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PubMed1995

Correlation of lactoferrin with neutrophilic inflammation in body fluids.

We have reported that lactoferrin, a 77-kDa iron-binding glycoprotein found in secondary neutrophil granules, provides a useful marker of fecal leukocytes in fecal specimens from patients with inflammatory diarrhea (R. L. Guerrant, V. Araujo, E. Soares, K. Kotloff, A. A. M. Lima, W. H. Cooper, and A. G. Lee, J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:1238-1242, 1992). In order to determine the usefulness of this marker of neutrophilic inflammation in different body fluids, we examined blood, gingival swabs, sputum, and saliva using antilactoferrin antibodies (lactoferrin latex agglutination [LFLA]). LFLA titers in whole blood samples were < or = 1:4 in all eight samples from patients with neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count [ANC] = < 150 polymorphonuclear cells [PMNs] per microliter), < or = 1:8 in samples from 13 individuals with moderate leukocyte counts (ANC = 150 to 8,000), and 1:8 to 1:32 in samples from six patients with neutrophilia (ANC > 8,000). While the overlap precludes a useful role in the identification of neutropenia, these data confirm that lactoferrin titers of > 1:100 indeed indicate inflammation in fluid specimens. On quantitative elution of lactoferrin from gingival swabs, all 7 patients with dental plaque had titers of 1:200 to 1:400; 9 of 12 patients with clinical gingivitis had LFLA titers of 1:200 to 1:1,600, while all 7 individuals with healthy gums and teeth and 4 edentulous patients had LFLA titers of < or = 1:100. Eight purulent sputum samples had titers of > or = 1:400 (7 were 1:1,600) while 11 normal saliva samples showed titers of < or = 1:100. Lactoferrin titers in sputum, gingival swabs, and whole blood correlate with the presence of neutrophils or inflammation in these specimens and may offer a convenient rapid test for inflammatory processes.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1996

Quantitative determination of hirudin in blood and body fluids.

Recent clinical studies using hirudin as anticoagulant have demonstrated that an efficient method to determine the current blood level of hirudin is imperative for exact dose finding and adjustment. Only the exact determination of the hirudin content in blood, performed within a few minutes, prevents overdosage involving side effects or, otherwise, a subtherapeutic dose regimen. Therefore, a method for rapid, sensitive, and reproducible measurement of hirudin in blood, plasma, and other body fluids has been developed. The method, which is based on coagulation measurement, is called ecarin clotting time (ECT). In this test, ecarin, a purified enzyme of the Echis carinatus snake venom, acts as a prothrombin activator. In contrast to the "solid phase" prothrombin activation by prothrombinase, the ecarin-induced prothrombin activation proceeds in an alternative way, i.e., without the need of cofactors, resulting in intermediates such as meizothrombin. Compared to thrombin, meizothrombin has a lower procoagulant activity, but it still binds hirudin, which leads to the inhibition of meizothrombin. Depending on the sample's concentration of hirudin, ecarin forms a residual, nonhirudin-bound amount of intermediates of the prothrombin-thrombin conversion that are able to concentration-dependently convert fibrinogen to fibrin. There is an excellent linear correlation between ECT prolongation and the hirudin content of the sample in a range from 50 to 5,000 ng/mL blood or plasma. This allows immediate measurement not only of the therapeutic blood level of hirudin, but also of its concentration in blood following under- or overdosage. The ECT method is nearly independent of variations in the sample's content of fibrinogen (from 60% to 100%) and prothrombin (from 20% to 100%.) Heparin is not able to catalyze the very low antithrombin inhibition of meizothrombin. Therefore, it is also possible to determine hirudin in blood containing varying amounts of heparin. Another advantage of the method is that it can be applied to different mechanical measuring systems used in coagulation diagnostics.

Anticoagulants↗
PubMed1987

Disposable reversed-phase chromatography columns for improved detection of carboxylic acids in body fluids by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography.

Disposable reversed-phase chromatography columns were tested for their effectiveness in removing unreacted trichloroethanol (TCE) from derivatized samples for gas-liquid chromatography analysis. Derivatized acidic chloroform extracts of saponified whole cells of Mycobacterium species, spent culture media, and derivatized acidic chloroform extracts of serum and cerebrospinal fluids from patients with tuberculous meningitis were tested. Samples were added to preconditioned reversed-phase chromatography columns, and various solvents and solvent mixtures were tested to determine maximum recovery of the TCE derivatives. With this procedure, we were able to quickly remove the TCE reagent and efficiently recover TCE-derivatized carboxylic acids. Use of these columns improved the reagent cleanup procedure, simplified the derivatization step, permitted increased detection of trace components, such as tuberculostearic acid, in body fluids, and improved the selectivity of the procedure for detection of carboxylic acids.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed2003

Dissolution properties of calcium phosphate granules with different compositions in simulated body fluid.

Calcium phosphate granules were produced through the calcination of three hydroxyapatites (HAs) at 1150 degrees C: nearly-stoichiometric (NS-HA), calcium-deficient (CD-HA), and carbonated (Carb-HA). The characterization using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) showed that those granules exhibit strong differences in chemical composition, surface texture, and dissolution behavior. Sample dissolution in a simulated body fluid (SBF) and precipitation of a calcium phosphate layer on the granule surface were followed up for 7 days by chemical analysis of calcium content in SBF. After 80-min reaction, precipitation of new calcium phosphate phases predominates over the dissolution of original granules. Comparison between SEM images and XRD/FT-IR analysis revealed that the composition of the calcium phosphate layer and its precipitation rate depend on the HA composition and its heat treatment. Calcined carbonated apatite induces the precipitation of an octacalcium phosphate (OPC) layer, whereas a carbonated apatite layer is formed from calcined-deficient HA. The calcined nearly-stoichiometric HA exhibits low efficiency in producing carbonated apatite layer.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of trace levels of hexachlorocyclopentadiene and octachlorocyclopentene in body fluids.

A simple, rapid and sensitive method for the analysis of hexachlorocyclopentadiene (C5-Cl6) and octachlorocyclopentene (C5-Cl8) in blood and urine is described. The procedure requires 5.0 mL of blood or urine, and involves the isolation of the compounds from the sample by liquid-liquid extraction, followed by screening and quantification via glass-capillary column gas chromatography with electron-capture detection and confirmation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The assays are suitable for the detection and identification of nanogram quantities of these compounds in body fluids with a lower detection limit of 50 ng/mL for blood and 10 ng/mL for urine.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed2005

Urotensin II: ancient hormone with new functions in vertebrate body fluid regulation.

Urotensin II (UII), described in many fish species, is secreted by the caudal neurosecretory system, a unique fish neuroendocrine structure. We have examined UII secretion and its control in euryhaline fish, supporting a proposed role in osmoregulation. However, it is now apparent that UII is present in other vertebrates, including mammals. The 12-amino-acid peptide has been highly conserved and the key cyclic region is common from fish to humans. Our UII radioimmunoassay for flounder, directed to this cyclic region, has shown circulating UII levels in humans and rats comparable with those in fish. In mammals, UII cardiovascular effects vary between species, with vasoconstriction only evident in specific vascular beds. The kidney expresses UII receptors and responds to UII administration by a reduction in glomerular filtration rate, urine flow, and excretion of the major ions. Interestingly, plasma levels of UII are chronically elevated in rat models of hypertension. These observations imply an unforeseen role for this ancient fish hormone in the physiological and perhaps pathophysiological regulation of body fluids in higher vertebrates, including humans.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Distribution and partial characterisation of IgG Fc binding protein in various mucin producing cells and body fluids.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Mucus released from goblet cells is important in intestinal mucosal defence, and mucin glycoproteins are thought to be major components of mucus. Recently, we identified and cloned another component of human colonic mucus, IgG Fc binding protein (Fc gamma BP). Fc gamma BP is immunologically distinct from known Fc gamma receptors and its structure contains repeated cysteine rich unit sequences resembling those present in mucins. In this work, we assessed the tissue distribution of Fc gamma BP, its binding activity in various body fluids, and its ability to inhibit complement mediated haemolysis. METHODS: Immunohistochemical localisation of Fc gamma BP, using monoclonal antibodies against Fc gamma BP (K9 or K17) and labelled IgG, was conducted in various mucin producing tissues: colon, small intestine, stomach, gall bladder, cystic duct, choledochus, bronchus, submandibular gland, conjunctiva, and cervix uteri. The binding activity of Fc gamma BP in mucus extracted from colon, gastric juice, bile, nasal discharges, saliva, sputum, and tears was also examined by immunodotblot and immunoprecipitation using these monoclonal antibodies. Inhibition of complement mediated haemolysis by Fc gamma BP was investigated using sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and anti-SRBC IgG. RESULTS: The immunohistochemical study revealed that mucin secreting cells in the colon, small intestine, gall bladder, cystic duct, choledochus, bronchus, submandibular gland, and cervix uteri contained Fc gamma BP, and immunodotblot and immunoprecipitation analysis using IgG and monoclonal antibodies demonstrated that the fluids secreted by these cells were capable of binding IgG. Mucin producing cells of the conjunctiva did not express Fc gamma BP molecules or bind to IgG. The surface mucus cells in the stomach were variably positive for Fc gamma BP. Perhaps because of proteolytic degradation, Fc gamma BP in gut lavage fluid did not have IgG binding activity, although this activity was present in the mucus covering the colon. Fc gamma BP suppressed complement mediated haemolysis of SRBC. CONCLUSIONS: Fc gamma BP is widely expressed on mucosal surfaces and in external secretions. It is functionally intact in several fluids. These findings lend support to the concept that Fc gamma BP is an important component of mucosal immunological defences.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Soluble guanylate cyclases act in neurons exposed to the body fluid to promote C. elegans aggregation behavior.

The genome of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans encodes seven soluble guanylate cyclases (sGCs). In mammals, sGCs function as alpha/beta heterodimers activated by gaseous ligands binding to a haem prosthetic group. The principal activator is nitric oxide, which acts through sGCs to regulate diverse cellular events. In C. elegans the function of sGCs is mysterious: the worm genome does not appear to encode nitric oxide synthase, and all C. elegans sGC subunits are more closely related to mammalian beta than alpha subunits. Here, we show that two of the seven C. elegans sGCs, GCY-35 and GCY-36, promote aggregation behavior. gcy-35 and gcy-36 are expressed in a small number of neurons. These include the body cavity neurons AQR, PQR, and URX, which are directly exposed to the blood equivalent of C. elegans and regulate aggregation behavior. We show that GCY-35 and GCY-36 act as alpha-like and beta-like sGC subunits and that their function in the URX sensory neurons is sufficient for strong nematode aggregation. Neither GCY-35 nor GCY-36 is absolutely required for C. elegans to aggregate. Instead, these molecules may transduce one of several pathways that induce C. elegans to aggregate or may modulate aggregation by responding to cues in C. elegans body fluid.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Measurement of cholesterol in plasma and other body fluids.

Measurement of cholesterol has become increasingly important with recognition of its predictive association with cardiovascular diseases. Government and professional groups in the United States and other countries have developed consensus guidelines for using cholesterol and the lipoproteins in identifying patients at risk and in managing therapies. Accuracy in the measurements is essential not only for reliable classification of patients, but also in public health/wellness programs and in research. Laboratory experts have developed requisite analytical performance targets and guidelines for measurements. Manufacturers of diagnostic reagents and laboratories can assure accuracy by accessing the Cholesterol Reference Method Laboratory Network, which offers reference methods for total, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Recommendations for controlling pre-analytical sources of variation and uniform interpretation of patient results facilitate reliable classification of patients. Driven by increasing workloads and the need for increased efficiency in laboratory testing, dramatic improvements have been made in recent years in automating laboratory analyzers, as well as the methods used for lipoprotein analysis. Newer technology allows multiple sequential measurements in the same cuvette, as well as point-of-care measurements, using strip tests and compact analyzers. Efforts continue to develop reliable, minimally invasive tests in body fluids other than serum.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Simple surface modification of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) for apatite deposition from simulated body fluid.

Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) with a bone-like apatite layer bound to its surface could be useful as a scaffold for tissue engineering applications. In the present study, the surface of PCL was treated with aqueous NaOH to introduce carboxylate groups onto the surface. The NaOH-treated material was subsequently dipped in aqueous CaCl(2) and K(2)HPO(4).3H(2)O alternately three times to deposit apatite nuclei on the surface. The surface-modified material successfully formed a dense and uniform bone-like surface apatite layer after incubation for 24 h in simulated body fluid with ion concentrations approximately equal to those of human blood plasma.

Absorbable Implants↗
PubMed1984

Possible influence of tachykinins on body fluid homeostasis in the rat.

The effect on water intake, urine flow and vasopressin release of intracranial injections of substance P, physalaemin and eledoisin was studied in Wistar and Brattleboro, homozygous and heterozygous, rats. The tachykinins strongly inhibited water intake both in Wistar and in Brattleboro, homozygous and heterozygous, rats. Physalaemin and eledoisin reduced urine flow in Wistar and heterozygous, but not in homozygous, Brattleboro rats. Substance P never affected urine elimination. Physalaemin and eledoisin produced a dose-dependent, long lasting release of vasopressin in Wistar rats. Substance P did not affect the release of vasopressin. The results suggest that both substance P and physalaemin could influence brain mechanisms which control water intake, acting as thirst inhibitors, and that physalaemin could also participate in body fluid control by conserving water through vasopressin release.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Head-column field-amplified sample stacking in binary system capillary electrophoresis. Preparation of extracts for determination of opioids in microliter amounts of body fluids.

Head-column field-amplified sample stacking (head-column FASS) is an efficient, on-line sample concentration technique that can easily provide a sensitivity enhancement of three orders of magnitude. Application of head-column FASS to the capillary electrophoretic analysis of opioid extracts prepared from 20 to 100 microliters of human plasma, serum or urine is reported. In the described approach, efficient concentration of cationic opiates from low conductivity extracts of body fluids is effected across a water plug, with separation taking place in a binary buffer comprising 60% (v/v) ethylene glycol, 75 mM Na2HPO4 and 25 mM NaH2PO4 (pH 7.9), and detection is effected at 210 nm. Sample extracts are prepared in 55% (v/v) ethylene glycol containing 100 microM H3PO4. Application of mixed-mode polymer solid-phase resins is shown to provide extracts that are either too salty or contain quite a large number of endogenous substances that could interfere with certain opioids. Liquid-liquid extraction with hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane-isopropanol is shown to provide extracts that are sufficiently clean. At a given pH, however, only closely related opioids can be extracted. Using ethyl acetate at alkaline pH, dihydrocodeine and nordihydrocodeine can reproducibly be recovered from 20-100 microliters of plasma, serum and urine. Application of head-column FASS and UV absorption detection thereby leads to the determination of ppb concentrations (> or = 1 ng/ml) of these compounds, an approach that only requires microliter amounts of sample and organic solvents.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed2002

[Preparation of calcium phosphate coatings on surfaces of commercially pure titanium induced by simulated body fluid].

All samples were divided into three groups and subjected to three different surface treatments, i.e. untreated group, group etched with mixed acid of 1:1 HCl and H2SO4 followed by immersion in 6N NaOH solution at 60 degrees C for 24 h and group etched with mixed acid of 1:1 HCl and H2SO4 followed by immersion in 6N NaOH solution at 60 degrees C for 24 h then heated at 600 degrees C for 1 h. After soaked in simulated body fluid for two weeks, a thin calcium phosphate coatings was precipitated on the surfaces of the two treated samples. Results of SEM and EDX showed that calcium phosphate coatings on the surfaces of the titanium samples etched and heated were more even than the titanium samples etched without heating. The analysis of XRD demonstrated the main component of calcium phosphate coating was hydroxyapatite.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed1984

The analysis of trimethylamine in body fluids by a direct medium resolution mass spectrometric method.

A simple, high throughput method of analysis of trimethylamine in body fluids has been developed to assist with the management of patients with the inherited metabolic disorder, trimethylaminuria. The headspace in sealed vials was analysed using perdeuterated (2H10)trimethylamine hydrochloride as an internal standard. The gas chromatograph inlet system of the mass spectrometer was adapted to suit this method of analysis. Medium resolving power was used to measure the ion ratio of the [M-H]+ ion of trimethylamine and the [M-2H]+ ion of the internal standard. The method is faster and more accurate than gas chromatographic methods. The concentrations of trimethylamine found in normal urine are similar to those reported previously.

Female↗
PubMed1987

The bioelectronic factors of human body fluids and intravenous replacement solutions.

In this paper the analytical method of the pH, rH2 and specific resistance of body fluids with B.E.-VINCENT Unit was described. From the values of the pH, rH2 and specific resistance, other three bioelectronic factors, the redox potential, milliampere and micro-watts, were calculated. With this technique the bioelectronic factors of arterial and venous blood and urine obtained from 20 young healthy adults were examined. Those of arterial and venous blood showed almost identical values. The urinary values of the pH, milliampere and microwatts varied as compared to those of blood. The bioelectronic factors of the various intravenous replacement solutions and blood components were considerably different from those of blood. It is considered that the bioelectronic factors of patient's blood should be checked repeatedly and maintained in an appropriate state when massive fluid therapy is required.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Determination of disulfoton and its metabolites in the body fluids of a Di-Syston intoxication case.

Disulfoton and its metabolites, two sulfoxides and two sulfones, in the body fluids of a patient who had ingested Di-Syston were analyzed by FPD-GC and GC/MS. After the chemicals in the extract (Fraction 1) obtained by Extrelut column extraction were analyzed, disulfoton and sulfoxides in Fraction 1 were oxidized into sulfones. The sulfones in the extract (Fraction 2) obtained by Extrelut column extraction were analyzed and the estimated concentrations of metabolite were calculated. The concentrations of disulfoton and the sum of the metabolites in the blood collected on admission were 0.093 nmol/g (25.4 ng/g) and 4.92 nmol/g (corresponding to 1.35 micrograms/g of disulfoton), respectively. These concentrations appear to indicate a severe level of disulfoton intoxication.

Aged↗