were found between treatments or coping styles. Sensitizers, on the other hand, were found to profit most from the relaxation training. Avoiders appeared to do well when they were left alone. The interaction effect was demonstrated for both self-report measures of pain and a behavioral measure of potency of medications ingested. The effects on self-report of pain were more evident on the second postsurgical day than on the fourth postsurgical day. The results indicate that brief relaxation training, often the only kind available to the medical psychologist dealing with surgical patients, is best confined to patients with a sensitizing coping style. Further, the results of this study, in conjunction with a reanalysis of previous studies, cast considerable doubt on information imparting when presented alone as a viable technique for reducing the distress consequent on surgery.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1996

Relationships between coping style and PAI profiles in a community sample.

Relationships between coping style and psychological functioning were examined in a heterogeneous community sample (N = 168). Psychological functioning was categorized with the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991). Subjects were assigned to PAI configural profile clusters, using T-scores from PAI clinical scales. Three PAI clusters were prominent in this sample: normal, anxious, and eccentric. Multivariate analysis of covariance revealed that these clusters differed significantly in coping style, as measured by the dispositional format of the COPE Inventory (Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub, 1989). Normals coped through avoidance significantly less than anxious or eccentric subjects. Also, normals engaged in seeking social support and venting more than eccentric but less than anxious subjects. Gender differences also were noted, with women more likely to cope by seeking social support and men more likely to cope through hedonistic escapism.

Adaptation, Psychological↗