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PubMed2002

Establishment of enzyme immunoassay for measuring beta-methyldigoxin levels in human serum by specific antiserum.

We investigated the specificity of obtained antisera to beta-methyldigoxin by the enzyme immunoassay. Three types of hapten-bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugates were synthesized to obtain high specific antisera to beta-methyldigoxin. The haptens were linked to the carrier protein through hemisuccinate at C-3' and C-3'' positions in the digitoxose chain and at C-12 position in the aglycone. Anti-beta-methyldigoxin 3'-hemisuccinate-BSA antiserum showed a low detection limit (0.2 ng/ml) and possessed high specificity for beta-methyldigoxin, exhibiting low cross-reactions with digoxigenin bisdigitoxoside (8.3%), dihydrodigoxin (4.8%), digitoxin (1.5%), and digoxigenin monodigitoxoside (0.95%), except for cross-reaction with digoxin (43%). Compared with commercial antidigoxin antiserum, clinically used to monitor beta-methyldigoxin concentration in human serum, cross-reaction data of anti-beta-methyldigoxin 3'-hemisuccinate-BSA antiserum showed higher specificity for beta-methyldigoxin. The intra-assay and inter-assay variations using this antiserum were less than 6.9% and 8.1%, respectively. The recovery tests were good, within the range of 96.2-104.3%. Phenyl boric acid (PBA) column treatment was effective to rapidly and selectively separate beta-methyldigoxin from the mixture of beta-methyldigoxin and its metabolites in human serum. The recovery tests of beta-methyldigoxin with PBA column in human serum were about 110% and interference of metabolites of beta-methyldigoxin was negligible. These results suggest that anti-beta-methyldigoxin 3'-hemisuccinate-BSA antiserum and PBA column treatment are useful to more precisely monitor the unchanged type of beta-methyldigoxin concentration in human serum.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Pharmacokinetic study of beta-methyldigoxin by enzyme immunoassay using a novel specific antiserum in rats.

We previously showed that enzyme immunoassay (EIA) of beta-methyldigoxin (MDx3) using anti-MDx3 3'-hemisuccinate-bovine serum albumin antiserum (Antiserum-I) was superior to that using commercial anti-digoxin antiserum (Antiserum-II) in terms of specificity and that pretreatment of human serum with phenyl boric acid (PBA) column was effective. In the present study, we examined the precision of EIA using Antiserum-I and the recovery of MDx3 after PBA column treatment in rat serum, and also investigated pharmacokinetic changes of MDx3 in rats. The intra- and inter-assay variations and recovery tests using Antiserum-I were good. The PBA column was effective in selectively separating MDx3 from rat serum containing MDx3 and its metabolites. The recovery tests using Antiserum-I with PBA column showed about 110% and the interference of metabolites of MDx3 was negligible. Serum concentration-time courses of MDx3 by EIA using Antiserum-I with PBA column and Antiserum-I were lower than that using Antiserum-II. The distribution volume at steady state and total body clearance values of MDx3 in these conditions were significantly higher than those using Antiserum-II. The usefulness of PBA column was ascertained, while effects of PBA column on these parameters were not significant. In addition, rapid absorption of MDx3 was observed by EIA using Antiserum-I with PBA column. These results suggest that EIA using Antiserum-I with PBA column for the pretreatment of serum samples should be a more useful and valuable system in therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies of the unchanged type of MDx3 than Antiserum-II.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[Studies on the syntheses and reaction of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds centered the naphthyridines].

1, X-Naphthyridines (X = 5, 6, and 8) (1-3) were synthesized in a high yield by the Skraup reactions of 4-, 3-, and 2-aminopyridines with glycerol, in the presence of ferrous sulfate and boric acid. The improved syntheses were applied to the syntheses of 1,5-, 1,6-, and 1,8-naphthyridines (4-28), pyridonaphthyridines (31, 32), benzonaphthyridines (38-42), naphthonaphthyridines (44, 48, 49, 59). New synthetic methods of naphtho[1,2-b or 2,1-b][1,8]naphthyridine (62, 63), benzo[b][1,8]naphthyridine (41) and benzo[g]quinoline (67) were developed and their compounds obtained conveniently. Reissert reaction of 1,6-naphthyridine (2) using triethylbenzylammonium chloride (TEBA) produced Reissert compounds and ring-opened compounds. Reissert reaction of 1,7-naphthyridine (29), 4,7- (87), 4,6-phenanthroline (38) gave the Reissert compounds, and the compounds (2, 38) gave their pseudo bases (79, 90). Reissert-type reactions of benzo[f]quinoline (68), and 1,7-phenanthroline (105) with acyl chloride and phosphite, gave alpha- and gamma-phosphonate, and 87 produced alpha,alpha'-(108a-c) and alpha,gamma'-diphosphonates (109a-c). The structure of 108c-1 was determined to be trans-type by an X-ray analysis. Compounds 1-3, 29, and benzo[f or h]quinoline were treated with dimetyl sulfoxide in the presence of sodium hydride to give mainly methylated compounds at the position para to the ring-nitrogen. When benzo[f or h]quinoline N-oxide was treated with methylsulfinylmethyl carbanion in the usual procedure, a new reaction took place to produce phenanthrene in an excellent yield. The same reaction of 1,10-, 1,7-, or 4,7-phenanthroline N-oxides (143-145) resulted in the liberation of the N-oxide group to form benzo[f or h]quinoline, but isoquinoline N-oxide afforded to benzazepine derivatives (161). Reaction of quinaldine with methylsulfinylmethyl carbanion gave novel tricyclic compound (121a). The oxidation of 41, 62, and 63 with peroxy acids afforded novel products such as seven-membered 1,4-oxazepine derivatives.

Chemistry, Organic↗

PubMed1981

Impatiens pollen germination and tube growth as a bioassay for toxic substances.

Pollen of Impatiens sultanii Hook F. germinates and forms tubes rapidly at 25 degrees C in a simple medium containing 111.0 ppm CaCl2, 13.6 ppm KH2PO4, and 1000 ppm boric acid. Calcium, potassium, and boron are essential for germination and tube growth, but sucrose is not required. Pollen tubes grow with equal rapidity in liquid medium or on a medium solidified with 1% agar. Tube growth rates are linear for 1 hr. When different pollen sources or clonal sources are utilized, no variation in pollen tube growth is observed, and pollen from individual flowers remain viable for 26 hr. Formaldehyde inhibits pollen germination, tube production, and tube lengths at 7.5-10 ppm. With 2,4-dichlorophenol, pollen germination and tube production is inhibited at 0.5-20 ppm, while tube growth is inhibited significantly at 25 ppm. A biphasic inhibition of germination and tube formation occurs with p-cresol with a low level of inhibition occurring at 40-60 ppm and a higher one at 100-125 ppm. Tube lengths were inhibited at 150 ppm p-cresol. Acrylamide and dioctyl phthalate have no measurable effect upon pollen germination and tube growth.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗

PubMed1994

An introduction to boron: history, sources, uses, and chemistry.

Following a brief overview of the terrestrial distribution of boron in rocks, soil, and water, the history of the discovery, early utilization, and geologic origin of borate minerals is summarized. Modern uses of borate-mineral concentrates, borax, boric acid, and other refined products include glass, fiberglass, washing products, alloys and metals, fertilizers, wood treatments, insecticides, and microbiocides. The chemistry of boron is reviewed from the point of view of its possible health effects. It is concluded that boron probably is complexed with hydroxylated species in biologic systems, and that inhibition and stimulation of enzyme and coenzymes are pivotal in its mode of action.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Comparison of sample preservation methods for clinical trace element analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

The effects of chemical additives and storage temperatures on measurement of 16 trace elements in urine by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were evaluated. A 24-hour urine specimen was supplemented with concentrations of the elements. Aliquots containing 1 of 4 chemical additives were stored at 3 different temperatures in sealed polypropylene containers. Elemental concentrations were determined by ICP-MS for the resulting samples after 1, 2, 8, and 65 days of storage. Initial element concentrations measured within 8 hours of specimen preparation were consistent with expected concentrations (except for aluminum). For most elements, preservation and storage conditions yielded consistent measured concentrations throughout the experiment. Notable exceptions were for aluminum (general rise over time) and mercury (general decrease over time). Adding boric acid and potassium pyrosulfate resulted in sample contamination; elemental contamination was concentration-dependent for both. Although little microbial contamination was observed during the experiment, refrigeration of samples is recommended to curtail bacterial growth in nonsterile specimens. In light of these results, refrigerated urine storage without the use of chemical additives is an effective preservation method for ICP-MS analysis of many trace elements.

Humans↗

PubMed2001

Dietary boron supplementation enhances the effects of estrogen on bone mineral balance in ovariectomized rats.

The present study investigated whether boron would enhance the action of 17beta-estradiol (E2) or parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone mineral balance in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Forty-three days after OVX, the rats were treated for 5 wk with vehicle, boron (5 ppm as boric acid), E2 (30 microg/kg/d, sc), PTH (60 microg/kg/d, sc), or a combination of boron and E2 or PTH. Bone mineral balance was assessed by measuring apparent absorption, excretion, and retention of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg). Serum Ca, P, Mg, and osteocalcin were also measured in this experiment. Boron alone had no effects on food consumption, weight gain, bone mineral balance, and serum levels of Ca, P, Mg, and osteocalcin. E2 alone increased serum P and Mg and decreased serum osteocalcin, but it had no effect on bone mineral balance. The combination of boron and E2 markedly improved apparent absorption of Ca, P, and Mg. In addition, the combination treatment increased the apparent retention of Ca and Mg (but not P) and also increased serum Ca and Mg but not serum P. On the other hand, boron cotreatment did not prevent the E2-induced reduction in serum osteocalcin in OVX rats. PTH alone significantly increased serum Ca, P, Mg, and osteocalcin concentrations, although it had no effect on bone mineral balance. Contrary to the boron-E2 combination treatment, the combination of boron and PTH did not enhance bone mineral balance. However, inasmuch as boron-PTH cotreatment did not enhance the stimulatory action of PTH on serum Ca, P, and osteocalcin, boron completely abolished the stimulatory effect of PTH on serum Mg. In conclusion, we have demonstrated for the first time that although boron by itself has no effect on bone mineral homeostasis, it appears to have synergistic enhancing effects on the action of E2 on Ca and Mg homeostasis in OVX rats.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Dietary boron supplementation enhanced the action of estrogen, but not that of parathyroid hormone, to improve trabecular bone quality in ovariectomized rats.

This study investigated whether boron would enhance the ability of 17beta-estradiol (E2) or parathyroid hormone (PTH) to improve bone quality in ovariectomized OVX rats. Adult OVX rats were treated for 5 wk with vehicle, boron (5 ppm as boric acid), E2 (30 microg/kg/d, sc), PTH (60 microg/kg/d, sc), or a combination of boron and E2 or PTH, respectively. The E2 treatment corrected many adverse effects of OVX on bone quality, increased bone Ca, P, and Mg contents, and decreased trabecular plate separation. Dietary boron supplementation had no effects on these bone parameters in OVX rats. When OVX rats were treated with boron and E2 together, trabecular bone volume (Tb.BS/TV) and plate density were increased significantly more than that caused by E2 alone. The boron and E2 combination also increased trabecular bone surface (Tb.BV/TV) and decreased trabecular plate separation in OVX rats. In contrast, whereas daily PTH injection also increased bone Ca, Mg, and P contents, Tb.BV/TV, Tb.BS/TV, trabecular plate density and thickness, and decreased trabecular plate separation in OVX rats, the combination of boron and PTH had no additional improvement in bone quality over that achieved by PTH alone. In summary, this study shows for the first time that boron enhanced the action of E2, but not that of PTH, to improve trabecular bone quality in OVX rats.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Conditions for single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP)analysis with broad applicability: a study on the effects of acrylamide, buffer and glycerol concentrations in SSCP analysis of exons of the p53 gene).

We examined the influence of electrophoretic conditions on the detectability of small sequence alterations in DNA fragments by single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. Three acrylamide concentrations, 7.5, 14 and 20%, were selected, and all three gel types were prepared with four different Tris/borate/EDTA buffer concentrations. In addition, all these twelve gels were prepared both with and without 10% glycerol. All electrophoretic runs were performed at ambient temperature of 20-24 degrees C. The resulting 24 different electrophoretic conditions were used for the SSCP analysis of DNA fragments of exons 5, 7 and 8 of the human p53 gene; the results were evaluated primarily in relation to detectability of mutants. Six out of the 24 conditions permitted the detection of all mutants. For practical reasons, 14% acrylamide, 44.5 mmol/1 Tris, 44.5 mmol/1 boric acid, 1 mmol/1 EDTA, pH 8.0, with and without addition of glycerol was chosen as the most suitable. These "selected conditions" were applied in the SSCP analysis of an arbitrarily chosen set of mutant DNA fragments with single base exchanges,and all but one of seven mutants were detected in the gel system containing glycerol. Our results indicate that the set of "selected conditions" is of broad applicability, permitting the detection of even small sequence differences like single base exchanges with high reliability. It should prove especially useful in screening for unknown mutations.

Acrylamides↗

PubMed2001

Attractiveness of insecticide baits for cockroach control (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae): laboratory and field studies.

Several insecticide bait formulations were evaluated for their attractiveness to cockroaches in olfactometer assays in the laboratory and in trapping experiments in the field. Included in the assays were bait stations, gels, pastes, and a powder that contained one of the following active ingredients: abamectin, boric acid, chlorpyrifos, or hydramethylnon. There were significant differences among the baits in their attractiveness to the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). In trapping experiments, Avert powder (abamectin), Maxforce station and gel, and Siege gel (all hydramethylnon) were consistently attractive to B. germanica adults and nymphs. Laboratory olfactometer assays with adult males confirmed these results and showed that nymphs were as responsive as males whereas females were less responsive. Our bioassays also demonstrate that attractiveness of bait can be dramatically affected by the age of the bait. One week of aging significantly reduced the attractiveness of Avert powder in both laboratory and field assays. Aging, however did not diminish the attractiveness of Maxforce gel, indicating that the formulation may be critical for retention of attractiveness of baits. Baits that were most attractive to the German cockroach were also the most attractive to nymphs and adults of the brownbanded cockroach, Supella longipalpa (F.).

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Borate protection of softwood from Coptotermes acinaciformis (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) damage: variation in protection thresholds explained.

Laboratory and field data reported in the literature are confusing with regard to "adequate" protection thresholds for borate timber preservatives. The confusion is compounded by differences in termite species, timber species and test methodology. Laboratory data indicate a borate retention of 0.5% mass/mass (m/m) boric acid equivalent (BAE) would cause > 90% termite mortality and restrict mass loss in test specimens to < or = 5%. Field data generally suggest that borate retentions appreciably > 0.5% m/m BAE are required. We report two field experiments with varying amounts of untreated feeder material in which Coptotermes acinaciformis (Froggatt) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) responses to borate-treated radiata (Monterey) pine, Pinus radiata D. Don, were measured. The apparently conflicting results between laboratory and field data are explained by the presence or absence of untreated feeder material in the test environment. In the absence of untreated feeder material, wood containing 0.5% BAE provided adequate protection from Coptotermes sp., whereas in the presence of untreated feeder material, increased retentions were required. Furthermore, the retentions required increased with increased amounts of susceptible material present. Some termites, Nasutitermes sp. and Mastotermes darwiniensis Froggatt, for example, are borate-tolerant and borate timber preservatives are not a viable management option with these species. The lack of uniform standards for termite test methodology and assessment criteria for efficacy across the world is recognized as a difficulty with research into the performance of timber preservatives with termites. The many variables in laboratory and field assays make "prescriptive" standards difficult to recommend. The use of "performance" standards to define efficacy criteria ("adequate" protection) is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Sensitivity improvement of ammonia determination based on flow-injection indophenol spectrophotometry with manganese(II) ion as a catalyst and analysis of exhaust gas of thermal power plant.

The sensitivity improvement of a flow-injection spectrophotometric method for the determination of ammonia was examined based on an indophenol blue coloration reaction with salicylate and hypochlorite in the presence of manganese(II) as a reaction promotion catalyst. The optimal conditions for achieving higher sensitivity of ammonia determination were examined using a three-line flow system. The limit of detection corresponding to a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 3 was 0.005 mg l(-1) (approximately equal to 5 ppb) of NH4+. A calibration graph was linear in the range from 5 ppb to 1,000 ppb of ammonium ion. The relative standard deviations (n = 9) for 50 ppb and 100 ppb of ammonium ion were 6.4% and 2.2%, respectively. The proposed method was applied to the determination of ammonia in the exhaust gas of a thermal power plant. Prior to the FIA determination, ammonia in the exhaust gas was absorbed into a boric acid solution; the absorption solution was then analyzed by the proposed FIA.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Ion chromatographic determination of ammonia in air using a sampling tube of porous carbon.

The ion chromatographic determination of ammonia in air using a sampling tube of porous carbon carbonized at 500 degrees C was examined. When the mean recovery and the reproducibility for a series of five determinations were examined for 1 and 10 ppm ammonia gases, the mean recovery (n = 5) and the relative standard deviation were 97.0% and 3.5% for 1 ppm and 86.9% and 2.8% for 10 ppm, respectively. Furthermore, the recovery from 10 ppm ammonia gas increased with an increase in the extraction time, and a recovery of 99.7% was obtained for 180 min of extraction time. The mean collection efficiency for 1 and 10 ppm ammonia gas was 102.5% and 96.5%, respectively. The relation between the sampling volume and the peak area was linear, and the linearity was 0.999 of the correlation coefficient. The ammonia gas concentration in an actual goat shed could be determined by this sampling device for a sampling volume of 5 L at a flow rate of 1 L/min; 0.79 ppm of the determination value practically agreed as compare with 0.78 ppm from collection by a boric acid solution.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Collaborative study on rat sperm motion analysis using CellSoft Series 4000 semen analyzer.

A collaborative study was conducted to determine useful and sensitive rat sperm motion parameters in a CellSoft Series 4000 semen analyzer to detect the effects of compounds on sperm motion. The effects on the sperm motion parameters were investigated using alpha-chlorohydrin, boric acid, ethinylestradiol, ethyl methanesulfonate, nitrazepam, nitrobenzene, ornidazole, sulfasalazine or valproic acid which are well known to induce reproductive or testicular toxicities. All compounds used in this study decreased percentage of motile sperm (% motile). Curvilinear velocity (VCL), maximum and mean amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH max and ALH mean) were decreased by treatment with all compounds except for valproic acid. Treatment with alpha-chlorohydrin, ornidazole or sulfasalazine under mid-dosage regimens decreased only these parameters. Beat cross frequency (BCF) was increased by treatment with sulfasalazine. There were some treatments which caused either decreased or increased changes irrespective of dosage regimen in linearity, average radius, percentage of circular-swimming sperm out of motile sperm (circular/motile) and percentage of circular-swimming sperm out of all sperm (circular/all). Based on these results, we concluded that % motile, VCL, ALH max and ALH mean are considered useful and sensitive parameters for evaluating the effects of compounds on sperm motion. A parameter of BCF can be useful to detect the effects of specific compounds on sperm motion. Linearity, average radius, circular/motile and circular/all are not considered useful or sensitive indicators to detect the effects of compounds on sperm motion.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pressure sores. Epidemiology and current management concepts.

Pressure sores remain common, with a prevalence of 5 to 9% and more than 70% occurring in patients over 70 years of age. They are often falsely ascribed to poor nursing care, but can more usefully be regarded as a potentially preventable complication of an acute immobility illness. Prevention involves identification of patients at risk, appropriate nursing care measures and the use of special equipment. Much of the special equipment is excessively complex and not validated by clinical trial work. The airwave system, polystyrene bead bed system and Vaperm mattress have been best studied and are effective. Management of the established sore involves treatment of the underlying medical condition(s), attention to hydration and nutrition, prevention of further tissue trauma and the use of special dressings and procedures which facilitate the inflammatory repair response. There is considerable doubt about the use of 'traditional' wound applications such as gauze or chlorinated lime and boric acid solution ('Eusol'). An extensive range of newer products is now available but these have not yet been subjected to controlled clinical trials. A useful starting point is to classify pressure sores into 4 clinical types depending on amount of tissue damage and depth of ulcer. The least severe sore (type 1) can be protected using polyurethane film dressings. Deeper ulcers (types 2 and 3) can be easily and quickly treated by hydrocolloid or alginate dressings which optimise the local wound environment, thus facilitating tissue repair. However, there may be no satisfactory dressing for sacral (near-anal) sores which are more difficult to treat than those at other body sites because of dressing detachment. Cavity ulcers (type 4) can be managed with silastic foam or hydrocolloid or alginate dressings. Debridement of necrotic material is best done manually by scalpel/scissors, although streptokinase/streptodornase (Varidase Topical) may also help if used correctly. Antiseptics have little part to play and ulcers are best cleaned with warm normal saline. Systemic antibiotics are indicated only when surrounding cellulitis is present, although metronidazole is useful for malodorous sores.

Aged↗

PubMed1989

A simple method for staining nuclei of mature and germinated maize pollen.

A sugar acetocarmine staining technique has been developed for staining the sperm and vegetative nucleus of mature and germinated maize pollen grains. This procedure is simple, stable and highly repeatable. The physiological properties of the mature maize pollen grains are first adjusted by using an in vitro germinating culture solution. This solution is 15% sucrose and contains 360 ppm calcium chloride dihydrate, and 120 ppm boric acid. One part fresh pollen grains is uniformly mixed with nine parts of the solution and left at room temperature for at least 5 hr. One part of this solution is then mixed with two parts of regular acetocarmine stain and left overnight. The color of this mixture is pinkish red or raspberry. The sugar in the mixture helps to increase color contrast between the pollen cytoplasm (light pink) and the nuclei (reddish purple), decreases the frequency of burst pollen, increases pollen expansion, stabilizes pollen figures and automatically seals the coverglass.

Anthraquinones↗

PubMed1996

Viscosity and density of lactulose solutions.

The density and viscosity of solutions of lactulose and solutions of lactulose and boric acid were determined using calibrated viscometers and a nominal 10-ml pycnometer, respectively. These data were necessary for the development of the recovery section of a continuous pilot plant process to produce lactulose, a valuable pharmaceutical, from lactose.

Chemical Phenomena↗

PubMed1976

The influence of borate and calcium on the gel formation of a sulfated polysaccharide from Ulva lactuca.

The water-soluble, sulfated polysaccharide isolated from Ulva lactuca, forms a soft gel when dialysed against sea-water, provided the polysaccharide concentration is 1% or higher and the pH above 7.5. The components of sea-water needed for this gel formation are boric acid and calcium ions. At concentration normally found in sea-water, neither borate nor calcium ions alone produce a gel. It is assumed that the gel formation involves the formation of borate-polysaccharide complexes leading to intermolecular linkages which are stabilized by calcium ions in an unknown manner. This assumption is supported by experiments with extraction of this polysaccharide from the dry seaweed and by the results obtained with the isolated polysaccharide. Agreement between these experiments leads to the conclusion that the sulfated polysaccharide (in vivo) most probably occurs as a gel stabilized by the borate and calcium ions in sea-water.

Borates↗