SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “fruit development”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

Carotenoid biosynthesis during tomato fruit development: regulatory role of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase.

Plant isoprenoids represent a heterogeneous group of compounds which play essential roles not only in growth and development, but also in the interaction of plants with their environment. Higher plants contain two pathways for the biosynthesis of isoprenoids: the mevalonate pathway, located in the cytosol/endoplasmic reticulum, and the recently discovered mevalonate-independent pathway (Rohmer pathway), located in the plastids. In order to evaluate the function of the Rohmer pathway in the regulation of the synthesis of plastidial isoprenoids, we have isolated a tomato cDNA encoding 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), the first enzyme of the pathway. We demonstrate in vivo activity and plastid targeting of plant DXS. Expression analysis of the tomato DXS gene indicates developmental and organ-specific regulation of mRNA accumulation and a strong correlation with carotenoid synthesis during fruit development. 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose feeding experiments, together with expression analysis of DXS and PSY1 (encoding the fruit-specific isoform of phytoene synthase) in wild-type and yellow flesh mutant fruits, indicate that DXS catalyses the first potentially regulatory step in carotenoid biosynthesis during early fruit ripening. Our results change the current view that PSY1 is the only regulatory enzyme in tomato fruit carotenogenesis, and point towards a coordinated role of both DXS and PSY1 in the control of fruit carotenoid synthesis.

Alkyl and Aryl Transferases↗

PubMed1988

Export of organic materials from developing fruits of pea and its possible relation to apical senescence.

In the G2 line of peas (Pisum sativum L.) senescence and death of the apical bud occurs only in long days (LD) in the presence of fruits. Removal of the fruits prevents apical senescence. One possible reason for the senescence-inducing effect of fruit is that the fruits produce a senescence-inducing factor which moves to the apical bud and is responsible for the effect. For this to be possible there must be a transport mechanism by which material may move from the pods to the apex. To examine the extent of fruit export, pods were labeled via photoassimilation of (14)CO(2) beginning 12 days after anthesis. Under LD conditions, 1.14% of label fixed was transported from the pods with only 10.5% of this found in the apical bud and youngest leaves after 48 hours, the remainder being found principally in other developing fruits and mature leaves. During the onset of apical senescence, less total label was actually exported to the apical bud than at other times. In addition, more total export occurred from pods in short days than in LD, with the apical bud receiving a greater percentage than in LD. Thus the amount and distribution of export would not seem to support the idea of specific export of targeted senescence-promoting compounds. Girdling of the fruit peduncle did not change the characteristics of export suggesting movement via an apoplastic xylem pathway.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

[Function of auxin-binding protein gene during cucumber fruit development].

A cDNA fragment that encodes auxin-binding protein 1 was amplified by, reverse polymerase chain reaction from ovary of cucumber. Its expression signals were weak in the ovary of 1 d before anthesis, while got strong in 2, 4 and 6 d after pollination. Among the unpollinated ovary of 2 d after anthesis, those that got enlarged had strong expression signals; the others that were wilting had weak signals. This indicated that auxin-binding protein 1 gene possibly play a role in cucumber fruit development. When auxin-binding protein 1 gene of Arabidopsis was transformed into cucumber, the parthenocarpic rate of transgenic plants was 31.7%, higher than the control. This result showed that the sensibility to auxin was increased in transgenic plants.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2005

Molecular cloning and functional characterization of two apple S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase genes and their different expression in fruit development, cell growth and stress responses.

Two full-length S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) cDNAs, MdSAMDC1 and MdSAMDC2, were isolated from apple [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.]. Both cDNAs encoded tiny and small ORFs in addition to the SAMDC ORFs, and genomic sequences of MdSAMDC1 and MdSAMDC2 contained two or three introns in the 5' upstream regions, respectively. Yeast complementation experiment indicated that two MdSAMDCs encoded functional proteins, and that the tiny and small ORFs possibly repressed their translation efficiency. RNA gel blot analysis showed that MdSAMDC1 were differentially regulated in fruits depending on the developmental stage and in cell suspension during the culture period, but MdSAMDC2 did not. In contrast, MdSAMDC2 was positively induced by cold and salt stresses, but MdSAMDC1 was not. These results suggest that MdSAMDC1 is mainly involved in fruit development and cell growth while MdSAMDC2 in stress responses, compared with their respective counterpart.

Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase↗

PubMed2007

Differential expression of the ascorbate oxidase multigene family during fruit development and in response to stress.

Ascorbate oxidase (AO, EC 1.10.3.3) is a member of the multicopper oxidases family. It catalyzes the oxidation of ascorbic acid (AA) to dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) via monodehydroascorbate (MDHA), with the concomitant reduction of molecular oxygen to water. In melon (Cucumis melo), ascorbate oxidase is encoded by a multigene family comprising at least four genes. Here, we present the detailed characterization of two melon AO genes, CmAO1 and CmAO4. Gene-specific expression studies of the AO gene family in melon revealed that only CmAO1 and CmAO4 are transcriptionally active and differentially regulated dependent on tissue, developmental stage and external stimuli. Transcripts of the CmAO1 gene are present in floral and fruit tissues, whereas CmAO4 mRNA preferentially accumulates in vegetative tissues. CmAO genes were not detected in melon seeds, but CmAO4 expression is activated upon germination. CmAO4 mRNA steady-state levels are also regulated in response to wounding and heat stress, by hormones (abscisic acid, salicylic acid and jasmonates), AA and copper. These findings suggest that AO gene expression is transcriptionally regulated during fruit development and in response to hormonal cues associated with the control of cell growth and the stress response.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2005

Two types of spermine synthase gene: MdACL5 and MdSPMS are differentially involved in apple fruit development and cell growth.

Three cDNAs with high homology to spermine (Spm) synthases in Arabidopsis were isolated from apple [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.]. MdACL5-1 and MdACL5-2 have high homology with ACL5 and MdSPMS has high homology with AtSPMS. The similarity of MdSPMS to spermidine synthases (SPDSs) was higher than that of MdACL5s, despite the fact that both are putative Spm synthases. However, MdSPMS could be discriminated from SPDSs by the presence of several characteristic amino acids, i.e., Val-149, Ser-161, Ala-205, and Val-235, in the decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine (dcSAM)-binding motif of MdSPMS. Both MdACL5-1 and MdSPMS complemented Spm biosynthesis in a yeast mutant deficient in Spm synthase, and ectopic expression of MdACL5-1 in the Arabidopsis dwarf mutant acl5 allowed recovery of the normal phenotype. RNA gel blot analysis showed that MdACL5 and MdSPMS are differentially expressed in tissues and suspension cells. These results suggest that functional MdACL5 and MdSPMS are independently involved in apple fruit development and cell growth.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1994

Carotenoid Biosynthesis during Tomato Fruit Development (Evidence for Tissue-Specific Gene Expression).

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv Ailsa Craig) fruit, at five stages of development, have been analyzed for their carotenoid and chlorophyll (Chl) contents, in vitro activities of phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, and lycopene cyclase, as well as expression of the phytoene synthase (Psy) and phytoene desaturase (Pds) genes. During ripening, the total carotenoids increased with a concomitant decrease in Chl. Although the highest carotenoid content (consisting mainly of lycopene and [beta]-carotene) was found in ripe fruit, the greatest carotenogenic enzymic activities were found in green fruit. Phytoene synthase was located in the plastid stroma, whereas the metabolism of phytoene was associated with plastid membranes during all stages of fruit development. The in vitro products of phytoene desaturation altered from being predominantly phytofluence and [zeta]-carotene in chloroplasts to becoming mainly lycopene in chromoplasts. The expression of Psy was detected in breaker and ripe fruit, as well as flowers, but was not detectable by northern blot analysis in leaves or green fruits. The Pds gene transcript was barely detectable in green fruit and leaves but was expressed in flowers and breaker fruit. These results suggest that transcription of Psy and Pds is regulated developmentally, with expression being considerably elevated in chromoplast-containing tissues. Antiserum to the Synechococcus phytoene synthase cross-reacted with phytoene synthase of green fruit only on western blots and not with the enzyme from ripe fruit. In contrast, a monoclonal antibody to the Psy gene product only cross-reacted with phytoene synthase from ripe fruit. The enzymes from green and ripe fruit had different molecular masses of 42 and 38 kD, respectively. The absence of detectable Psy and Pds mRNA in green tissues using northern blot analyses, despite high levels of phytoene synthase and desaturase activity, lends support to the hypothesis of divergent genes encoding these enzymes.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

A differentially expressed proteomic analysis in placental tissues in relation to pungency during the pepper fruit development.

Using proteomic analysis including 2-DE, image analysis, and protein identification with LC-MS/MS, an investigation aimed at a better understanding of the differentially expressed proteins and/or gene products was carried out with total cell extracts from placental tissues in nonpungent (Capsicum annuum cv. Saeng-Ryeog #213) and pungent peppers (C. annuum cv. Saeng-Ryeog #211). Mobilization of the most abundant proteins, which were on the gels of pH ranges of 4-7, 4.5-5.5, 5.5-6.7, and 6-9, and showed very similar profiles in the two tissues, revealing approximately 2600 protein spots consisting of 1200 on pH 4-7, 600 on 4.5-5.5, 550 on 5.5-6.7, 250 on 6-9. Of these, 37 protein spots, which appeared in only pungent tissues but not in nonpungent tissues or markedly increased in their staining intensities on the gels from pungent tissue, were selected, excised, in-gel trypsin digested, and analyzed by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Peptide MS/MS data were searched against publicly available protein and EST databases, and 22 proteins were identified. Based on this result, we tested and compared the differential expression during fruit development on the 2-DE gels with total cell extracts from placental tissues of pungent and nonpungent peppers at an interval of 10 days from 10 to 40 days after flowering. In addition, this differential protein expression was further confirmed for some subsets of candidates by Northern-blot analysis with RNA samples from placental tissues harvested from each pepper fruit at the same sampling intervals. In this study, the physiological implications, revealed from the experimental data in the levels of proteome and transcripts, are discussed in the context of a complex biosynthesis network of capsaicinoids in pepper cells responsive to pungency.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2002

Characterization of two putative ethylene receptor genes expressed during peach fruit development and abscission.

Two peach genes homologous to the Arabidopsis ethylene receptor genes ETR1 and ERS1, named Pp-ETR1 and Pp-ERS1 respectively, have been isolated and characterized. Pp-ETR1 and Pp-ERS1 are conserved in terms of exon numbers and intron positions, although the first and fifth introns of Pp-ETR1 have an unusual length. In addition, two putative polyadenylation sites, that may cause an incomplete splicing at the 3' terminus, are present in the fifth intron. A motif of 28 nt, which shows high homology with ethylene responsive elements found in promoters of genes up-regulated by ethylene, is present in the promoter region of Pp-ERS1. Expression analysis, carried out by quantitative RT-PCR, was performed during fruit development and ripening, and leaf and fruitlet abscission. The level of Pp-ETR1 transcripts remained unchanged in all the tissues and developmental stages examined, whereas Pp-ERS1 mRNA abundance increased in ripening mesocarp, in leaf and fruitlet activated abscission zones, and following propylene application. 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), an inhibitor of ethylene action, did not affect Pp-ETR1 transcription, while it down-regulated Pp-ERS1. A rise in ethylene evolution, accompanied by an increase of Pp-ERS1 transcript accumulation occurred within 24 h from the end of 1-MCP treatment. These results indicate that Pp-ERS1 might play a role in abscission and ripening.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1997

Time and method of floral initiation and effect of paclobutrazol on flower and fruit development in Shorea stenoptera (Dipterocarpaceae).

Small Shorea stenoptera Burck. (Dipterocarpaceae) trees of reproductive age growing in an arboretum in west Java were studied to determine the pattern of vegetative shoot development, the time and method of floral initiation and the effect of paclobutrazol on floral enhancement. Vegetative buds were enclosed by two stipules between which was a leaf primordium, a small axillary vegetative bud and another pair of stipules. This sequence was reiterated five to seven times before the vegetative apex was visible. At the time of floral initiation, axillary buds developed into floral spikes and compound inflorescences formed at the end of drooping branches. A compound inflorescence might bear many floral spikes and each floral spike bore many flowers. The compound inflorescence was a modification of the reiterative developmental pattern observed in vegetative shoots. The time of floral initiation began in late June or early July and continued until about November. Floral enhancement using paclobutrazol as a soil drench was attempted in mid-July, but this was later found to be after the onset of floral initiation, and the treatment failed to enhance flowering; however, it appeared to enhance the rate of floral and fruit development. The similarity in vegetative bud development among dipterocarp genera suggests that the time of floral initiation may be easily determined in many species based on simple dissection techniques.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1998

The characterization of gio, a new pea mutant, shows the role of indoleacetic acid in the control of fruit development by the apical shoot.

Fruit-set and fruit growth in pea (Pisum sativum L.) depend on gibberellins (GAs). The authors have isolated a new pea mutant, gio, which appeared spontaneously within the population of the cultivar Alaska, characterized by unpollinated ovaries much less sensitive to applied GAs. The mutant also has elongated peduncles, and is taller than the wild-type (WT) because the upper plant internodes are longer. Contrary to WT, the gio ovaries respond very little to benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, but become fully sensitive to GA(3) when this hormone is applied together with BAP. The gio phenotype is determined by a mutation at a single mendelian locus. The mutation is recesive, shows incomplete penetrance, and its expression depends on environmental culture conditions. The sensitivity of the ovaries to GA(3) can be recovered by removing the apical shoot (plant decapitation) and by blocking the transport of indoleacetic acid (IAA) from the apical shoot with 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid. The content of IAA in methanolic extracts and phloematic exudates of the apical shoot of gio is about double that in the WT. The rate of transport of [(3)H]IAA applied to the apex of the mutant is also twice that in the WT. This indicates that the insensitivity of the gio ovaries to GAs is due to the inhibitory effect of the higher basipetal IAA transport from the shoot. The interaction between the fruit and the apical shoot mediated by IAA probably also involves cytokinins transported from the basal part of the plant.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Expression of six expansin genes in relation to extension activity in developing strawberry fruit.

Expansins are proteins which have been demonstrated to induce cell wall extension in vitro. The identification and characterization of six expansin cDNAs from strawberry fruit, termed FaExp3 to FaExp7, as well as the previously identified FaExp2 is reported here. Analysis of expansin mRNAs during fruit development and in leaves, roots and stolons revealed a unique pattern of expression for each cDNA. FaExp3 mRNA was present at much lower levels than the other expansin mRNAs and was expressed in small green fruit and in ripe fruit. FaExp4 mRNA was present throughout fruit development, but was more strongly expressed during ripening. FaExp5 was the only clone to show fruit specific expression which was up-regulated at the onset of ripening. FaExp6 and FaExp7 mRNAs were present at low levels in the fruit with highest expression in stolon tissue. During fruit development FaExp6 had the highest expression at the white, turning and orange stages whereas expression of FaExp7 was highest in white fruit. The expression profiles of FaExp2 and FaExp5 in developing fruit were similar except that FaExp2 was induced at an earlier stage. Analysis of expansin protein by Western blotting using an antibody raised against CsExp1 from cucumber hypocotyls identified two bands of 29 and 31 kDa from developing fruit. Protein extracts from developing fruit were assayed for extension activity. Considerable rates of extension were observed with extracts from ripening fruit, but no extension was observed with protein from unripe green fruit. These results demonstrate the presence of at least six expansin genes in strawberry fruit and that during ripening the fruit acquires the ability to cause extension in vitro, characteristic of expansin action.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2005

Transcriptome and selected metabolite analyses reveal multiple points of ethylene control during tomato fruit development.

Transcriptome profiling via cDNA microarray analysis identified 869 genes that are differentially expressed in developing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) pericarp. Parallel phenotypic and targeted metabolite comparisons were employed to inform the expression analysis. Transcript accumulation in tomato fruit was observed to be extensively coordinated and often completely dependent on ethylene. Mutation of an ethylene receptor (Never-ripe [Nr]), which reduces ethylene sensitivity and inhibits ripening, alters the expression of 37% of these 869 genes. Nr also influences fruit morphology, seed number, ascorbate accumulation, carotenoid biosynthesis, ethylene evolution, and the expression of many genes during fruit maturation, indicating that ethylene governs multiple aspects of development both prior to and during fruit ripening in tomato. Of the 869 genes identified, 628 share homology (E-value < or = 1 x 10(-10)) with known gene products or known protein domains. Of these 628 loci, 72 share homology with previously described signal transduction or transcription factors, suggesting complex regulatory control. These results demonstrate multiple points of ethylene regulatory control during tomato fruit development and provide new insights into the molecular basis of ethylene-mediated ripening.

Ascorbic Acid↗

PubMed1988

Water Relations of Seed Development and Germination in Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) : I. Water Relations of Seed and Fruit Development.

Total water potential (psi), solute potential, and turgor potential of field-grown muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) fruit tissue (pericarp) and seeds were determined by thermocouple psychrometry at 5-day intervals from 10 to 65 days after anthesis (DAA). Fruit maturity occurred between 44 and 49 DAA, and seed germination ability developed between 35 and 45 DAA. Pericarp psi was essentially constant at approximately -0.75 megapascal (MPa) from 10 to 25 DAA, then decreased to a minimum value of -1.89 MPa at 50 DAA before increasing to -1.58 MPa at 65 DAA. Seed psi remained relatively constant at approximately -0.5 MPa from 10 to 30 DAA then decreased to -2.26 MPa at 50 to 60 DAA before increasing to -2.01 MPa at 65 DAA. After a rapid increase to 20 DAA, seed fresh weight declined until 30 DAA due to net water loss, despite continuing dry weight gain. As fruit and seed growth rates decreased, turgor potential initially increased, then declined to small values when growth ceased. A disequilibrium in psi was measured between seeds and pericarp both early and late in development. From 20 to 40 DAA, the psi gradient was from the seed to the tissue, coinciding with water loss from the seeds. From 50 to 65 DAA, seed psi decreased, causing a reversal of the psi gradient and a slight increase in seed water content. The partitioning of solutes between symplast and apoplast may create and maintain psi gradients between the pericarp and seed. The low solute potential within the pericarp due to solute accumulation and loss of cellular compartmentation during ripening and sensecence may be involved in prevention of precocious germination of mature seeds.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Patterns of Dwarf expression and brassinosteroid accumulation in tomato reveal the importance of brassinosteroid synthesis during fruit development.

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are essential for many physiological functions in plants, however little is known concerning where and when they are synthesized. This is especially true during flower and fruit production. To address this we have used a promoter-GUS reporter fusion and RT-PCR to determine the relative expression levels of the tomato Dwarf (D) gene that encodes a BR C-6 oxidase. In young seedlings GUS reporter activity was observed mainly in apical and root tissues undergoing expansion. In flowers GUS activity was observed in the pedicel joints and ovaries, whereas in fruits it was strongest during early seed development and was associated with the locular jelly and seeds. RT-PCR analysis showed that tissue-specific expression of Dwarf mRNA was consistent with that of the Dwarf:GUS fusion. In good correlation with the high local Dwarf activity, quantitative measurements of endogenous BRs indicated intense biosynthesis in developing tomato fruits, which were also found to contain high amounts of brassinolide. Grafting experiments showed the lack of BR transport indicating that BR action occurs at the site of synthesis.

Flowers↗

PubMed1970

Cytokinin Activity in Avocado Seeds during Fruit Development.

The soybean callus bioassay was used to determine levels of cytokinin activity in avocado (Persea americana) seeds.In the embryo, levels are high during the early stages of development, but diminish as the fruit grows. The level of cytokinin activity in the endosperm is very high throughout the period that this tissue exists. The seed coats have very high activity levels while the fruit is young, reaching values comparable with those found in the endosperm. The activity level falls as the rate of fruit growth slows down and disappears completely by the time the seed coats shrivel at approximately the same time the fruit reaches "horticultural maturity".

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Identification of the flavonoid hydroxylases from grapevine and their regulation during fruit development.

Flavonoids are important secondary metabolites in many fruits, and their hydroxylation pattern determines their color, stability, and antioxidant capacity. Hydroxylation of the B-ring of flavonoids is catalyzed by flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H), and may also require cytochrome b5. We report the identification of genes encoding F3'H, F3'5'H, and a putative cytochrome b5 from grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv Shiraz) and their transcriptional regulation in fruit. Functionality of the genes VvF3'H and VvF3'5'H1 was demonstrated by ectopic expression in petunia (Petunia hybrida), which altered flower color and flavonoid composition as expected. VvF3'H was expressed in grapes before flowering, when 3'-hydroxylated flavonols are made, and all three genes were expressed after flowering, when proanthocyanidins (PAs) are synthesized. In berry skin, expression of all three genes was low at the onset of ripening (véraison) but increased after véraison concomitant with the accumulation of 3'- and 3',5'-hydroxylated anthocyanins. VvF3'H and VvCytoB5 were expressed in seeds but not VvF3'5'H1, consistent with the accumulation of 3'-hydroxylated PAs in this tissue. VvCytoB5 expression was correlated with expression of both VvF3'H and VvF3'5'H1 in the different grape tissues. In contrast to red grapes, where VvF3'H, VvF3'5'H1, and VvCytoB5 were highly expressed during ripening, the expression of VvF3'5'H1 and VvCytoB5 in white grapes during ripening was extremely low, suggesting a difference in transcriptional regulation. Our results show that temporal and tissue-specific expression of VvF3'H, VvF3'5'H1, and VvCytoB5 in grapes is coordinated with the accumulation of the respective hydroxylated flavonols and PAs, as well as anthocyanins. Understanding the regulation of flavonoid hydroxylases could be used to modify flavonoid composition of fruits.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2003

Membrane-associated protein kinase activities in developing apple fruit.

Fruit development is a process involving various signals and gene expression. Protein phosphorylation catalysed by protein kinases is known to play a key role in eukaryotic cell signalling and so may be involved in the regulation of fruit development. Using the method of exogenous substrate phosphorylation, the activity of calcium-dependent and calmodulin-independent protein kinase (CDPK) that was stimulated by phosphatidylserine, and the myelin basic protein (MBP)-phosphorylating activity that could be due to a calcium-independent mitogen-activated protein kinase-like (MAPK-like) activity in the developing apple fruits were identified. The CDPK activity was shown to be predominantly localized in the plasma membrane, whereas in the presence of phosphatidylserine, the high activity of CDPK was detected in both plasma membrane and endomembranes. The MAPK-like activity was predominantly associated with endomembranes. The assays of bivalent cation requirement showed that Mn2+ could replace Mg2+ in the incubation system for the protein kinase activities and stimulate CDPK activity more than Mg2+. Heat treatment abolished CDPK but stimulated MAPK-like activity. The activities of the phosphatidylserine-stimulated CDPK and of the MAPK-like were fruit developmental stage-specific with higher activities of both enzymes in the early and middle developmental stages in comparison with the late developmental stage. These data suggest that the detected protein kinases may play an important role in the fruit development.

Journal Article↗