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PubMed1986

A validation study of a simulation model for common source epidemics.

We consider an environment and a population of individuals who are susceptible to a disease caused by a pathogen spread from a common source. We view the sequence of events resulting in the illness of some individuals as consisting of three components: the introduction of the pathogens and their dispersion through the environment, the movement of susceptible individuals through the environment, and the physiological effects of exposure of susceptible individuals to various pathogen levels. We identify four important parameters: two for each of the first and third components. A computer simulation of a model with these features is developed and implemented to study a 1977 outbreak of toxoplasmosis. Questions of parameter estimation and model validation are considered in detail.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1992

Real-time ultrasonography as a noninvasive tool for the examination of canine gallbladder emptying: a validation study.

An ultrasonographic measurement of the gallbladder volume based on an ellipsoid approximation of the gallbladder shape was validated in vivo in the dog. The mean difference between the ultrasonographically determined and the true gallbladder volumes amounted to 2.0 +/- 1.6 cm3 (mean +/- SD), whereas the regression line computed for the ultrasonographically measured versus true gallbladder volumes was y = 0.892x + 3.0, r = 0.955, p much less than 0.001. The ultrasonographic method enabled a noninvasive, repetitive measurement of either a meal- or caerulein-induced gallbladder emptying in the dog.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Reliability and validity studies of the comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS).

1. The most important properties of a rating instrument aimed at detecting possible changes in psychopathology are as follows: a) communicability to not yet experienced raters; b) satisfactory levels of reliability and validity; and c) sensitivity to changes. Since its construction some years ago these properties of the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS) have been investigated in several sessions, both experimental, and in the course of clinical drug trials. 2. Raters with a different training background (physicians, psychologists, social workers, nurses), and a different level of experience in ratings have participated in the sessions. 3. In all instances the CPRS has proved to be highly reliable and highly sensitive. It appeared to be easily communicable, also in its international versions, and its content seems to fit very well with different cultural contexts. Information about its validity has been inferred from the studies mentioned above, and, also from correlations with other well known rating instruments.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

Alcoholism by Chinese diagnostic interview schedule: a prevalence and validity study.

A community survey in metropolitan Taipei (MT) and two small towns (ST) by using the Chinese modified diagnostic interview schedule (DIS-CM) revealed a significant difference in the prevalence of alcohol abuse (AA) defined by DSM-III between two study samples (MT 3.4%; ST 8.0%), but the prevalence of alcohol dependence (AD) was not different (MT 1.5%; ST 1.8%). These figures are significantly higher than that of an earlier Formosan study. Demographic data, psychiatric symptoms, medical complications and impairment of social functions were adopted as the variables to validate the nosological status of AA and AD. The results of this study substantiated that AA and AD identified by the DIS-CM were nosologically different from a non-alcoholic group. The possible reasons for an increasing prevalence of alcoholism in Taiwan Chinese were discussed. An etiological hypothesis was proposed for AA and AD on account of their differential prevalences.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Leisure-time physical activity as an estimate of physical fitness: a validation study.

This paper describes a new interview questionnaire for the assessment of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), and its validation as an alternative estimate of physical fitness. British subjects (77 males, 41 females) provided details of their LTPA over a period of a "typical" 2 weeks, enabling the estimation of the energy expended. Physical fitness was assessed with a battery of measures, the optimal single measure being sub-maximal physical work capacity (PWC). The questionnaire showed LTPA to be stable following test-retest administration (r = 0.86; p less than 0.0001) for total LTPA energy expenditure. Total LTPA was found to be significantly related to PWC (r = 0.48, p less than 0.0001), as were very hard (r = 0.55; p less than 0.0001) and hard LTPA (r = 0.38; p less than 0.0001). Multiple regression analysis with PWC as the dependent variable yielded a multiple correlation of r = 0.87, with significant contributions from very hard and hard LTPA. It is concluded that whilst this questionnaire is both reliable and a valid estimate of physical fitness amongst a population consistent in their leisure-time physical activities, there is scope for its further use within larger populations, allowing for an analysis of the effects of age and gender on the associations so far observed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

A national validation study of the acute-toxic-class method--an alternative to the LD50 test.

In a national collaborative study an alternative to the classical LD50 test--the acute-toxic-class method--was validated. With this testing procedure mortality ranges are determined between defined dose levels that are used for classification and labelling in the European Community. The results were compared with LD50 data obtained from the literature which were categorized according to the defined dose levels. The results of this collaborative study have shown that the acute-toxic-class method allows allocation to the toxicity classes of very toxic, toxic, harmful and unclassified in the same manner as on the basis of the classical LD50 tests. The acute-toxic-class method uses fewer animals and subjects fewer animals to pain and distress than the LD50 test and yields the same information on toxic signs in the treated animals. Identical classifications were obtained by the six participating laboratories in 86% of the tests. This demonstrates that the acute-toxic-class method results in excellent reproducibility in comparison to the classical LD50 test and that this new method is a reliable alternative to the LD50 test.

Animal Testing Alternatives↗
PubMed1986

The Anomalous Sentences Repetition Test: replication and validation study.

A brief clinical test, derived from earlier neuropsychological instruments, is presented with evidence for its reliability, interscorer agreement, and validity. The latter is based upon correlations with both CAT scan measures of cortical atrophy and ventricular enlargement, as well as correlations with seven other previously validated cognitive tests.

Aphasia↗
PubMed1987

Validity study of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale among a group of Saudi patients.

The Arabic version of the HAD scale was validated in a sample of 50 Saudi patients. The scale scores were assessed against the principal author's clinical evaluations. Spearman correlations of all items of the scale, except for one, were statistically significant. The non-significance of one item was probably related to the way it was translated into Arabic. The study furnished evidence that the Arabic version was a reliable instrument for detecting states of anxiety and depression in Saudi patients in a primary health care setting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Skull x-ray examinations after head trauma. Recommendations by a multidisciplinary panel and validation study.

The value of skull radiography in identifying intracranial injury has not yet been satisfactorily defined. A multidisciplinary panel of medical experts was assembled to review the issue of skull radiography for head trauma. The panel identified two main groups of patients--those at high risk of intracranial injury and those at low risk of such injury--and developed a management strategy for imaging in the two groups. The high-risk group consists primarily of patients with severe open or closed-head injuries who have a constellation of findings that are usually clinically obvious. These patients are candidates for emergency CT scanning, neurosurgical consultation, or both. The low-risk group includes patients who are asymptomatic or who have one or more of the following: headache, dizziness, scalp hematoma, laceration, contusion, or abrasion. Radiographic imaging is not recommended for the low-risk group and should be omitted. An intermediate moderate-risk group is less well defined, and skull radiography in this group may sometimes be appropriate. A prospective study of 7035 patients with head trauma at 31 hospital emergency rooms was conducted to validate the management strategy. No intracranial injuries were discovered in any of the low-risk patients. Therefore, no intracranial injury would have been missed by excluding skull radiography for low-risk patients, according to the protocol. We conclude that use of the management strategy is safe and that it would result in a large decrease in the use of skull radiography, with concomitant reductions in unnecessary exposure to radiation and savings of millions of dollars annually.

Brain Injuries↗
PubMed1986

Simultaneous-successive factor structure of the WISC-R: a validation study.

It has been suggested that the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Revised (WISC--R) may usefully be interpreted in terms of a Simultaneous-Successive factor structure. A previous attempt to validate this hypothesis via factor analysis of 8 of the 12 WISC--R subtests was later shown to be an unreliable test of this model. The present study, performed upon 36 children, aged 6 1/2 to 12 1/2 yr., 45% female, 83% black, tested the validity of the two-factor model vis-á-vis the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC), which is reported to have an unambiguous Simultaneous-Sequential (Successive) factor structure. Present results do not support a salient Simultaneous-Successive structure for the WISC--R, and clinicians should be wary of using the proposed two-factor model of the WISC--R for diagnostic or remedial purposes.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Models of mental health training for primary care physicians: a validation study.

Since the majority of persons with alcohol, drug abuse, and/or mental disorders (19%) of Americans during any 6-month period are seen exclusively within the general health sector, it is imperative to know the quality and quantity of mental health training for primary care residents. In this study, the five program training model types previously described--Consultation, Liaison, Bridge, Hybrid, Autonomous--are validated by a random sampling technique using a structured instrument to test eight hypotheses developed before data collection to preclude post hoc interpretations. Of 250 programs, 147 responded (60%): 67 Family Practice, 42 Primary Internal Medicine, and 38 Internal Medicine. Since all eight hypotheses were supported by the data, the construct validity of the program model types is significantly substantiated. Multiple discriminant analysis revealed that the relationships between twelve training program characteristics and the five program model types were such that the former could explain 57% of the variance in the latter and correctly classify 89% of the programs.

Education, Medical, Graduate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Detection of dementia and depression using the Brief Assessment Interview (BAI): results of a reliability and validity study with residents of a nursing home in Mannheim].

Described here is the German version of the Brief Assessment Interview (BAI), an instrument developed originally in the course of the US-UK cross-national studies and designed to compile data on dementia and depression among the elderly. A study in Mannheim, FRG, of residents in an old people's home tested the reliability and validity of the BAI. Raters corresponded to a high degree on both the dementia and depression scales; intraclass coefficients (ICC) amounted to 0.95 and 0.97, respectively. Compared to the interrater reliability, test-retest reliability was somewhat lower (dementia scale: 0.83, depression scale; 0.74), but always significant at the 1% level. The internal consistency of the dementia scale lay between 0.62 and 0.77, and that of the depression scale between 0.78 and 0.92. In evaluating the validity of BAI, results of the dementia and depression scales were compared to the corresponding diagnoses. These independent diagnoses had been made with the aid of the Feighner criteria by the director of the facility, who had special training in psychiatry. The diagnoses yielded a significant relationship (p less than 0.01) between the dementia (r = 0.49) and depression scales (r = 0.60). The BAI also attained sufficiently high values for sensitivity, specificity, and total efficiency. It is, therefore, well suited for use in elderly target groups that are otherwise difficult to assess, and it also affords a high degree of international comparability.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

The use of heart rate monitoring in the estimation of energy expenditure: a validation study using indirect whole-body calorimetry.

1. A modified heart rate (HR) method for predicting total energy expenditure (TEE) was cross-validated against whole-body calorimetry (CAL). Minute-by-minute HR was converted to energy expenditure (EE) using individual calibration curves when HR exceeded a pre-determined 'FLEX' value designed to discriminate periods of activity. ('FLEX' HR was defined as the mean of the highest HR during rest and the lowest HR during the lightest imposed exercise.) Sedentary EE (below FLEX) was calculated as the mean EE during lying down, sitting and standing at rest. Sleeping EE was calculated as basal metabolic rate (BMR) predicted from standard equations. 2. Calibration curves of oxygen consumption v. HR for different postures at rest and during exercise were obtained for twenty healthy subjects (eleven male, nine female); mean r 0.941 (SD 0.04). The mean FLEX HR for men and women were 86 (SD 10) and 96 (SD 6) beats/min respectively. 3. Simultaneous measurements of HR and EE were made during 21 h continuous CAL, which included 4 x 30 min imposed exercise (cycling, rowing, stepping, jogging). HR exceeded FLEX for a mean of 98 (SD 41) min. Mean TEE by CAL (TEE.CAL) was 8063 (SD 1445) kJ. 4. The HR method yielded a mean non-significant underestimate in TEE (TEE.HR) of 1.2 (SD 6.2)% (range -11.4 to +10.6%). Regression of TEE.HR (Y) v. TEE.CAL (X) yielded Y = 0.868 X + 927 kJ, r 0.943, SE of the estimate 458 kJ, n 20. 5. The satisfactory predictive power and low cost of the method makes it suitable for many field and epidemiological applications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The Barrier inventory: a validity study.

The Barrier (B) inventory is a 37 item test based on the MMPI and measuring the B personality trait as conceived by Fisher. The validity of the inventory was tested by having the subjects (N = 94) complete it and answer a series of inkblot reproductions. In fact, according to Fisher, inkblot test responses are a useful means to assess the B trait. Correlation between the results of the two tests was high (.74).

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire: a validity study.

The MHQ is a brief self-rating inventory purporting to measure aspects of six distinct categories of psychoneurosis and affective status. It has been found to be a reliable instrument and also valid as a profile measure. Two individual scales have also previously been explored in respect of validity. The present report describes a further attempt to examine the validity of individual scales in relation to pertinent single clinical diagnostic entities in a study involving 800 patients. The phobic and obsessional scales are found to be particularly accurate and differentiating in this respect. Patients variously diagnosed as suffering from anxiety states, depressive states and personality disorder tend to score very highly on several scales. The instrument serves overall to distinguish satisfactorily between such populations and others suffering from schizophrenia and anorexia nervosa. It also markedly differentiates them from 'normal' populations.

Anorexia Nervosa↗
PubMed1987

TOBEC methodology for body composition assessment: a cross-validation study.

The accuracy of prediction equations for estimating lean body mass (LBM) from total-body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) was examined by cross-validation. Two samples of adults, aged 18-35 yr, were drawn from separate geographic locations. LBM was determined by densitometry and TOBEC was measured with TOBEC II instrument. LBM and TOBEC were highly correlated in both samples (r = 0.96 and 0.97). Cross-validation of LBM prediction equations was accomplished by exchanging equations and comparing predicted LBM values. There was a mean difference of 0.974 kg LBM between the two equations (p less than 0.0001). Thus, data from 157 subjects were pooled and one equation was developed that incorporated height (cm), sex (males = 0, females = 1), and the zero-, first-, and second-order Fourier coefficients (FC0, FC1, and FC2) of the TOBEC phase value: LBM, kg = -36.410 + (-1.324 X sex) + (0.01185 X (FC1(0.5)xht)) + (12.347 X FC2(0.5)) + (0.0627 X FC0)-(0.9232 X FC2) This equation, developed from 157 subjects, accounted for 96% of the variability in LBM and had a standard error of estimate of 2.17 kg LBM.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

An American validation study of the Newcastle Diagnostic Scale. II. Relationship with clinical, demographic, familial and psychosocial features.

We completed the Newcastle Diagnostic Scale on 152 unipolar depressed in-patients: its validity was supported by the findings that endogenous depressives were, in contrast to neurotic depressives, older, more severely depressed, with better social support, fewer life events, less personality disorder, and a lower morbid risk of alcoholism and antisocial personality in their first-degree relatives. The relationship between Newcastle scores and the morbid risk for alcoholism was non-linear, such that a cut-off score of 4, rather than 5, maximised the difference between the endogenous and neurotic groups with respect to familial alcoholism rates as well as other validating variables.

Cognition Disorders↗