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PubMed2003

Parenting of children with attention-defecit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): the role of parental ADHD symptomatology.

OBJECTIVE: The present study examined the relation between parental ADHD symptomatology and parent-child behavior among 46 mothers and 26 fathers of ADHD children. RESULTS: Fathers' self-reports of inattention and impulsivity were strongly associated with self-reports of lax parenting both before and after parent training, and with self-reports of overreactivity after parent training. Fathers' impulsivity was also associated with more arguing during audiotaped observations of parent-child interactions prior to parent training. Mothers' self-reports of inattention were modestly associated with self-reports of laxness before and after parent training. Prior to parent training, there were non-linear relations between mothers' inattention and observations of mother-child behavior, with mothers who reported moderate levels of inattention engaging in the most negative parent-child interactions. After parent training, these relations were linear, with the mothers who reported the most inattention engaging in the most negative parent-child interactions. These results were weakened but were generally still significant when parental depression and alcohol use were controlled.

Adult↗

PubMed2025

Parent-Child Communication after Parental Exposure to Potentially Traumatic Events: A Systematic Review.

Intergenerational traumatization poses a risk for the well-being of children whose parents have been exposed to potentially traumatic events (PTEs). Previous research has implied that parent-child communication may significantly contribute to the transmission of trauma across generations, but findings remain limited and inconclusive, particularly regarding the mechanisms and factors that could underlie this process. Therefore, the present paper performed a mixed methods systematic literature review to methodically map how PTE-exposed parents communicate with their children-both in general and about parental PTEs-and how such communication may contribute to trauma transmission. Five electronic databases were accessed to conduct keyword-led searches, yielding a final inclusion of 31 peer-reviewed, empirical studies that investigated parent-child communication among PTE-exposed parents and/or their nonexposed children. Parental PTE exposure was found to have a negative impact on general parent-child communication, often due to the presence of parental anger, irritability, and withdrawal. Conversations about parental PTEs showed substantial diversity in their frequency, content and style, with strategies of partial/modulated disclosure appearing most common. How parents approached PTE communication frequently stemmed from a desire to keep their children safe and unburdened by their previous experiences. Finally, both general communication and PTE communication were implied to contribute to trauma transmission, revealing a significant impact of parent-child communication on child functioning, identity, and well-being. Based on these key findings, the authors discuss meaningful implications for future research (i.e., prospective directions, addressing methodological concerns) and formulate suggestions for clinicians and policymakers surrounding the treatment of PTE-exposed parents and their offspring.

Humans↗

PubMed2002

Parentally biased favouritism: why should parents specialize in caring for different offspring?

'Parentally biased favouritism' occurs when the two parents differentially care for individual offspring or kinds of offspring. Examples in birds include brood division and differential investment by the two parents in relation to the size or sex of the offspring. This paper uses mathematical models to investigate which ideas can, in theory, explain parentally biased favouritism. One previous explanation is that the parents differ in their cost of reproduction and that the parent who consequently invests least concentrates its care on the more valuable offspring. However, a mathematical model predicts the total care given by each parent and received by each offspring, not how much each parent cares for each offspring, and hence does not explain parentally biased favouritism. Parentally biased favouritism towards particular types of offspring can be explained by a difference between the parents in the benefits of caring for a given type of offspring or in the effort incurred in providing care to a given type of offspring, but then it is extreme, with at least one of the parents providing care to only one type of offspring. Parentally biased favouritism towards particular individual offspring (brood division) can be explained by parent-offspring conflict or sexual conflict.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Adolescents' reports of parental knowledge of adolescents' use of sexual health services and their reactions to mandated parental notification for prescription contraception.

CONTEXT: Legislation has been proposed that would mandate parental notification for adolescents younger than 18 years (minors) obtaining prescription contraception from federally funded family planning clinics. OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent to which parents are currently aware that their teenage daughters are accessing reproductive health services and how minors would react in the face of mandated parental involvement laws for prescription birth control. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1526 female adolescents younger than 18 years seeking reproductive health services at a national sample of 79 family planning clinics were surveyed between May 2003 and February 2004. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Proportions of minor females who reported that a parent or guardian was aware that they were at the family planning clinic and, under conditions of mandated parental involvement, proportions of minors who would access prescription contraceptives at family planning clinics or engage in unsafe sex. RESULTS: Sixty percent of minors reported that a parent or guardian knew they were accessing sexual health services at the clinic. Fifty-nine percent of all adolescents would use the clinic for prescription contraception even if parental notification were mandated. This response was less common (29.5%) among adolescents whose parents were unaware of their clinic visits and more common (79%) among those whose parents were aware. Many adolescents gave more than 1 response to mandated parental involvement. Forty-six percent would use an over-the-counter method, and 18% would go to a private physician. Seven percent said that they would stop having sex as one response, but only 1% indicated this would be their only reaction. One in 5 adolescents would use no contraception or rely on withdrawal as one response to mandated notification. CONCLUSIONS: Most minor adolescent females seeking family planning services report that their parents are aware of their use of services. Most would continue to use clinic services if parental notification were mandated. However, mandated parental notification laws would likely increase risky or unsafe sexual behavior and, in turn, the incidence of adolescent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

The single parent: power and the integrity of parenting.

I have explored some issues of power and the balance of power in the situation of the single parent and the family. The single parent may need the support of a holding environment to achieve psychological integration as exemplified by my treatment with Ms. B. Without a cooperative mate and with societal prejudice, the psychotherapeutic situation may be the only nurturing environment. The therapist empowers the single parent by providing a supportive, nurturing environment. Parenting is receiving bad press in this decade. More examples of child abuse and the extreme of homicide come to public attention. Children do have power and society needs to support a constructive use of child as well as parental power. At this stage in societal/cultural development the legal system is unfortunately more available to punish than provide lines of protection or guidance to parent or child. The psychoanalytic literature hasn't been kind or supportive to the parent. We must keep in mind that the psychotherapist's lot is simpler, less stressful, and more protected from real life stresses than that of the single parent. I suggest a model of parenting with the establishment of ongoing dialogue between parent and child in which each is receptive to the other. While it is the parental task to set limits and teach about the real world, the goal is to establish an exchange in which parent and child are both teacher and student. This creative relationship produces growth and builds esteem for parent and child alike.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Parental modeling and parenting behavior effects on offspring alcohol and cigarette use. A growth curve analysis.

PURPOSE: This paper examined the effects of parental drinking and smoking, parental warmth and hostility, and their interactions on offsprings' drinking and smoking over time. METHODS: We used four waves of prospective longitudinal data collected from 218 males and 214 females who were age 15 at Time 1 and age 28 by Time 4. Growth mixture modeling was used to develop offspring trajectory groups of cigarette smokers and alcohol drinkers. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine whether parent behaviors could predict offspring heavy drinking and smoking trajectories. RESULTS: Four drinking and three smoking trajectory groups were identified for females and males. Parent drinking rather than parenting behavior predicted heavy drinking by offsprings and mothers' drinking was a slightly better predictor than fathers' drinking for both daughters and sons. Fathers' warmth and hostility was the best predictor of heavy smoking by sons. Neither modeling nor parenting significantly predicted female heavy smoking. For the most part, parent modeling did not interact with parenting behavior to predict smoking or drinking in offspring. IMPLICATIONS: Parents affected their offspring's use of alcohol and cigarettes both through modeling and parenting behavior. However, the importance of modeling relative to parenting behavior differed by the type of substance. Prevention programs that focus on both the modeling of parental behaviors, as well as enhancing parenting skills, should be effective in influencing trajectories of substance use throughout adolescence and young adulthood.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Subgroups of physically abusive parents based on cluster analysis of parenting behavior and affect.

Cluster analysis of observed parenting and self-reported discipline was used to categorize 83 abusive parents into subgroups. A 2-cluster solution received support for validity. Cluster 1 parents were relatively warm, positive, sensitive, and engaged during interactions with their children, whereas Cluster 2 parents were relatively negative, disengaged or intrusive, and insensitive. Further, clusters differed in emotional health, parenting stress, perceptions of children, and problem solving. Children of parents in the 2 clusters differed on several indexes of social adjustment. Cluster 1 parents were similar to nonabusive parents (n = 66) on parenting and related constructs, but Cluster 2 parents differed from nonabusive parents on all clustering variables and many validation variables. Results highlight clinically relevant diversity in parenting practices and functioning among abusive parents.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Parental presence during treatment of the child patient: a study with British parents.

A clinical study was carried out to determine if parental presence during dental treatment alters the child's behaviour when compared with parental absence. Thirty-two children who attended with a parent for a dental recall visit were randomly assigned to a parent present or a parent absent group. The age of the children ranged from 4 to 12 years. Twenty-three mothers and nine fathers attended during the study. Those parents absent during the visit viewed proceedings from behind a one-way mirror. Each visit was standardised in procedure and recorded on video tape. The results showed that 4 to 8-year-old children exhibited significantly more negative behaviour, regardless of parental presence, than the 9 to 12-year-olds. The presence of the parent did not lead to significantly greater negative behaviour. The parent's need to see what happened during the visit and the child's need to have a parent present were the most important reasons for having a parent present. Parents viewing from behind a one-way mirror were as satisfied with their position as parents who had been actually present in the surgery.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1997

Parental distress and children's problems among single-parent families in China.

The coercion model explains reciprocal relationships between parents' and children's adjustment problems, with the mediation of parenting behavior and social relationships. A survey of 301 single parents in Guangzhou, China, was performed to test such a model with reference to parental distress, perceived behavioral problems and anxiety of the eldest child, acceptance of the child, and experienced social pressure and social support. Structural equation modeling demonstrated a good fit of the coercion model as a theoretically based and simplified representation of the relationships, supporting the hypotheses that (a) the parent's acceptance helps prevent the child's behavioral problems, (b) the child's behavioral problems and anxiety contribute to the parent's distress, (c) the child's behavioral problems and anxiety invite social pressure on the parent, (d) social pressure on the parent aggravates and social support for the parent attenuates the parent's distress, (e) social pressure on and social support for the parent facilitate the parent's acceptance of his or her child. However, the effect of parental distress on acceptance of the child was not significant.

Anxiety↗

PubMed2005

Parenting style and smoking-specific parenting practices as predictors of adolescent smoking onset.

OBJECTIVE: To test whether parenting style and smoking-specific parenting practices prospectively predicted adolescent smoking. METHODS: Three hundred eighty-two adolescents (age 10-17 years, initial nonsmokers, 98% non-Hispanic whites) and their parents were interviewed, with smoking also assessed 1-2 years later. RESULTS: Adolescents from disengaged families (low acceptance and low behavioral control) were most likely to initiate smoking. Adolescents' reports of parents' smoking-related discussion was related to lowered smoking risk for adolescents with nonsmoking parents, but unrelated to smoking onset for adolescents with smoking parents. Smoking-specific parenting practices did not account for the effects of general parenting styles. CONCLUSIONS: Both parenting style and smoking-specific parenting practices have unique effects on adolescent smoking, although effects were largely confined to adolescents' reports; and for smoking-specific parenting practices, effects were confined to families with nonsmoking parents. Interventions that focus only on smoking-specific parenting practices may be insufficient to deter adolescent smoking.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Parent-adolescent communication and psychological symptoms among adolescents with chronically ill parents.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the psychological adjustment of adolescents living with a chronically ill parent and the relationship between psychological symptoms and communication with both their healthy and ill parents. METHOD: Adolescents, healthy parents, and ill parents from 38 families completed questionnaires regarding adolescent psychological symptoms, including posttraumatic stress symptoms, and parent-adolescent communication. RESULTS: Adolescent anxiety, depression, and behavior problems were within the subclinical ranges while approximately one-third of adolescents reported clinical levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Openness, but not problems, in communication between adolescents and their parents varied as a function of the parent's health status (healthy or ill) and parent sex. Adolescents reported poorer communication with healthy mothers; however only the quality of communication with healthy parents was related to adolescent psychological symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Many adolescents with severely ill parents appear to experience clinically significant posttraumatic stress symptoms, therefore assessment for these symptoms in this population is important. Communication with a healthy parent may serve significant and unique functions for adolescents with ill parents, making communication between adolescents and their healthy parent a potentially useful target for clinical intervention.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Effects on parental mental health of an education and skills training program for parents of young children with autism: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of a parent education and behavior management intervention (PEBM) on the mental health and adjustment of parents with preschool children with autism. METHOD: A randomized, group-comparison design involving a parent education and counseling intervention to control for nonspecific therapist effects and a control sample was used. Two metropolitan and two rural regions were randomly allocated to intervention groups (n = 70) or control (n = 35). The parents of consecutive children with autism (2(1/2)-5 years old) from the autism assessment services for the intervention regions were then randomly allocated to either a 20-week manual-based parent education and behavior management intervention (n = 35) or a manual-based parent education and counseling intervention (n = 35). The main outcome measure of parental mental health was the General Health Questionnaire used pre- and postintervention and at 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: Both treatments resulted in significant and progressive improvement in overall mental health at follow-up (F = 2, 97, p =.007) and mental health significantly improved over time in the 54% of principal caregivers who had the highest levels of mental health problems. The parent education and behavior management intervention was effective in alleviating a greater percentage of anxiety, insomnia, and somatic symptoms and family dysfunction than parent education and counseling at 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: A 20-week parent education and skills training program for parents of young children newly diagnosed with autism provides significant improvements in parental mental health and adjustment, justifying its addition to early intervention programs at least for parents with mental health problems.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

Late adolescent perceptions of parent religiosity and parenting processes.

The current investigation examined the relations between adolescent reports of parent religiosity and parenting processes, using both a dimensional and a typological conceptualization of parenting. Self-report data were collected from 357 late adolescents. Partial correlations indicated that parent religiosity was associated with both parenting dimensions and parenting styles in conceptually expected directions. Regression analyses provided evidence that the dimensional conceptualization of parenting explained additional variability in perceived parental religiosity above and beyond parenting style effects. Findings suggest that a dimensional conceptualization of parenting processes extends the literature on parent religiosity because it yields more nuanced information about how parental religiosity may be related to differentiated parenting behaviors. Potential therapeutic implications of the findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Meeting the needs of parentally bereaved children: a framework for child-centered parenting.

This article describes the development and deployment of a framework for measuring parenting capacities in the context of bereavement. Grounded theoretical analysis of interviews with a community sample of 41 bereaved spouses with school-aged children elicited a set of nine bereavement-specific parenting tasks. A corollary coding system (covering all nine parenting tasks) was created to transform interview materials into quantitative data, thus permitting systematic empirical investigation of the parenting capacities of bereaved spouses. Parenting behaviors were coded on a 5-point scale ranging from least child-centered to most child-centered. Sex of surviving parent and circumstances of death proved to be significant mediating variables: mothers were more child-centered than fathers, and parents surviving sudden deaths more child-centered than those surviving anticipated deaths. Lengthy illness was associated with less child-centered parenting. The more child-centered the parenting, the less symptomatic the child as measured by parent report (Child Behavior Checklist) and child self-report (Children's Depression Inventory, Revised Child Manifest Anxiety Scale). Child-centered parenting was associated with more positive and fewer negative perceptions of the surviving parent by the child as measured by the Parent Perception Inventory. Implications of findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Marriage and the parenting partnership: perceptions and interactions of parents with mentally retarded and typically developing children.

The quality of the parents' marital bond and their ability to work together in the parenting role were examined for the parents of school-aged children (ages 6-18) with mild and moderate mental retardation (n = 38) and a comparable group of parents of typically developing children (n = 34). Significantly more negative functioning for the parents of mentally retarded children was observed during marital interactions, and parent-child interactions but was not reflected in their self-reports of marriage and parenting, suggesting that expectations about marital and parenting strains may modulate negative sentiments for these parents. Across both groups, marital quality and the parenting partnership, together with child behavior problems, accounted for 23% to 53% of the variance in parenting confidence and in aversive parent-child exchanges. Negative marital interaction was a particularly important predictor of aversive parent-child exchanges.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Hugs and kisses: HIV-infected parents' fears about contagion and the effects on parent-child interaction in a nationally representative sample.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related fears on HIV-infected parents' interactions with their children and to identify parents who might be at greater risk of avoiding interactions because of these fears. PARTICIPANTS: In-person interviews with 344 parents from a nationally representative probability sample of adults receiving health care for HIV in the contiguous United States. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Parents' fear of transmitting HIV to their children, fear of catching an illness or opportunistic infection from their children, and avoidance of 4 types of interactions (kissing on the lips, kissing on the cheeks, hugging, and sharing utensils) because of these fears. RESULTS: Forty-two percent of parents feared catching an infection from their children, and 36.1% of parents feared transmitting HIV to their children. Twenty-eight percent of parents avoided at least 1 type of interaction with their children "a lot" because they feared transmitting HIV or catching an opportunistic infection. When parents who avoided physical interactions "a little" are included, the overall avoidance rate rises to 39.5%. Hispanic parents were more likely than African American parents and parents who were white or of other races or ethnicities to avoid interactions. CONCLUSIONS: Although many parents feared transmitting HIV to their children or catching an infection from their children, few were avoiding the most routine forms of physical affection. They were much more likely to avoid interactions suggestive of fear of contagion through saliva. Clinicians may be able to provide education to HIV-infected parents and reassurance about HIV transmission and the safety of various activities.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed2002

The effects of an educational programme on the anxiety and satisfaction level of parents having parent present induction and visitation in a postanaesthesia care unit.

BACKGROUND: In Hong Kong, some hospitals have established the practice of Parental Presence Induction (PPI) and visitation in Postanaesthesia Care Units (PACU) for children receiving surgery. The literature indicates that parents reported extreme anxiety and discomfort after being present at induction of anaesthesia and suggests that it would seem appropriate to devise a programme of education to reduce anxiety for parents. METHODS: A quasi-experimental pretest and post-test design was employed. Parents in the experimental group received an educational programme about the role and expectations of parents having PPI and visitation in PACU together with an information pamphlet. The comparison group received routine (verbal) instructions. The Chinese version of the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Parental Satisfaction with Care Questionnaire were used to assess parents' anxiety and satisfaction with care. RESULTS: A total of 50 parents (mostly mothers) were recruited. Twenty-five were allocated in the intervention group and 25 in the comparison group. The children were aged 1--9 years with a mean age of 2.9 years. There were 46 male and four female children. The results demonstrate that parents who received an education programme reported a decrease in anxiety (P < 0.001) and an increase in their satisfaction with the care provided (P < 0.001). A significant negative relationship (r= -0.61, P < 0.001) between parental anxiety postoperatively and the satisfaction with care score was also obtained, suggesting that lower levels of parental anxiety are associated with higher levels of satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that an educational programme preparing parents for their child's induction of anaesthesia and visitation to the PACU should be offered, as it can reduce their anxiety with the practice of PPI and visitation in the PACU and increase parents' satisfaction with care.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Parent attitudes about pediatricians addressing parental smoking.

OBJECTIVE: Pediatricians have a great opportunity to intervene in parental smoking, but few do so consistently. Pediatricians consistently cite concern about negative parental reaction as one barrier to addressing parental smoking. This study investigated parent attitudes about pediatricians addressing parental smoking at pediatric visits. METHODS: Parents (N = 341) were interviewed immediately after a pediatric visit about their attitudes toward pediatricians addressing parental smoking. Chi-square analyses identified relevant factors in parents' responses. RESULTS: Most parents (99%; n = 337) said that asking about smoking is a very important part of a pediatrician's job (89%; n = 302) or felt that it did not matter one way or the other (10%; n = 35). There was no difference between attitudes of smoking and nonsmoking parents on this variable (chi(2) = 5.9, df = 1, P >.05). Very few nonsmokers (1%; n = 2) or smokers (5%; n = 2) believed that pediatricians have no business asking about parental smoking. The results support recent reports from adult practice that patient satisfaction ratings are improved when physicians ask about tobacco use and advise about quitting. CONCLUSIONS: Both smoking and nonsmoking parents strongly believe that pediatricians should address parental smoking in the context of pediatric visits.

Adolescent↗