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PubMed1995

Short-term memory for color names using Stroop material.

A modified Stroop arrangement consisting of color names printed in ink of a different color was used in a release from the proactive inhibition (PI) paradigm. In Exp. 1, half of the subjects were informed prior to a trial whether they were to recall the colors or the color names while the remaining half were not informed in advance. After three trials, half of the subjects were shifted to recalling the other material while control subjects continued with the same recall material. Analysis indicated that (1) when subjects were informed in advance, PI release was found in a color name to color shift, but no PI release was found with a shift from color to color name, and (2) when subjects were not informed in advance, no PI release was observed in either shift condition. Exp. 2 replicated the not-informed condition and introduced a longer stimulus-exposure duration for 160 undergraduates. Except for higher recall scores, the same results were obtained. The results were interpreted in terms of differences in the kinds of encoding operations performed on colors and color names.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Consumer visual preference and value for beef steaks differing in marbling level and color.

To determine visual preference and value for fresh beef steaks differing in marbling level and color, consumers in Chicago and San Francisco (n = 124 per city) evaluated two pairs of steaks in a retail case. Steaks differing in marbling level (Modest/Moderate vs. Slight) and color (bright, cherry-red vs. dark red) were purchased at retail stores in each city. Consumers selected their preferred steak in each pair, described their selection criteria, and provided the price they were willing to pay for each of the four steaks. There was a difference in visual preference in each city, with most consumers preferring (P < 0.01) low (Slight) over high (Moderate/Modest) marbling; however, more (P < 0.01) consumers in Chicago (86.7%) preferred low marbling than in San Francisco (67.0%). Selection criteria were categorized into five groups: marbling, fat, color, appearance, and palatability. Marbling was mentioned by 65.4% of consumers who preferred high marbling, whereas 64.9% of consumers who preferred low marbling mentioned fat as a selection criterion. Bright, cherry-red color was preferred by a higher (P < 0.01) percentage of consumers in both Chicago and San Francisco (67.6 and 76.5%, respectively). Color was mentioned both by consumers who preferred bright, cherry-red color (64.8%) and those who preferred dark red color (63.9%). All preference groups were willing to pay more for their preferred steak (P < 0.01), but consumers who preferred low marbling were willing to pay more (P < 0.01) for their preferred steak than consumers who preferred high marbling. Consumers who preferred bright, cherry-red color were willing to pay more (P < 0.01) for their preferred steak than consumers who preferred dark red color. Consumers who preferred low marbling seemed to desire lean products, and consumers who preferred high marbling seemed to desire products with high eating quality. In this study, consumers were willing to pay more to purchase their preferred product; however, most consumers preferred low marbling and bright, cherry-red color.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2006

Relation between consumers' perceptions of color and texture of dairy desserts and instrumental measurements using a generalized procrustes analysis.

Consumers' perceptions of the color and texture of 8 commercial vanilla dairy desserts were studied and related to color and rheological measurements. First, the 8 desserts were evaluated by a group of consumers by means of the Free Choice Profile. For both color and texture, a 2-dimensional solution was chosen, with dimension 1 highly related to yellow color intensity in the case of color and to thickness in the case of texture. Second, mechanical spectra, flow behavior, and instrumental color were determined. All the samples showed a time-dependent and shear-thinning flow and a mechanical spectrum typical of a weak gel. Differences were found in the flow index, in the apparent viscosity at 10 s(-1), and in the values of the storage modulus, the loss modulus, the loss angle tangent, and the complex viscosity at 1 Hz, as well as in the color parameters. Finally, sensory and instrumental relationships were investigated by a generalized Procrustes analysis. For both color and texture, a 3-dimensional solution explained a high percentage of the total variance (>80%). In these particular samples, the instrumental color parameters provided more accurate information on consumers' color perceptions than was provided by the rheological parameters of consumers' perceptions of texture.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2000

Color-luminance relationships and the McCollough effect.

The McCollough effect is an orientation-specific color aftereffect induced by adapting to colored gratings. We examined how the McCollough effect depends on the relationships between color and luminance within the inducing and test gratings and compared the aftereffects to the color changes predicted from selective adaptation to different color-luminance combinations. Our results suggest that the important contingency underlying the McCollough effect is between orientation and color-luminance direction and are consistent with sensitivity changes within mechanisms tuned to specific color-luminance directions. Aftereffects are similar in magnitude for adapting color pairs that differ only in S cone excitation or L and M cone excitation, and they have a similar dependence on spatial frequency. In particular, orientation-specific aftereffects are induced for S cone colors even when the grating frequencies are above the S cone resolution limit. Thus, the McCollough effect persists even when different cone classes encode the orientation and color of the gratings.

Color Perception↗

PubMed2001

Cephalic vein and hemodialysis fistula: surgeon's observation versus color Doppler ultrasonographic findings.

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether preoperative color Doppler ultrasonography improves immediate success rates of arteriovenous fistulas for dialysis. One hundred twenty-four patients with chronic renal failure underwent color Doppler ultrasonographic examination of both arms, including the cephalic vein, before arteriovenous fistula construction. Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups: A and B. In group A, there were 52 patients, and the surgeon planned to construct arteriovenous fistulas depending only on physical examination. In group B, which comprised 72 patients, surgeons performed arteriovenous fistula construction on sites labeled by color Doppler ultrasonography. In group A, of 52 patients who had surgery for arteriovenous fistula construction, 13 had fistulas that did not function. Among these 13 patients, 8 were found to have chronic thrombotic changes in the cephalic vein on color Doppler ultrasonography, and 5 had none of these changes. When we checked the color Doppler ultrasonographic findings, we noted that these 5 patients had decreased volume flow in the radial artery. On the whole, the arteriovenous fistulas worked in 39 patients (75%) and did not function in 13 patients (25%). In group B, surgeons followed the color Doppler ultrasonographic results. Of 72 patients who underwent the procedure, 68 patients (94.4%) had functioning fistulas, whereas 4 (5.6%) had fistulas that did not work. These 4 patients were found to have low volume flow in the radial artery. When both groups were compared by chi2 analysis, the difference was statistically significant (P = .002). Group B, in which patients were preoperatively evaluated by color Doppler ultrasonography, had a high success rate. We found that color Doppler ultrasonography is very helpful as a noninvasive procedure for this evaluation. Although many surgical clinics still perform arteriovenous fistula construction without the aid of color Doppler ultrasonographic findings, we think that the use of color Doppler ultrasonography should be emphasized before surgeons proceed with arteriovenous fistula construction.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Doppler color imaging. Principles and instrumentation.

DCI acquires Doppler-shifted echoes from a cross-section of tissue scanned by an ultrasound beam. These echoes are then presented in color and superimposed on the gray-scale anatomic image of non-Doppler-shifted echoes received during the scan. The flow echoes are assigned colors according to the color map chosen. Usually red, yellow, or white indicates positive Doppler shifts (approaching flow) and blue, cyan, or white indicates negative shifts (receding flow). Green is added to indicate variance (disturbed or turbulent flow). Several pulses (the number is called the ensemble length) are needed to generate a color scan line. Linear, convex, phased, and annular arrays are used to acquire the gray-scale and color-flow information. Doppler color-flow instruments are pulsed-Doppler instruments and are subject to the same limitations, such as Doppler angle dependence and aliasing, as other Doppler instruments. Color controls include gain, TGC, map selection, variance on/off, persistence, ensemble length, color/gray priority. Nyquist limit (PRF), baseline shift, wall filter, and color window angle, location, and size. Doppler color-flow instruments generally have output intensities intermediate between those of gray-scale imaging and pulsed-Doppler duplex instruments. Although there is no known risk with the use of color-flow instruments, prudent practice dictates that they be used for medical indications and with the minimum exposure time and instrument output required to obtain the needed diagnostic information.

Artifacts↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A novel method for the determination of synthetic colors in ice cream samples.

A simple method has been developed for the extraction, separation, and determination of synthetic colors in ice cream samples. The process involves the breakdown of emulsion by neutral detergents (Triton X-100 and Tween 20) followed by extraction with petroleum ether for removal of fat. The aqueous colored solution obtained is treated with 5% acetic acid, and the uptake of color is carried out by a wool-dyeing technique. The color is eluted from the wool with 5% ammonia solution, the solution is evaporated to dryness, and the residue is dissolved in 60% ethanol for paper chromatography using trisodium citrate-ammonia-water (2 + 5 + 95, w/v/v) as the mobile phase. The colored spots from the paper chromatogram are cut and eluted with 60% ethanol, and the absorbance is measured at the respective lambda maximum corresponding to the Rf value of the appropriate standard. The recoveries of 6 colors, including sunset yellow FCF (SSYFCF), tartrazine, carmoisine, ponceau 4R, brilliant blue FCF (BBFCF), and fast green FCF from spiked samples with either detergent were found to be >90%. However, recoveries of erythrosine were 21 and 65% with Triton X-100 and Tween 20, respectively. Indigo carmine could not be recovered at all because of its fugitive property in 5% ammonia solution, which is used to strip the color from the wool. The sensitivity of the method with the use of Tween 20 is 1 ppm (1 microg/g) for the colors in spiked ice cream samples. With this method, we analyzed samples of 20 branded colored ice cream. The results showed the presence of tartrazine (8.4-43.3 ppm), SSYFCF (23.5-117.6 ppm), carmoisine (traces-53.2 ppm), erythrosine (3.5 ppm), and BBFCF (4.1 ppm) in the ice cream samples. Apart from 2 samples of tuttifruity, all of the ice cream samples showed the presence of permitted synthetic colors below the permissible level of 100 ppm established by the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act of India.

Chromatography, Paper↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of CIE lab, CIEDE 2000, and DIN 99 color differences between various shades of resin composites.

PURPOSE: In addition to the CIE Lab color-difference formula (deltaE*ab), advanced formulas that include weighting functions have been introduced. The objectives of this study were to determine the correlations in color differences between different shade pairs of resin composites by different color formulas, and to determine whether the weighting functions included in the advanced formulas influenced the color-difference values. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Color was measured after polymerization of two resin composites in 26 shades, and color differences between shades were calculated by deltaE*ab, CIEDE 2000 (deltaE00), and DIN 99 (deltaE99) formulas. Regression analyses were performed between the color differences calculated by three formulas in each group divided by the differences in color parametric factors between the pairs compared. RESULTS: There were significant correlations between deltaEab and deltaE00, deltaEab and deltaE99, and deltaE99 and deltaE00 (r2 = .99, .89, and .90, respectively). The weighting functions in the CIEDE 2000 formula had influence on deltaE00 values when differences in chroma and hue between compared pairs were great. CONCLUSION: Differences in parametric factors between the pairs compared influenced the correlation between deltaE*ab and deltaE99 values (r2 = .25 to .97). As the CIEDE 2000 formula has been proven to be better matched to observer responses and showed significant involvement of weighting functions compared to CIE Lab color difference, this formula should be considered for evaluation of the color of resin composites.

Barium↗

PubMed2005

[Effects of varying the opaque thickness and the type of metal ceramic alloy on color].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the color differences of different metal bases and different opaque thickness, and evaluate the best thickness of opaque on different metal bases. METHODS: Precious metal, gold sediment and Ni-Cr plates were prepared as bases, then opaque samples of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 mm thickness were fabricated on such plates. Minolta chromatics meter CR-321 was used to examine the color properties of these samples, and deltaE was calculated to evaluate the color difference of the specimens. RESULTS: For the restoration based on Ni-Cr and precious alloys, the color of restorations was not affected by the color of metal bases as the thickness of opaque reached 0.3 mm, and the chromatic value deltaE < 1.5 NBS. For the restoration based on gold sediment, the color of restoration was not affected by the color of metal as the thickness of opaque reached 0.1 mm, and the chromatic value deltaE < 1.5 NBS. CONCLUSION: Different opaque thickness was necessary to obtain ideal color appearance in clinic. As the opaque thickness increased, the color of restoration based on Ni-Cr and noble metal increased but the color of restoration based on gold sediment decreased.

Color↗

PubMed1989

In vitro color stability of provisional restorations.

A provisional restoration must protect the prepared tooth, provide comfort and function and be esthetically acceptable and color stable. This study measured the degree of color change of provisional restorations. Five commercially available resins were evaluated: Trim, Tab, Kind, Snap and Duralay. Five cylindrical samples of each resin were fabricated by mixing the powder and the liquid to a predetermined ratio and pouring the mix into a mold. The Minolta Chroma Meter II Reflectance was used to establish the baseline color L* a* b*. The resins were then subjected to accelerated in vitro aging in a Weather-O-Meter and color readings were recorded. The color differentials on delta E* were computed for each sample (delta E*ab = [(delta L*)2+(delta b*)2]1/2). The difference is a quantitative measurement of color change. The National Bureau of Standards describes delta E* as units (NBS Unit = delta E*ab x 0.92). With this parameter only the allowable delta E*ab need be specified rather than the range of allowable L*, a*, b* values. This is important for color comparison and quality control functions. The results showed that Kind had a slight color change delta E* = -1.72, Trim demonstrated the most color change delta E* = -13.84, while the remaining resins demonstrated a noticeable change in color due to in vitro aging.

Color↗

PubMed1989

Priorities in children's expectations about object label reference: form over color.

Young children show considerable interest in color similarity; thus we might expect them to use color as a basis for generalizing object labels. However, natural language observations suggest they do not: children tend to overextend labels based on form similarity and rarely, if ever, overextend labels to objects that share only color. Perhaps, then, children give form priority over color in their expectations about object-label reference. This hypothesis was investigated in 2 studies. In a first study, 40 2- and 3-year-olds sorted 10 sets of 3 pictures that contrasted form with color. Children participated in 1 of 2 conditions: half of the children were shown a target object and asked to "find another one" from among the two choice objects, while the other children heard a novel label for the target (e.g., "See this zom?") and were asked to extend the label (e.g., "Can you find another zom?"). 3-year-olds sorted almost exclusively on the basis of form in both conditions, while 2-year-olds performed differently in the 2 conditions: they frequently chose the color match when labels were absent, but selected by form rather than color when asked to extend a novel label. A second study replicated these findings with novel objects that were real rather than pictured. This study also suggested that 3-year-olds grant color some role in their decisions about object-label reference as long as form differences are reduced to a tolerable level. In sum, young children expect form to be more important than color for guiding object-label reference, even though they may find color interesting when not asked to extend labels. This expectation helps explain the speed and relative ease with which children acquire object labels.

Attention↗

PubMed1983

The microcomputer-based color image analyzer and its application to histochemistry.

For quantification of histochemical reactions, color image analysis, as well as cytophotometry, is important. However, the extremely large amount of information, usually more than one million bits per image, involved in one microscopic picture of a colored histochemical specimen, when digitalized, has inhibited attempts to develop a more convenient system of color image analysis. Recent advances in microcomputer technology have now made it possible to build, at a reasonable cost, an intelligent color terminal equipped with array-processing hardware, a sufficiently large video random-access memory to represent 4096 colors in each pixel, and packages of machine language subroutines called "macro-commands" in the form of read-only memory that can process color images within a few seconds. This intelligent terminal can easily be controlled by a small personal computer via an IEEE-488 interface bus. The digitalized color image can be stored in and retrieved from a floppy disk. As the macro-commands in this system are controlled by BASIC program through CALLS with parameters, it is highly flexible and adapts readily to the varied needs of histochemists. Reported on herein will be the instrumentation of the microcomputer-based color image analyzer and a few examples of applications of this system to histochemistry: color intensification of cytochemical reactions, quantification of enzyme (e.g., horseradish peroxidase) reaction products, periodic acid-Schiff staining, collagen fibers visualized by Azan-Mallory stain, etc. Possible future applications of this color image analyzer will also be discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

[Color Doppler ultrasound studies of parotid tumors].

BACKGROUND: Color-coded duplex sonography is being increasingly used in the head and neck as another method of diagnosis of, for example, stenosis of arteries or veins or of hemangioma. Moreover, it is of greatest interest in having the ability to differentiate benign from malignant tumors. Since the underlying type of tumor is directly responsible for the (operative) treatment recommended we have investigated histologically proven benign and malignant parotid tumors. PATIENTS: Thirty-six patients (20 women, 16 men, ages 32-66 years) with parotid tumors of unknown histology were examined by means of ultrasound and color-coded duplex sonography. Afterwards, tumors were treated by complete parotidectomy. Histological results were compared postoperatively to the data from the color-coded duplex sonography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ultrasound B sonography. All patients were examined with a "Sonoline SI-450" (Siemens), using a 7.5 MHz transducer. Color-coded sonography. The color-coded duplex sonograph used was the Quantum 2000 (Siemens). All investigations were carried out with a 7.5 MHz transducer. Criteria of color-coded duplex sonography. Criteria of the investigation were the qualitative range of color distribution as an indication of vascularization and measurement of perfusion velocity--as far as possible--with mean pulsatility indices. The mean pulsatility index represented peripheral resistance and was proportional to it. All data were collected from three areas in the center of the tumor and tumor margins, respectively. Tumors selected were 17 histologically proven pleomorphic adenomas, 15 adenolymphomas and 4 adenoid cystic carcinomas. RESULTS. In comparing perfusion velocity and mean pulsatility indices, no significant difference was detected between pleomorphic adenomas and adenolymphomas. A loss of perfusion and color was seen in both tumor types, although it occurred more often in the adenolymphomas. These cystic areas in most cases had already been clearly detected with normal B-scan sonography. In two of the four malignancies there were no obvious differences to the benign tumors. In the other two cases of malignancy a pronounced vasularization was detected and, therefore, an extended distribution of color. This finding together with decreased perfusion velocity and low mean pulsatility indices indicated low peripheral resistance. CONCLUSIONS: At this point it is not possible routinely to utilize color-coded duplex sonography as an accurate indicator of underlying pathology of parotid neoplasms. A differentiation among different types of benign tumors is not possible using the technique, nor can malignancies be recognized definitively by this method.

Adenolymphoma↗

PubMed1997

[Quantitative evaluation of flow in the portal vein. Comparison of bolus tracking magnetic resonance and Doppler color ultrasound].

PURPOSE: Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) can be used to measure flow velocity in the portal vein noninvasively. Our study was aimed at measuring mean flow velocity in the portal vein and section area and overall portal flow with bolus tracking MRA versus color Doppler US. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty healthy volunteers were submitted to presaturation bolus tracking MRA and color Doppler US before and after a 1500 Kcal meal. The images were acquired during breath-holding and analyzed prospectively for the following parameters: mean flow velocity, portal vein caliber and flow, before and after a meal. MRA measurements were made on both baseline images and MIP reconstructions. RESULTS: Before the meal, mean portal flow velocity was 17.07 +/- 3.01 cm/s with MRA versus 17.46 +/- 3.12 cm/s with color Doppler US (r = .85). After the meal, mean velocity was 24.52 +/- 3.8 cm/s with MRA and 24.8 +/- 4.0 cm/s with color Doppler US (r = .85). After the meal, portal velocity increased by 44% with MRA and by 42% with color Doppler US. Before the meal, the portal vein section area was 1.27 +/- .32 cm2 with MRA and 1.17 +/- .29 cm2 with color Doppler US (r = .86), versus 1.52 +/- .30 cm2 with MRA and 1.44 +/- .27 cm2 with color Doppler US (r = .85) after the meal. Portal vein flow was 1248.4 +/- 302.46 mL/min with MRA and 1202.85 +/- 316.12 mL/min with color Doppler US before the meal, versus 2252.45 +/- 523.90 mL/min with MRA and 2202 +/- 576.74 mL/min with color Doppler US (r = .91) after the meal. Portal vein flow increased by 78% with MRA versus 83% with color Doppler US after the meal. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Bolus tracking MRA is an accurate method to quantitate mean velocity, section area and blood flow in the portal vein.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A simple method for evaluating masticatory performance using a color-changeable chewing gum.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the usefulness of a newly developed color-changeable chewing gum for evaluating masticatory performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The color changes of the gum after chewing were measured using the L*a*b* color space defined by the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage with a spectrophotometer. Numerical scores and a color scale were developed to easily evaluate color change. Numerical scores were assigned corresponding to the degree of color change, and a color scale was made by using the numerical scores. Four examiners graded the gum chewed by 18 fully dentate subjects by using the color scale. RESULTS: As the number of chews increased, the degree of color change increased significantly. The percentages of correct answers by examiners using the color scale method ranged from 67% to 83%. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that this simple method may be used to quantitatively evaluate masticatory performance and may be reliable enough to be used clinically.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Impaired color vision in cocaine-withdrawn patients.

BACKGROUND: The main reinforcing effect of cocaine happens by altering dopaminergic neurotransmission in the brain reward systems. Dopamine is found in high concentrations in the retina in which it plays an important role in color vision. Therefore, we investigated whether cocaine-dependent patients might have impaired color vision. METHODS: We compared patients recently withdrawn from cocaine (n = 31) with matched normal controls (n = 31) on 2 color vision tests. RESULTS: Cocaine-withdrawn patients had significantly higher error scores than matched controls on the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue and Lanthony desaturated D-15 color vision tests. Also, 23 of the 31 cocaine-withdrawn patients had blue-yellow color vision losses on the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test compared with 3 controls (P < .001, chi 2 test) and 15 had blue-yellow color vision loss on the Lanthony desaturated D-15 test compared with 2 controls (P < .001, chi 2 test). CONCLUSIONS: These significantly higher test error scores and blue-yellow color vision losses suggest that color vision is impaired in cocaine-withdrawn patients. Color vision testing may be useful in future studies of cocaine-dependent patients.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Color vision.

Many visual disorders produce acquired color vision defects. Color vision theory emphasizes several stages of visual processing: prereceptoral filters (lens, macular pigment, pupil), cone photopigments (L-, M-, and S-cones), and postreceptoral processes (red-green, S-cone, and luminance channels). Congenital color defects, which affect 8% to 10% of males and 0.4% to 0.5% of females, result from alterations in the photopigment absorption spectra or the absence of one or more photopigments. The most common defects are color vision deficiencies (protan and deutan defects), which are milder than the rarer achromatopsias (complete loss of color vision). Acquired color vision defects can be attributed to a number of different causes: alteration of prereceptoral filters, reduced cone photopigment optical density, greater loss of one cone type than the others, and disruption of postreceptoral processes. Acquired color vision defects have been divided into three classes: type 1, red-green defect with scotopization; type 2, red-green defect without scotopization; and type 3, blue defects (with or without pseudoprotanomaly). Blue defects are usually type 3 acquired defects because congenital tritan defects have an incidence of one in several tens of thousands. Red-green defects can be acquired or congenital, and ruling out acquired defects can require a battery of tests (plates and arrangement tests, anomaloscopy, perhaps genetic analysis). Color vision tests must be administered carefully (with a standard illuminant and protocol), and pupillary miosis or high lens density should be noted and their possible effects considered when interpreting test results. Plate tests provide a simple screening method but do not provide a diagnosis. Arrangement tests and anomaloscope testing take more time and make greater demands on the tester, but they provide a more thorough evaluation. When standard protocols are followed and results are interpreted in terms of prereceptoral filters, photopigment optical density, cone loss, and disruption of postreceptoral processes, a battery of color vision tests can be useful in the differential diagnosis, after progression of the disease, and for evaluating the effectiveness of treatment.

Color Perception↗

PubMed2005

Clinical color match of porcelain visual shade-matching systems.

BACKGROUND: Accuracy of the total color replication process has not been clinically evaluated for various porcelain visual shade-matching systems. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the final color replication process of three porcelain visual shade-matching systems. Subjects' natural dentition was compared with laboratory-fabricated individualized porcelain shade tabs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Shade matches of 10 subjects' incisors were obtained using three different porcelain visual shade-matching systems. Commercial laboratories fabricated one corresponding individualized porcelain shade tab for each incisor per visual shade-matching system selection. Color-match evaluations of the fabricated individualized porcelain shade tabs to the corresponding teeth were completed by prosthodontists' consensus and by subjects' self-evaluation using the US Public Health Service criteria. Statistical analysis was carried out on the combined evaluations with logistic regression and the Generalized Estimating Equation for repeated measures. RESULTS: The Vitapan 3D Master/Omega 900 system (Vident Inc., Brea, CA, USA) was significantly more likely than the Vita Lumin Vacuum/VMK 68 system (Vident Inc.) to obtain a clinically acceptable color match (odds ratio [OR]=6.31; 95% CI=1.24-32.07). The likelihood of obtaining a clinically acceptable color match through subjects' self-evaluation was found to be significantly higher compared with prosthodontists' consensus (OR=2.75; 95% CI=1.27-5.94). CONCLUSIONS: Within the limits of this preliminary study, significant differences in clinical acceptability were seen between the color matches of the fabricated individualized porcelain shade tabs from different systems and subjects' central incisors. Subjects' range of acceptability was much broader compared with that of the prosthodontists in assessing the color match of the fabricated porcelain shade tabs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The use of certain porcelain visual shade-matching systems may result in a clinically acceptable color match of the final restoration more readily than the use of other systems. Color-match evaluation of final restorations should be accomplished through a consensus between prosthodontists and patients, given the difference in thresholds of acceptability.

Adult↗