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PubMed1995

Dietary and environmental correlates of obesity in a population study in China.

The patterns and correlates of obesity in China were studied in two panels of a nationwide longitudinal survey conducted in 1989 and 1991 (the China Health and Nutrition Survey). Among the Chinese adults, dietary energy and fat intakes were positively and significantly associated with the Body Mass Index (BMI). Household income and physical activity level were also significantly associated with BMI. Urban residence and higher income were associated with lower energy intake, higher fat intake, and lower physical activity level compared to rural residence and other income categories. This paper documents an important emerging health problem: the increasing problem of obesity that has been observed in many lower-income countries during the last several decades.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Genetic and environmental correlations between brain weight and maze learning in inbred strains of mice and their F1 hybrids.

The relationships among body weight, cerebellum weight, cerebrum weight, maze-learning ability in a double T-maze, and discrimination learning in a Y-maze were studied in six inbred strains of mice and some of their F1 hybrids. The subjects were 131 male albino mice from 14 genotypic groups: five inbred groups and nine groups of crossbred offspring. Intra- and intergroup correlations were computed between all possible pairs of the anatomical and behavioral traits. A significant difference between the intragroup and intergroup correlations for any pair of variables was taken to indicate the presence of a genetic correlation between the two variables. On this basis, positive genetic correlations were indicated between T-maze learning ability and Y-maze learning ability, between body weight and T-maze learning ability, and possibility between body weight and both cerebellum and cerebrum weight and between cerebrum weight and T-maze learning ability. Negative genetic correlations were indicated between cerebellum weight and running time in both mazes and between total number of successes in the Y-maze and Y-maze running time.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Environmental correlates of gambling behavior in urban adolescents.

The present study considered the relation between adolescent gambling behavior and the perceived environment, the component of Jessor and Jessor's (1977) Problem Behavior Theory that assesses the ways that adolescents perceive the attitudes and behaviors of parents and peers. The predominantly African-American sample included 188 sophomores from two urban public high schools. Using the South Oaks Gambling Screen-Revised for Adolescents to assess gambling risk, rates of both at-risk (20.7%) and problem (12.8%) gambling were found to be high. Boys displayed more gambling problems than did girls. The perceived environment accounted for significant variance in gambling problems and frequency, with proximal components displaying stronger relationships than distal components. Perceiving parent gambling and friend models for problem behavior were positively correlated with gambling problems, and friend models were positively related to gambling frequency. Among girls, family support was positively related to gambling problems. Among boys, this relation was negative.

Achievement↗
PubMed2000

Environmental correlates of underage alcohol use and related problems of college students.

BACKGROUND: Underage alcohol use is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in adolescents and young adults. This study examined drinking levels and ensuing problems among college students and factors associated with binge drinking. METHOD: The Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study conducted a self-administered survey. The participants include a random sample of 7061 students aged <21 years (defined as underage drinkers), and 4989 between ages 21 and 23 in 1997 at 116 nationally representative 4-year colleges in 39 states. The outcomes of the study include self-reports of alcohol use, binge drinking (defined as five or more drinks in a row for men and four or more for women at least once in a 2-week period), alcohol-related problems, preferred type of drink, access to alcohol, and price paid per drink. RESULTS: Underage students drink less often but have more drinks per occasion, are more likely to drink in private settings (off-campus, dormitory, and fraternity parties), and pay less per drink than do of-age students. Correlates of underage binge drinking include residence in a fraternity or sorority (odds ratio [OR]=6.2), very easy access to alcohol (OR=3.3), obtaining drinks at lower prices (OR=2.1, for under $1 each or a set fee for unlimited drinks), and drinking beer (OR=9.5). CONCLUSIONS: Effective controls on price, access, and fraternity and off-campus parties, and reinforcing minimum drinking age laws are needed to reduce the high levels of binge drinking and related health and behavioral problems of underage students.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Sibling and environmental correlates of adolescents' aspirations: family group differences.

Relationships were examined between sibling variables, perceptions of learning environments and aspirations for Australian adolescents from family contexts defined conjointly by human and social capital. Generally, the findings using a regression approach indicated that sibling variables continued to have significant and often complex associations with adolescents' aspirations after taking into account relationships between perceptions of learning environments and aspirations. Also, relationships between sibling variables, perceptions of learning environments and aspirations, varied for adolescents from the different family contexts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Environmental correlates of child copula verb growth.

A recurring result from studies which relate the frequency of input variables to rate of language development, is the link between auxiliary verb growth and yes-no questions addressed to children. Explanations for this relationship usually concentrate on the advantages of hearing stressed and non-contracted auxiliary forms in sentence-initial position over hearing unstressed, contracted forms in medial position in declaratives. If such accounts are correct, then it can be predicted that yes-no questions which place forms of COPULA be in initial position will also increase the rate of growth of children's COPULA verb development. This prediction was tested using a sample of 33 children, carefully matched for stage of language development at 1;9 and 2;0 years; rate of copula verb growth was then measured over the succeeding nine months. Analyses include an examination of the contribution of sub-categories of yes-no question, tag questions, and utterances containing sentence-final copulas to the growth of contracted and full copulas. Results confirm that the frequency of inverted copulas in yes-no questions predicts children's copula development. Nevertheless, caution is urged before interpreting the relationship in terms of a direct causal model.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Environmental correlates of physiological variables in marsupials.

We analyzed body temperature (T(b)), basal metabolic rate (BMR), wet thermal conductance (C(wet)), and evaporative water loss (EWL) of marsupials by conventional and phylogenetically corrected regression. Allometric effects were substantial for BMR, C(wet), and EWL but not T(b). There was a strong phylogenetic signal for mass and all physiological traits. A significant phylogenetic signal remained for BMR, C(wet), and EWL even after accounting for the highly significant phylogenetic signal of mass. T(b), BMR, C(wet), and EWL allometric residuals were correlated with some diet, distribution, and climatic variables before and after correction for phylogeny. T(b) residuals were higher for marsupials from arid environments (high T(a) and more variable rainfall). The fossorial marsupial mole had a lower-than-expected T(b) residual. The allometric slope for BMR was 0.72-0.75. Residuals were consistently related to distribution aridity and rainfall variability, with species from arid and variable rainfall habitats having a low BMR, presumably to conserve energy in a low-productivity environment. The nectarivorous honey possum had a higher-than-expected BMR. For C(wet), the allometric slope was 0.55-0.62; residuals were related to diet, with folivores having low and insectivores high C(wet) residuals. The allometric slope for EWL was 0.68-0.73. EWL residuals were consistently correlated with rainfall variability, presumably facilitating maintenance of water balance during dry periods.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Biological and environmental correlates of developmental outcome of prematurely born infants in early adolescence.

Examined the role of biological factors (birth weight and perinatal medical complications) and psychosocial factors (maternal attitudes, paternal involvement, mother's personal state, marital adjustment, family relations, and socioeconomic status) in predicting long-term outcome of 90 Israeli adolescents born prematurely at very low birth weight (VLBW). As compared with 90 adolescents born full-term at normal birth weight (NBW), the VLBW children scored lower on all measures except reading comprehension. IQ, visual-motor coordination, and hyperactive behavior were predicted by both biological and psychosocial variables, visual memory by biological variables, and reading comprehension by psychosocial variables. The findings support chiefly the main effects model of developmental psychopathology (i.e., biological and psychosocial variables are additive in predicting outcomes), but also the interactional model (e.g., SES was influential in predicting visual-motor coordination and hyperactive behavior in the VLBW group but not in the NBW group).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Aedes polynesiensis in the Society Islands: environmental correlates of isoenzyme differentiation.

Isoenzyme genetic differentiation of Aedes polynesiensis mosquitoes in Raiatea island, French Polynesia, was evaluated by two models of population structure based on seven gene-enzyme systems: Ak, Est, Got, Gpi, Hk, Mdh and Pgm. The ecological model tested whether genetic differentiation is congruent with habitat differences. The isolation model evaluated whether genetic differentiation is proportional to geographical distribution. The ecological model found no significant differentiation between populations of Ae.polynesiensis from beach and forest ecotopes, whereas the isolation model was consistent with the data. However, incipient speciation is opposed by the source-sink system of population dynamics in such small neighbouring islands, where Ae.polynensiensis extinction is readily followed by reinvasion causing considerable gene flow between island populations.

Aedes↗
PubMed1998

Environmental correlates of resident agitation in Alzheimer's disease special care units.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the point prevalence of agitated behaviors in a representative sample of Alzheimer's disease Special Care Units, and to determine the extent to which agitation is associated with aspects of the treatment environment. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study in which nonparticipant observers recorded 3723 observations of resident behaviors in 53 Alzheimer's disease Special Care Units. Observational data were gathered on the physical environment and staff treatment in these settings, and resident characteristics were extracted from a data base developed in the study states by the Health Care Financing Agency. Analyses studied the association between aspects of the staff and physical environment and resident agitation levels, controlling for resident cognitive and functional status. SETTING: Special Care Units in nursing homes in Kansas, Maine, Mississippi, and South Dakota. PARTICIPANTS: All residents and staff of the participating units. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Eight specific agitated behaviors and two indexes of resident agitation were measured by direct observation by research assistants on three to four data collection walk-throughs in each of the study facilities. RESULTS: The most common agitated behaviors noted were repetitive mannerisms (4.5% of resident observations) and non-loud verbal excess (3.8%). Wandering, which frequently reflects agitation, was noted in 6.5% of resident observations. The proportion of residents exhibiting an agitated behavior varied from none in some units to 38% in one unit. Independent correlates of low unit agitation levels included favorable scores on measures of the physical environment and of staff treatment activities, low rates of physical restraint use, a high proportion of residents in bed during the day, small unit size, low levels of resident functional dependency, and fewer numbers of comorbid conditions. CONCLUSIONS: While the prevalence of agitation tends to increase as Alzheimer's disease progresses, modifiable treatment factors appear to have a strong influence on the prevalence of agitation. Both physical design and staff treatment appear to influence agitation rates, as do some measures consistent with a low stimulus approach to Alzheimer's care.

Activities of Daily Living↗