Preventing breast, ovarian cancer in BRCA carriers: rational of prophylactic surgery and promises of surveillance.
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Prophylactic surgery is an operation meant mainly to be preventive but may also be performed in combination with other operations. These procedures should prevent tissue damage or prevent spread and increase of this damage. Examples of such operations are procedures such as after radiotherapy, pressure sores and scar tissue.
Prophylactic use of antibiotic presently constitutes one essential method in the prevention of postoperative infections in digestive surgery. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy is based upon well-codified general rules and on indications determined by the type of surgery, the micro-organismal flora in the organ in question and relevant risk factors. An overview of these principles and indications is presented. The options available for different types of digestive surgery (gastroduodenal, biliary, colorectal) are reassessed in light of defined indications and the results of randomized trials.
Prophylactic antibiotics can decrease the incidence of postoperative wound infections in indicated procedures. The accepted indications for administering prophylactic antibiotics have been clean-contaminated procedures and prosthesis insertion, but new indications are evolving that consider wound contamination together with anesthetic risk and relative duration of the operation. A prophylactic antibiotic is chosen on the basis of its activity against endogenous flora likely to be encountered, its toxicity, and its cost, in that order. Potent antibiotics used for serious infections are generally not used for prophylaxis. A maximum dose of a prophylactic antibiotic is given preoperatively so that effective tissue concentration is present at and after the time of incision. In the absence of infection, antibiotics should not be continued beyond the operative day. Regimens for specific procedures are discussed.