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PubMedDate not supplied

Biochemical basis of alcoholism: statements and hypotheses of present research.

Experimental results and theoretical considerations on the biology of alcoholism are devoted to the following topics: genetically determined differences in metabolic tolerance; participation of the alternative alcohol metabolizing systems in chronic alcohol intake; genetically determined differences in functional tolerance of the CNS to the hypnotic effect of alcohol; cross tolerance between alcohol and centrally active drugs; dissociation of tolerance and cross tolerance from physical dependence; permanent effect of uncontrolled drinking behavior induced by alkaloid metabolites in the CNS; genetically determined alterations in the function of opiate receptors; and genetic predisposition to addiction due to innate endorphin deficiency. For the purpose of introducing the most important research teams and their main work, statements from selected publications of individual groups have been classified as to subject matter and summarized. Although the number for summary-quotations had to be restricted, the criterion for selection was the relevance to the etiology of alcoholism rather than consequences of alcohol drinking.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed1989

Self-statement modification in the treatment of child behavior disorders: a meta-analysis.

Reviews 48 outcome studies that applied self-statement modification (SSM) to childhood behavior disorders. Selection criteria restricted the review to controlled experimental studies and to children with disorders of clinically relevant severity. Meta-analysis was used to provide summary information about the observed effects of SSM. Collectively, SSM outcomes surpassed no treatment and placebo treatment by roughly a half of a standard deviation, on the average. Efficacy varied considerably with length of follow-up, experience level of therapists, age of children, outcome content area, and a number of other clinical and methodological differences among the studies. These qualifiers of observed efficacy are summarized and discussed in terms of implications for further research and application of SSM in child psychotherapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Summary statements from the Third Conference on Radiation Protection and Dosimetry.

The Third Conference on Radiation Protection and Dosimetry was conducted in Orlando, FL, on 21-24 October 1991. At the end of the conference, each member of the Technical Program Committee summarized the events considered to be of particular importance. Subjects discussed included dosimetry accreditation programs, regulations, standards, compliance, advances in dosimeters and instrumentation, training, needs in metrology, and funding of dosimetry research. These statements have been collected and combined and are presented as a brief summary of the conference.

Radiation Protection↗
PubMed1989

Statement-Pie: a strategy to improve the paragraph writing skills of adolescents with learning disabilities.

This study investigated the effects of teaching a metacognitive text structure strategy upon the paragraph writing skills of eighth-grade students with learning disabilities. The technique, called Statement-Pie (Hanau, 1974), teaches students to understand the relationship of supporting details to a main idea. Four students were taught to use an outline as a paragraph planning guide, which they then used to convert information into written expository paragraphs. All subjects reached instructional outcome criterion on the writing of comparison/contrast and sequence paragraphs. One week after reaching mastery in the special education classroom, students generalized their paragraph writing skills to other teachers and to different classrooms. The results of this investigation indicate that when provided with direct, intensive instruction in a text structure strategy, adolescents with learning disabilities can improve their skills in paragraph writing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Ten statements on the motivation of medical teachers to teach.

Not only high number of students, increasing disintegration of curricula, lack of resources or hindering state regulations and laws seem to be the crucial problem in medical education worldwide but in particular substantially reduced interest and poor commitment in educational matters. Ten statements on possible reasons for the teachers' lack of motivation to teach are given and proposals for promoting their commitment are made.

Career Choice↗
PubMed1989

[A study of the process of self-concept formation in adolescence: an investigation of self-descriptions using the Twenty Statement Test (TST)].

The Twenty Statement Test (TST) was administered to four groups of subjects consisting of fifth graders in an elementary school, second graders in a junior high school, senior high school and university. In addition to the traditional analysis of TST in which the major emphasis is on content aspects of mode of self with respect to elementary contents of self-descriptions, further analysis was undertaken in terms of structural aspects of mode of self by focusing on the relation of the self with the elementary contents of self-descriptions. The results of the content-oriented analysis conformed in general to those reported by other investigators in the past. The structurally-oriented analysis indicated a decrease in descriptions of the relationship of the self to things, events and persons in one's environment and an increase in these aspects with respect to one's own traits. It was suggested that by employing both these analytic procedures, an enhanced understanding of self-concept might be facilitated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

PSRO impact: are the statements valid?

The generation of PSRO impact statements cannot simply be a "fill in the formula" routine. A health care system is not a simple environment, and narrow approaches to documenting change usually will not suffice. Instead, one would hope that future PSRO impact studies will take into consideration at least the concerns discussed here, as well as many others. As demonstrated in the New Mexico PSRO experiment, PSROs may not be able to demonstrate cost savings given the enormity and fragmentation of the health care environment. Such a conclusion should not result in a declaration of the PSRO program's failure but, instead, should serve to redirect the program's emphasis toward quality assurance, for which even the OPEL study noted impact.

Accounting↗
PubMed1978

[Prejudices and negative attitudes towards the disabled: critical comments on the controversial statements of R. Zimmermann and H. J. Kagelmann (author's transl)].

In an article published in this journal (pp. 101-106, 1977) I stated that prejudices towards the disabled cannot only be attributed to societal factors and stressed that the world-wide existence of these negative attitudes can be explained by two biological pre-dispositions, i.e., the inclination to a specific reaction towoards outsiders and the fear reaction towards strangers. Zimmermann and Kagelmann criticise this opinion. They are convinced that these negative attitudes are almost exclusively caused by societal conditions. In this article I reply to their viewpoints and demonstrate that it is not contradictory, as my critics say, that we observe, on the one hand, the widespread existence of a specific reaction towards outsiders, and on the other hand, the occurence of social help amongst animals and human beings. These two attitudes are only antagonistic components of social behavior. The problem of the applicability of animal research results to human behaviour is studied. Zimmermann and Kagelmann's statement that ethologists do not want to see the dangers inherent in the theory of inborn dispositions is vigorously repudiated. It is demonstrated that "inborn" does not mean that this behavioural disposition is determined by fate, since genetic pre-dispositions, too, can be influenced by environmental factors such as education.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Health of the public. The academic response. Health of the Public Mission Statement Working Group.

Aging of the population, increasing prevalence of chronic and disabling illnesses with multiple social and behavioral risk factors, concern about quality of care, and escalating costs of medical care require fundamental changes in the way that academic health centers discharge their mission. This article describes a newly developed "Mission Statement" for academic health centers that wish to contribute positively to the health of the populations that they serve. A shift toward addressing the needs of the public may produce increasing institutional strength, long-run stability, and enhanced productivity, as well as higher quality, more cost-effective care for patients. Seventeen centers in the Health of the Public Program are currently conducting activities that implement the described mission elements. The goals and objectives described herein create a foundation for change, with more balanced institutional goals, and could turn an emerging confrontation between academe and its public into an opportunity for both.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Summary statements of the NIH Nursing Research Grant Applications.

Summary statements from the Nursing Research Study Section, Division of Research Grants, NIH, between October, 1986 and June, 1988 were used to identify reasons for recommending approval or disapproval of grant applications with RO1 and R29 activity codes. The 917 comments (25 +/- 4 per critique), sorted into one of nine categories (Aims, Significance, Investigator, Budget, Resources, Design, Sample, Techniques, Data Analysis) for analysis, were classified as Strengths (positive comments) or Weaknesses (negative comments). The weaknesses of approved applications were confined mostly to the categories of Design and Techniques. Disapproved applications had few strengths and many weaknesses in Design, Sample, Techniques, and Data Analysis. Critiques of First Award (R29) and traditional research project grant applications (RO1) were similar. The approved applications addressed meaningful problems, had well-synthesized literature reviews, and were solvable by available techniques. The research plans were consonant with stated aims, and the methods sections reflected understanding of the principles underlying the techniques to be used. A supportive environment and adequate research resources, including access to the study population were common to these applications. Disapproved applications provided poor synthesis of the literature, methods inconsistent with the aims, and often reflected inadequate understanding of techniques to be used.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Social policy statements: guidelines for decisionmaking.

As healthcare providers, nurses have a professional responsibility to act on behalf of the public they serve by influencing health policy. One tool that can direct nurses in this political activity is a social policy statement. Its importance and strategies for use are described below.

Decision Making, Organizational↗
PubMed1990

[The meaning of perinatal death--the statements of mothers].

The author's propose is to reveal the meaning of the perinatal death seen by mothers. For that, they used a qualitative methodology which makes possible a comprehensive analysis of mother's statements who are passing by this situation in the hospitals. The convergences of these speeches are analysed and they make possible the identification in some significative units that may establish and aid to guide the assistencial plan for mothers in order to observe their situation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nurses' personal death concerns and responses to dying-patient statements.

This study investigated the concept that a professional's awareness of concerns about her own death is helpful in the treatment of dying patients by using a fantasy of the subject's own life and death in relationship to her response to dying-patient statements. Data produced by this study supported this concept. The study also examined various defensive strategies to fear of death and their relationship to interactions with terminal patients. The defensive strategies were not found to contribute to the differential changes measured by this investigation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Criteria for judging the credibility of children's statements about their sexual abuse.

One hundred and three cases of child sexual maltreatment, where offenders confessed to some level of their abuse, were examined to determine the extent to which the children's statements about their victimization contained three widely accepted clinical criteria of a true sexual abuse allegation. The results support clinical assumptions that the criteria in question were valid ones for determining the truth of a sexual abuse allegation in cases involving confessions of abusers.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Dietary guidelines for healthy American adults. A statement for physicians and health professionals by the Nutrition Committee, American Heart Association.

This statement for physicians replaces the American Heart Association's Dietary Guidelines for Healthy American Adults, published in 1986. The current guidelines propose an optimal preventive diet for coronary heart disease. Emphasis is placed on reduction of both saturated fat and total fat. Complex carbohydrates are recommended as the major replacement for calories from fat. Polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats partially replace calories from other fat sources. Cholesterol and sodium guidelines are expressed with an upper limit on each. The use of alcohol as a possible means of preventing cardiovascular disease is not advised. Maintenance of recommended body weight by calorie control and physical activity is emphasized.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The recognition and management of hyperlipidaemia in adults: A policy statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society.

The control of coronary heart disease (CHD) depends primarily on its prevention at an early stage. It is generally agreed that this depends upon the elimination or treatment of the known risk factors for CHD. Among these, hyperlipidaemia occupies a central position. The diagnosis and treatment of this condition is the subject of this statement. Before initiating therapy for primary hyperlipidaemia the common causes of secondary hyperlipidaemia are sought and dealt with, including diabetes, hypothyroidism, over-use of alcohol, renal and liver diseases and certain drugs. Next, an assessment of all risk factors for CHD is carried out, i.e. family history of CHD, smoking, hypertension, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol measurement, diabetes mellitus and overweight. More intensive therapy is called for in patients with multiple risk factors than in those with lone hyperlipidaemia, and also after successful bypass operation or after coronary angioplasty. Evaluation of hyperlipidaemia in the patient's family is often appropriate. The diagnosis and follow-up of the hyperlipidaemic patient depend on reliable and well-controlled laboratory support. The primary hyperlipidaemias include several distinct diseases that are characterized by elevated serum levels of cholesterol and/or triglyceride with or without abnormally low levels of HDL cholesterol. From these measurements, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels are calculated [except when triglyceride levels are greater than 500 mg dl-1 (5.6 mmol l-1)]. Elevated LDL levels are causally important in atherosclerosis, and occur in three disorders: familial hypercholesterolaemia, familial combined hyperlipidaemia and common hypercholesterolaemia. The finding of elevated serum triglyceride without marked hypercholesterolaemia may occur in familial hypertriglyceridaemia and sometimes in familial combined hyperlipidaemia. Elevation of serum cholesterol and triglyceride can have several genetic bases, including remnant (type III) hyperlipidaemia and familial combined hyperlipidaemia. The characteristic feature of remnant (type III) hyperlipidaemia (demonstrated by ultracentrifugation in a specialized laboratory) is the presence of cholesterol and triglyceride-rich very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), whereas combined (mixed) hyperlipidaemia is diagnosed when both VLDL (of normal composition) and LDL levels are elevated. Investigation of other family members is necessary to make the diagnosis of familial combined hyperlipidaemia. It depends on the identification of different lipoprotein profiles in affected members of the same family.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗