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PubMed1978

The relation of length of institutionalization to the intellectual functioning of the profoundly retarded.

The effect of institutionalization was measured in relation to performance on the Cattell Infant Intelligence Scale by 103 profoundly retarded residents with a mean CA of 20.3 years, a mean MA of 18.1 months, a mean IQ of 12.7, and a mean number of years in the institution of 10.6. After partialing out CA and MA, years in the institution was negatively correlated with success in visually directed object manipulation (Cattell items below an MA of 9 months), social imitation (9-12 months), and purposeful, constructive activities (over 20 months). The findings were compared with previous studies on retarded and nonretarded infants and children.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Collaborative WHO xylitol field studies in Hungary. II. General background and control of the dietary regimen.

The consumption of sucrose and xylitol and the exposure to fluoride (F) were analyzed in a field study aimed at assessing the value of peroral xylitol as a caries-preventive measure. The coverage of the general background referred to the conditions of 689 institutionalized children observed for a 3-year-period. The material in the dietary substudy consisted of 286 subjects aged 8-13 years. The intake and excretion of F was monitored at all institutions in a total of 380 children. The frequency of the consumption of sucrose was high, its intake increasing over the weekend in comparison with weekdays. The consumption of the xylitol-containing products did not reduce the frequency of sucrose intake. Varying and fluctuating levels of exposure to systemic F was registered, as also reflected in the urinary F/creatinine quotient.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

TMR children's competence in processing negation.

Previous researchers have suggested that TMR children lack the competence to process negation. Questions about the appropriateness of using reversible sentences to test comprehension and observations on TMR children's imitative processing of simple affirmative and negative sentences led to an experimental reexamination of the earlier findings. Institutionalized students ranging in age from 10 to 21 years with a mean IQ of 30 were asked to evaluate 16 picture pairs, 8 each for nonreversible and reversible sentences. Nonreversible sentences, both positive and negative, were interpreted correctly more often than reversible sentences. There was a significant correlation between comprehension and mental age. The results were interpreted as substantiating the adverse effect of sentence reversibility on comprehension and as evidence for the position that retarded children develop basic grammatical structures including negation at a relatively late age, but in normal interrelationship and sequence with other language and cognitive abilities.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

A comparison of perceptions regarding the process of institutional placement.

The use of institutional placement in juvenile justice, mental health, and child welfare continues to be widespread. Yet there is little information about the decision-making processes connected with the choice of this alternative for adolescents. Focus groups were held with administrators, staff, and youth in a variety of institutional placements. The discussions of these groups were qualitatively analyzed for content regarding the factors that motivated reliance on placement in institutional care and the effects of policies to regulate this practice. Agreement about the diversity of adolescents in institutions, the difficulties of (but necessity for) preventive interventions with families, and possible causes for reliance on institutional care emerged. Differences about the risks and benefits of institutional placement were noted.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

Perceived age and sex characteristics of voices of institutionalized children with Down's syndrome.

It was hypothesized that the voices of children with Down's syndrome would be perceived as younger than their true chronological age and that perceptual auditors would have considerable difficulty in identifying the correct sex of these children by voice alone. Perceived age and sex were investigated in 20 institutional children with Down's syndrome who were matched for sex and age with a control group of 20 normal children. Randomized matched verbal samples were played backwards to a group of 16 listener/judges who rated the samples as to age and sex. The results indicated that the voices of these Down syndrome children were perceived as being more than 2 yr. younger than their group mean age and that there was a negative correlation between the biological sex of such children and their perceived sex.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1981

The association between perioral injury and mucoceles.

Because the origin of perioral mucous extravasation cysts (mucoceles) has been associated with injury to the glandular apparatus in the lips and cheeks it was decided to compare two groups of subjects, the one group having a known history of violent and antisocial behaviour and the other not. 474 institutionalized reform school boys and 532 randomly selected boys from state schools were examined. 48.9% of the reform boys and 2.8% of the state school pupils (p less than 0.0001) had oral scars. Mucoceles were observed in 8.2% of reform boys and 0.8% of state school boys (p less than 0.0001), the former being the highest prevalence of mucoceles reported as yet in man. 60% of the cases with mucoceles could relate the advent of the mucocele to an injury, and a significant relationship exists between the occurrence of mucoceles and the presence of oral scars (p less than 0.001). The study strongly suggests a direct relationship between oral injury and the origin of mucoceles.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Effect of imposed vs. self-generated imagery and sentence mediation on the free recall of retarded adolescents.

The effectiveness of verbal and imaginal elaborations on the free recall of institutionalized EMR adolescents was investigated. Fifty subjects were assigned to one of five conditions: experimenter-imposed verbalization, experimenter-imposed imagery, subject-generated verbalization, subject-generated imagery, and control. The subjects saw 15 pictures, presented in sets of 3, for five trial bloks, and were asked to recall the 15 pictures after each trial block. Over all trials combined, it was found that recall in the experimenter-imposed verbalization and the experimenter-imposed imagery conditions was reliably superior to recall in the control and subject-generated verbalization conditions. Although retarded adolescents were capable of producing verbal or imaginal elaborations, as evidenced by post-experimental inquiry, elaborations facilitated recall only when they were supplied by the experimenter.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1974

Programming the generalization of a greeting response in four retarded children.

Reinforcement techniques of prompting and shaping were employed to develop handwaving, a useful social greeting response, in four institutionalized retarded subjects. A multiple-baseline design across subjects demonstrated the reliable functioning of the training procedures. Specifically, it showed that training and maintenance of the greeting response by one experimenter was not usually sufficient for generalization of the response to the more than 20 other members of the institution staff who had not participated in the training of the response. However, high levels of generalization to staff members were recorded for three subjects over periods ranging from one to six months after a second experimenter trained and maintained the response in conjunction with the first experimenter. The fourth subject, although never receiving training by a second experimenter, showed similar results following a second training by the first experimenter.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

[Occurrence of anomalies of the central nervous system in handicapped children].

We surveyed anomalies of the central nervous system using cranial CT scan in handicapped children who were institutionalized or staying at their homes. At the institutions for severely retarded children, fourteen cases were found and the rate was 6.1%. All of them were very severely retarded. At the institution for physically handicapped children, 12 cases including 10 cases of hydrocephalus were found and the rate was 9.3%. Most of them could take care of themselves. Nineteen cases were found among children staying at their homes and the rate was 9.4%. Most of them were very severely retarded. We conclude that the anomalies of the central nervous system play an important role in the pathogenesis of handicapped children, especially severely retarded children, and that the burden derives from them is a big problem in our daily clinic and special education.

Anencephaly↗

PubMed2002

[Mortality patterns of non-institutionalized severely retarded children in Tokyo--the third report 1999-2001].

We investigated mortality patterns of severely retarded children who were cared at their homes in Tokyo ten years after our first report. During the past two and a half years (from April 1999 to September 2001), we identified 41 fatal cases. The annual case fatality rate (the mortality rate among the investigated children) was 8.2@1000 in all the school-attending children and was 10.1@1000 in children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities. The rate was less than half of that in our past report and seemed to the lowest among those in several studies. Aggravation of basal disorders, severe respiratory infections and/or sepsis, and unexplained sudden death accounted for most of the death. We conclude that advance of medical service and the propagated medical education of teachers working for special schools play an important role to reduce the mortality in severely retarded children.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Collaborative WHO xylitol field studies in Hungary. I. Three-year caries activity in institutionalized children.

The aim of this 3-year field study was to assess the value of partial substitution of sucrose with peroral xylitol (14-20 g/day) as a caries-preventive measure (X group) in comparison with systemic administration of fluoride (F group) and restorative treatment procedures solely (C group). An F dentifrice was used unsupervised in the X and F groups, the former containing 10% xylitol. The C group used customary, predominantly F-free dentifrices distributed by the local health authorities. The final material consisted of 689 institutionalized children (6-11 years). Caries was scored yearly in duplicate by two continuously calibrated teams. At base line the X group had a significantly higher caries prevalence than the F and C groups. The 3-year DMFS increment was 4.2 in the X group, 6.5 in the F group, and 7.7 in the C group. The corresponding ratio (RS) between caries incidence and the tooth surface population at risk was RSx, 4.9; RSF, 6.6; and RSC, 8.6. It is concluded that dietary xylitol in solid sweets resulted in a lower increment of caries than obtained in the F and C groups (p less than 0.001, covariance analysis, with base-line prevalence, number of permanent teeth, and visible plaque index as covariants).

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Establishing words and objects as functionally equivalent through manual sign training.

This study was designed to determine if sign-object and sign-word training would lead to acquisition of word-object associations and to test the proposal that if two stimuli control the same response, training a new response to one of the stimuli would increase the probability of the second stimulus also controlling that response. The participants were six institutionalized retarded males, each having some receptive and productive speech as well as imitative motor and verbal skills. Nonsense words, signs, and objects were used as the stimuli in this study. All participants were sequentially trained to: (a) pair the objects with their identical matches, (b) imitate the manual signs, (c) pair the manual signs with the objects, (d) imitate the nonsense words, and (e) pair the manual signs with the words. Following this training, participants were given receptive and productive word-object association probes. All participants performed at an 87 percent correct level or better on the first receptive probes, and all performed at a 73 percent correct level or better on the first productive probes. These individuals demonstrated that following sign-object and sign-word training, they could correctly associate the word with the object.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

Catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in psychotic children.

Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) activity was studied in three groups of institutionalized children: (1) a group of schizophrenic children; (2) a heterogeneous group of chronic psychotic children characterized by severe symptomatology and onset before 5 years of age; (3) a group of acting-out but nonpsychotic children. Erythrocyte COMT activity was found to be significantly lower among the schizophrenic subjects in contrast to the greater activity in both the other groups--the nonpsychotic and chronic psychotic children. The difference in COMT activity between psychotic groups appeared to be related to diagnosis and age of onset of disorder. Generality of findings is limited by the small sample size (N = 42) and by the difficulties inherent in the diagnosis of severe mental disorder in children. However, this preliminary study suggests that enzymatic activity may be associated with the development of schizophrenia in children.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Performance of brain-damaged and non-brain-damaged institutionalized children on the Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test.

Examined the performance of 64 children on the Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic test (MPD) who were diagnosed as either Brain-Damaged (BD) or emotionally impaired Non-Brain-Damaged (NBD). There were 31 children in the NBD group and 33 in the BD group. The MPD T-score and Actuarial Table significantly differentiated between the two groups. Seventy-four percent of the combined BD-NBD groups were identified correctly. Additional discriminant analysis on this sample yielded combined BD-NBD groups classification rates that ranged from 77% with the MPD variables Separation of Circle-Diamond (SPCD), Distortion of Circle-Diamond (DCD) and Distortion of Dots (DD) to 83% with the WISC-R three IQ scores plus the MPD T-score, SPCD and DD. The MPD T-score and Actuarial Table (MPD Two-Step Diagnosis) appeared to generalize to other populations more readily than discriminant analysis formulae, which tend to be sensitive to the samples from which they are derived.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Stimulus persistence in retarded and nonretarded children: a signal detection analysis.

Nine institutionalized EMR and 9 equal-CA nonretarded children were tested on a visual backward masking task. Signal detection analysis was used to separate the sensory and nonsensory aspects of behavior, and the presentation of stimuli was randomized to minimize the formation of effective strategies. Two sets of instructions, strict and lenient, and two stimulus durations, 10 and 30 msec, were used in a repeated measure design. No differences were found between the intelligence groups on interstimulus interval threshold or measures of stimulus sensitivity, criterion placement, and false positive rate. Retarded subjects showed significantly greater intersubject variability in criterion placement but failed to raise their criterion in response to strict instructions. The results suggest that (a) stimulus-trace concepts of retardation have been confounded by retarded subjects' inability to compete effectively with nonretarded subjects in the experimental situation, and (b) signal detection procedures are a useful alternative to traditional psychophysical techniques in such comparative research.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

Naturalistic observations of institutionalized retarded persons: a comparison of licensure decisions and behavioral observations.

In the last several years, various organizations have produced strikingly similar documents by which institutions for retarded persons are judged for licensure. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether residential units that were licensed differed from residential units that were not licensed in terms of the active programming behaviors of their staff and residents. Data were collected through a time-sampling procedure that yielded about 160,000 observations on eight staff and six resident behaviors. Results showed that the licensed units were just as derelict as unlicensed units in providing habilitative programming for their retarded residents. Maladaptive responding by residents occurred at least as much as task-related residents. Maladaptive responding by residents occurred at least as much as task-related behaviors: residents spent as much time self-stimulating as they did in programming; they also engaged in self-abusive behavior about as much time as they engaged in on-task responding. Results were discussed in terms of the failure of governmental regulations that are not based on observation to adequately assess habilitative programming.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Nutrition, health and psychosocial profile of institutionalized children.

A study was undertaken to assess the health, nutrition and psychosocial profile of Institutionalized children in four States--Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and West Bengal. A sample of 3,822 children from 70 institutions in 6-18 years age group formed the subjects of the study. It was observed that the destitute children were mainly taken care of in three types of institutions, viz, Voluntary, Government Aided and Government run institutions. Calorie deficiency and deficiency of Vitamins and minerals characterized the diets of these children. In general, there was no deficit of protein in their diets. Growth wise, these children were retarded both in height and weight compared to standards. However, they fared better in comparison to their age and sex counterparts in the rural and urban poor. Psychosocial profile of these children indicated that the prevailing environment in the institutions is less conducive for intellectual stimulation but not so for the development of skills of self-help, locomotion, socialization and imagery.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Array properties and conservation of number performance with retarded adolescents and young adults.

A group of 31 institutionalized retarded adolescents responded to 18 conservation of number tasks. Within the range of each row containing 4 to 6 items, there was no significant effect on performance with variations in the total number of items or the numerical difference between rows. Unexpectedly, pre- and posttransformed arrays did not cause significant differences in judgment errors. When significant differences (p less than .01) did appear between transformed and untransformed arrays, it seemed to be due to a one-to-one correspondence existing in one of the arrays and not in the effect of a transformation. The optimal performance under one-to-one correspondence conditions and the observed, orderly decrease in correct responding was explained as a function of the number of contradictions in the stimulus array. The explanation of judgment errors being caused by contradictions between numerosity and length and/or density cues was interpreted within Brainerd's (1973a, 1973b) theory of the development of early number concepts.

Adolescent↗