SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Azithromycin”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 901 records · Page 50Linked to original sources

PubMed2001

Azithromycin and gentamicin therapy for the treatment of humans with brucellosis.

Ten patients with brucellosis were treated with azithromycin and gentamicin to assess the treatment's safety and efficacy. Seven patients had an excellent therapeutic response at the end of therapy; however, relapse was noted in 3. When relapse was considered in combination with an initial lack of efficacy, 5 patients (50%; 95% confidence interval, 18.7%-81.3%) did not respond to therapy; these results do not favor the use of azithromycin to treat brucellosis in humans.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Macrolide therapy of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: 10 days of macrolide therapy (clarithromycin) is more effective in streptococcal eradication than 5 days (azithromycin).

We compared recommended doses of 2 oral macrolide antibiotics (10 days of clarithromycin, 5 days of azithromycin) for eradicating group A streptococci from the throats of individuals aged > or = 12 years with symptomatic pharyngitis and a positive throat culture. Patients received either clarithromycin (250 mg b.i.d. for 10 days [n=260]) or azythromycin (500 mg on day 1, followed by 250 mg q.d. for 4 days [n=265]). Follow-up throat cultures were obtained both at 13--19 days and at 28--38 days. We evaluated 392 patients (median age, 26 years; clarithromycin, 194 patients; azyithromycin, 198 patients). Ten days of clarithromycin therapy was more effective than 5 days of azithromycin therapy in eradicating the organism (91% [176/194] vs. 82% [162/198]; P=.012). More than 97% of all streptococcal isolates were macrolide-sensitive. Whether these bacteriologic eradication rates were the result of the 2 macrolides compared or were due to differences in duration of therapy could not be determined, but the statistically significant difference in eradication of group A streptococci does raise additional questions about shortened courses of macrolide therapy for this common infection.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2003

Norfloxacin and azithromycin for treatment of nontyphoidal salmonella carriers.

There has been inadequate evaluation of an antibiotic for eradication of nontyphoidal salmonellae (NTS) in asymptomatic carriers. In a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, such efficacy was evaluated using 2 five-day regimens (norfloxacin, 400 mg twice per day, and azithromycin, 500 mg once per day) compared with placebo. The study included 265 food workers in an area of Thailand where NTS are endemic who were asymptomatic NTS carriers. The presence of NTS in stool samples was assessed on days 7, 30, 60, and 90 after start of treatment. At each assessment visit, <4% of participants in each of the 3 groups carried an initial Salmonella serotype; 16%-35% had new Salmonella serotypes detected, except on day 7 in the azithromycin group, when the rate was 4%. Sanitation was good at work but not at home. Selection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Schwarzengrund was demonstrated. The study regimens were not better than placebo for treatment of asymptomatic food workers who carried NTS in an area where these organisms are endemic, and use of the regimens resulted in antimicrobial resistance.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Azithromycin prophylaxis during a hospitalwide outbreak of a pertussis-like illness.

A questionnaire regarding tolerability and adherence was administered for 5 days to hospital employees who received azithromycin prophylaxis during a hospitalwide outbreak of a pertussis-like illness. Analysis of the 239 responses from those having received prophylactic azithromycin determined that it was well tolerated and accounted for a minimal loss of days worked; 81.5% were fully adherent with the regimen.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1998

Enhanced control of an outbreak of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia with azithromycin prophylaxis.

There are currently no recommended epidemic-control measures for Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia outbreaks in closed communities. Previous studies have suggested the usefulness of chemoprophylaxis administered to close contacts of case-patients. To evaluate the effectiveness of various epidemic-control measures during an institutional outbreak, an observational study was undertaken during a very large outbreak of M. pneumoniae pneumonia at a facility for developmentally disabled residents (n = 142 cases). Control measures evaluated included no control, standard epidemic-control measures, and targeted azithromycin prophylaxis (500 mg on day 1, 250 mg/day on days 2-5) plus standard epidemic-control measures. The combined use of azithromycin prophylaxis and standard epidemic-control measures was associated with a significant reduction in the secondary attack rate. This study suggests that the addition of antibiotic prophylaxis to standard epidemic-control measures can be useful during institutional outbreaks of M. pneumoniae pneumonia.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Interpretative criteria for the agar diffusion susceptibility test with azithromycin.

Azithromycin (CP-62,993) is a macrolide with a tendency to concentrate in various body tissues. Difficulties that arise when establishing tentative minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) breakpoints for such a drug include the question of whether MICs should be compared with the achievable concentrations in blood or in tissue. Pending clinical experience with this drug, we recommend the following tentative criteria for interpreting tests with 15 micrograms azithromycin discs: susceptible greater than or equal to 18 mm (MIC less than or equal to 2 mg/l) and resistant less than or equal to 13 mm (MIC greater than or equal to 8 mg/l).

Agar↗

PubMed1989

Azithromycin (CP-62,993) in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: an open clinical, microbiological and pharmacokinetic study.

A group of 21 patients admitted to hospital with acute purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis was treated for five days with a new oral macrolide azithromycin. They received one dose of 500 mg on the first day, followed by 250 mg once daily thereafter. Pre-treatment sputum cultures were typical for this district, but the cultures during and after treatment showed many Haemophilus influenzae infections persisting. Geometric mean MICs of azithromycin for these organisms rose from 1.23 mg/l (pre-treatment) to 4.87 mg/l, a week after the end of treatment. The mean MICs for erythromycin also rose four-fold. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Branhamella catarrhalis strains were effectively eradicated. Pharmacokinetic studies on serum and sputum from the first treatment day showed relatively low serum Cmax values, averaging 0.63 mg/l, but with considerable individual variation. However, peak sputum concentrations averaged 3.7 mg/l. Nevertheless, the clinical and microbiological results were not encouraging because of the failure to eradicate H. influenzae with the drug dosage used in this study.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1990

In-vitro activity of azithromycin compared with other macrolides and oral antibiotics against Salmonella typhi.

The in-vitro activity of azithromycin against 60 clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi was determined by broth microdilution and compared with eight macrolides, including erythromycin, and with other orally administered antimicrobial agents (ampicillin, amoxycillin, cefaclor, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin). Azithromycin was more potent (MIC range 4-16 mg/l; MIC90 8 mg/l) than erythromycin (MIC range 32- greater than 128 mg/l; MIC90 greater than 128 mg/l). Of the other macrolides, only rosaramicin showed increased activity against Salm. typhi (MIC range 16-32 mg/l; MIC90 32mg/l) when compared with erythromycin. All 60 Salm. typhi were susceptible to ciprofloxacin (MIC greater than 0.5 mg/l). In 22 isolates, resistance to one or more of the following compounds occurred: ampicillin, amoxycillin, cefaclor, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1990

The pharmacokinetics and inflammatory fluid penetration of orally administered azithromycin.

The pharmacokinetics of azithromycin were determined during a 24 h period following oral administration of a single 500-mg dose to each of six male volunteers. Concentrations in serum, urine and cantharides-induced inflammatory fluid were determined by microbiological assay. The mean peak serum concentration of 0.45 mg/l was obtained at a mean time of 2.6 h post-administration. The elimination half-life from serum was seen to increase with time post-dose; the mean elimination half-life at 16 h post-dose was 9.6 h. Inflammatory fluid was penetrated rapidly, with the mean peak concentration of 0.13 mg/l achieved at a mean time of 3.25 h post-dose. After this peak, levels initially decreased, but after 8 h from drug administration until the end of the trial period, inflammatory fluid concentrations remained relatively constant. The mean inflammatory fluid penetration up to the end of the study period was 74%. The mean urinary recovery of azithromycin, during the initial 24 h post-dose, was 6%.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1993

The efficacy and tolerance of a three-day course of azithromycin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia.

The clinical efficacy and tolerance of a three-day course of azithromycin was evaluated in patients with community-acquired pneumonia in an open, non-comparative pilot study. Sixty-six patients with clinical and radiological findings of pneumonia were treated with a total dose of 1.5 g azithromycin (500 mg once-daily for three days). Of these 66 patients, 40 were evaluable clinically and microbiologically. Of the remaining 26 patients, 22 had no organisms isolated at baseline, and could only be evaluated clinically; two patients were lost to follow-up; and two patients were protocol violators. Of the 40 patients in whom aetiological agents were identified, 39 (98%) had a satisfactory clinical response (34 cured, five improved), including all eight patients diagnosed as having Legionella pneumophila pneumonia on the basis of serology. One patient with recurrent Haemophilus influenzae infection on day 8 was considered a failure. Total severity score for overall signs and symptoms was reduced significantly from a baseline level by day 2 (P = 0.0001). Bacteriological eradication was achieved in 32 of 33 (97%) isolates including 27 of 27 Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most frequently isolated pathogen. All six patients with pneumococcal bacteraemia were cured clinically by day 14, and blood cultures were negative for four of these patients within 48 h. Treatment-related side effects were reported in 4 of 66 (6%) patients, but were all mild. Laboratory abnormalities were observed in 5 of 62 (8%) patients: elevated liver enzymes (2), elevated creatine levels (1), haematological test abnormalities (2), including one patient with severe eosinophilia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

In-vitro activity of a new quinolone (CP-99,219) compared with ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, azithromycin and penicillin against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

The in-vitro activities of CP-99, 219, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, azithromycin and penicillin was tested against 114 Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains. The MIC90s were: 0.008 mg/L (MIC range 0.001-0.06 mg/L) for CP-99, 219, 0.008 mg/L (MIC range 0.001-0.25 mg/L) for ciprofloxacin, 0.12 mg/L (MIC range 0.008-4 mg/L) for pefloxacin, 0.25 mg/L (MIC range 0.03-1 mg/L) for azithromycin and 16 mg/L (MIC range 0.015-16 mg/L) for penicillin. The activity of CP-99,219 against various N. gonorrhoeae isolates was comparable to ciprofloxacin.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1995

The activity of azithromycin on the infectivity of Chlamydia trachomatis in human amniotic cells.

The effects of azithromycin on the infectivity and growth of Chlamydia trachomatis were investigated in primary human amniotic epithelial cells. Infection was prevented when cultures were exposed to the drug 6 h after inoculation and growth was completely inhibited when the drug was added to cultures 24, 48, 72 h or 7 days after infection. The same inhibition was observed at 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 mg/L. Ultrastructural observations depicted interruption in the growth cycle of the chlamydia and ghost-like envelopes were present in the near empty inclusions. Azithromycin is effective in inhibiting chlamydial growth no matter when treatment is initiated after infection.

Amnion↗

PubMed1998

Activity of azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, dirithromycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin and erythromycin against Legionella species by intracellular susceptibility testing in HL-60 cells.

We evaluated a human monocyte cell line (HL-60) as a model for testing the intracellular activity of anti-Legionella antibiotics; 1.5 x 10(6) HL-60 cells/well were differentiated into adherent cells and infected with 1.5 x 10(7) cfu of Legionella pneumophila. The most active agents against L. pneumophila as judged by broth dilution MICs were (in order of activity) azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, erythromycin and dirithromycin. The most active inhibitors of L. pneumophila intracellular multiplication were (in order of activity) azithromycin, erythromycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, roxithromycin, dirithromycin and clarithromycin. All the agents were highly active against Legionella micdadei and Legionella bozemanii when compared with L. pneumophila.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2000

Anticryptosporidial activity of ranalexin, lasalocid and azithromycin alone and in combination in cell lines.

The in vitro anticryptosporidial activities of ranalexin, lasalocid and azithromycin alone and in combination were investigated against four clinical isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum. Susceptibility was tested by inoculating the isolates on to cell monolayers and determining the parasite count after 48 h incubation at 37 degrees C. The culture medium was supplemented with Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing serial dilutions of the above-mentioned compounds. Ranalexin showed moderate anticryptosporidial activity: at a concentration of 64 mg/L it reduced parasite counts by 33.8%. Azithromycin at a concentration of 8 mg/L gave inhibition comparable to that observed with the highest concentration of ranalexin. Lasalocid showed the highest activity, with a 70.3% reduction in parasite counts at 2 mg/L. The combination of ranalexin 64 mg/L and lasalocid 2 mg/L completely suppressed parasite growth without harming the monolayer.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2001

Decreased susceptibility to azithromycin and erythromycin mediated by a novel mtr(R) promoter mutation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

During a screen of Neisseria gonorrhoeae clinical isolates obtained in Uruguay for susceptibility to azithromycin, we noticed that approximately 10% of the strains examined displayed decreased susceptibility to azithromycin and erythromycin due to the mtr(CDE)-encoded efflux pump system, but remained susceptible to Triton X-100. We now report that the mtr(R) promoter region of one of these isolates contains a dinucleotide insertion (TT) that mediates this resistance phenotype.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2005

A 6 week course of azithromycin treatment has no beneficial effect on atherosclerotic lesion development in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice chronically infected with Chlamydia pneumoniae.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether antimicrobial chemotherapy prevents acceleration of atherosclerotic lesion development induced by infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae. METHODS: ApoE-deficient mice which develop hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis spontaneously were inoculated intranasally with C. pneumoniae. Animals were treated with azithromycin for 6 weeks after the third inoculation and the atherosclerotic lesion areas in the aortic sinus were measured by computer-assisted morphometry. RESULTS: At 12 weeks post-infection, infected untreated animals developed significantly larger lesion areas compared with sham-inoculated controls (8.7 x 10(4)+/-2.3 x 10(4) microm(2) versus 5.6 x 10(4)+/-2.4 x 10(4) microm(2)). However, there were no differences in lesion size of infected mice treated with azithromycin in comparison with untreated infected controls (11.0 x 10(4)+/-3.0 x 10(4) microm(2) versus 8.7 x 10(4)+/-2.3 x 10(4) microm(2)). CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic treatment against C. pneumoniae has no beneficial effects on hyperlipidaemia-induced atherosclerosis accelerated by C. pneumoniae in a mouse model.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Comparison of the palatability of the oral suspension of cefdinir vs. amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium, cefprozil and azithromycin in pediatric patients.

BACKGROUND: Patient adherence to therapeutic regimens is extremely important to successful treatment of acute otitis media. Among pediatric patients medication palatability, particularly that of oral suspensions, is essential for patient acceptance, therapeutic compliance and successful outcome. METHODS: A series of six randomized, single blind, crossover trials were conducted, each comparing cefdinir oral suspension with one of the following antibiotic oral suspensions: amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium; cefprozil; or azithromycin. Each medication comparison was evaluated in a single center and multicenter study. Subjects 4 to 8 years of age were asked to taste and smell each medication and assign preference using a visual "smile-face" scale. Ratings were converted to a numeric score ranging from 5 ("really good") to 1 ("really bad"). RESULTS: Among the 715 subjects 85% rated the taste of cefdinir as good or really good, the highest possible ratings; 63% of subjects assigned the same ratings to amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium, cefprozil or azithromycin. Seventy-one percent rated the smell of cefdinir as good or really good; 64% assigned the same ratings to the comparators. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the findings from these trials, children 4 to 8 years of age preferred the taste and smell of cefdinir oral suspension to that of the comparator agents.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2004

Azithromycin as an alternative to nalidixic acid in the therapy of childhood shigellosis.

In an outbreak of shigellosis in a kibbutz in Northeastern Israel, oral nalidixic acid failed clinically in 35% and microbiologically in 28.4% of 14 children as compared with no clinical and microbiologic failure in 25 children who were treated with oral azithromycin (P < 0.01 and 0.012, respectively). Thus azithromycin could be a suitable alternative to nalidixic acid.

Administration, Oral↗