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PubMed1993

Relationships among selected antecedent variables and coping effectiveness in postmyocardial infarction patients.

Selected theoretical relationships from Lazarus' (1966) model of stress were tested in a convenience sample of 81 postmyocardial infarction clients. Two hypothesized causal models were analyzed. Results from regression analyses indicated 63% of the variance in coping effectiveness was explained by marital status, length of time since hospitalization, perceived availability of social support, uncertainty, degree of threat, coping strategies, and emotions. A revised model that fit the data was proposed. Findings indicated that emotions were an outcome of threat, not coping; threat did not directly affect coping strategies; and coping strategies did not directly influence coping effectiveness.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Teacher stress and coping strategies used to reduce stress.

This pilot study investigated teachers' symptoms of stress and their coping strategies. Measurements of 'stress levels' and 'coping strategies' used were acquired by constructing a questionnaire made up of four individual standardized questionnaires. The data were analysed by a series of correlational analyses that highlighted significant relationships between ways of coping and levels of distress. Differences between the stress-related areas were measured using the Friedman test and Wilcoxon signed rank test for hierarchy. The findings implied that 'escape avoidance', 'accepting responsibility' and 'uncontrolled aggression' were used as negative coping strategies and only one strategy, 'exercise', was indicated to be an effective way of coping. The teachers' strategies were examined for similarities and differences with those recommended by occupational therapists. This pilot study was limited to two schools and it is recommended that it be extended to better generalize the results. Furthermore, ways of coping, as measured by psychological measures, do not seem to reduce stress so it is possible that the activity-based Stress Management Questionnaire, as advocated by Stein et al. (2003), might be more advantageous.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Health care professionals' grief: a model based on occupational style and coping.

Many publications address grief in terminally ill patients and their loved ones. In contrast, this paper proposes a hypothetical model for grief reactions in health care professionals (HCPs) working with terminally ill patients. The model integrates three literatures: burnout, coping and personality/occupational interests. Grief-related job stress can culminate in burnout that affects over 50% of physicians treating the terminally and critically ill. Coping behaviors that attenuate burnout differ among HCPs, suggesting that nurses prefer different coping strategies when compared with physicians. The personality and occupational interests literatures provide a rationale for coping differences in HCPs. Personality characteristics associated with occupational preferences provide insight into HCPs' natural propensities for coping with stress. The model addresses personality/occupational differences among health care disciplines, thus providing a plausible explanation for coping differences among HCPs, as well as potential interventions that facilitate HCPs' adjustment to the deaths of their patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The first year after breast cancer diagnosis: hope and coping strategies as predictors of adjustment.

Given the marked individual variability in psychological adjustment in response to breast cancer, it is important to specify factors contributing to adaptive survivorship. This longitudinal study of 70 women with Stage I or II breast cancer tested the ability of situation-specific coping strategies and a more stable attribute, hope, to predict adjustment prospectively from the point shortly following diagnosis through the first year. Consonant with previous studies, coping through active acceptance at diagnosis predicted more positive adjustment across time, and avoidance-oriented coping predicted greater fear of cancer recurrence, over and above participant age and initial status on dependent variables. The hypothesis that coping through turning to religion would be more effective for less hopeful women was supported, and mixed support emerged for the hypothesis that approach-oriented coping strategies would yield greater adaptational benefits for women high in hope. Findings suggest that risk and protective factors for adjustment across the first year of survivorship can be identified even prior to definitive surgery for breast cancer, particularly when both dispositional characteristics such as hope and situation-specific coping strategies are considered.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

The mediating role of appraisal and coping in the relationship between optimism-pessimism and quality of life.

Longitudinal data from 165 women diagnosed and treated for breast cancer were used to investigate if the relationship between optimism-pessimism and quality of life (QOL) is attributed to the appraisal and coping strategies. The women completed the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), as a measurement of optimism-pessimism, the Mental Adjustment to Cancer (MAC) Scale, as a measure for coping, a VAS for appraisal and the EORTC QLQ-C30, as a measure for QOL at two time points: at diagnosis and 12-months after breast cancer surgery. Optimism-pessimism had both a direct and indirect influence on QOL. Two coping strategies were particularly strong mediators for the indirect influence: fighting spirit and hopeless/helpless. Optimists responded with fighting spirit, which had a positive effect on their QOL. On the other hand, pessimists responded with hopeless/helplessness, which had a negative effect on their QOL. The relationship between pessimism and QOL at time of diagnosis was also mediated by appraisal, such as threat. The two coping strategies remained fairly stable over the 12 months within the optimists and pessimists.The results suggest that the influence of optimism and pessimism on QOL appears to be mediated by coping both before and after treatment for breast cancer. Fighting spirit and hopeless/helplessness appear to reflect the characteristic coping strategies for optimists and pessimists.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1993

A trial of two cognitive behavioural methods of treating drug-resistant residual psychotic symptoms in schizophrenic patients. II. Treatment-specific changes in coping and problem-solving skills.

Changes in coping skills and problem-solving skills were examined in two groups of schizophrenic patients. The groups received either coping skills enhancement or problem-solving treatments to reduce their drug-resistant residual psychotic symptoms. The coping skills group showed significant increases both in the number of positive coping strategies used and in their efficacy, whereas the problem-solving group showed a decrease in these measures during treatment. Both groups showed significant improvements in problem-solving skills. Changes in coping but not problem solving were significantly related to decreases in psychotic symptoms during treatment. It was concluded that treatment involving the teaching of coping skills had a specific treatment effect.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1984

Multiple assessment of coping strategies used by volunteer blood donors: implications for preparatory training.

The coping strategies used by volunteer blood donors were assessed in two studies. A general trait measure and a specific process measure of coping were administered in both studies. A state measure of coping was added in the second study. The relationships among these measures and their relationships with anxiety measures and demographic variables [e.g., sex and prior donation frequency] were examined. Moderate correspondence was found among the coping indices, but the process measure was most predictive of anxiety ratings. An avoidant coping strategy appeared to be most effective in terms of managing the stress of blood donation. Implications of the results for the conceptualization and assessment of coping are noted, and suggestions are made regarding factors which may affect the preparation of patients for stressful medical or dental treatment.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Coping style, cognitive hardiness, and health status.

This study investigates the effects of coping style and cognitive hardiness on physical and psychological health status. Measures of coping styles (intrusive positive thoughts, intrusive negative thoughts, avoidance, problem-focused coping), cognitive hardiness, stress, health habits, psychological distress, and physical illness were collected for 194 professional employees. Multiple regression analyses revealed that intrusive negative thoughts and avoidance coping approaches significantly contributed to predictions of psychological distress and physical illness outcomes, respectively. Cognitive hardiness significantly contributed to predictions of psychological distress but not physical illness outcomes. Health habits were significantly related to both measures of health status. Two coping approaches, intrusive positive thoughts and problem-focused coping, did not significantly contribute to predictions of either physical or psychological health status.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1987

Social support and coping: a longitudinal analysis.

This paper examined the interrelation between social support and coping in a longitudinal study of 380 clinically depressed individuals. A two-wave, two-variable panel analysis revealed that connections between support and coping varied by gender and across the specific sources of support and modes of coping examined. In the family context, increases in support were related to increases in problem-solving coping among women and to a decline in emotional discharge coping among men. In the work context, increases in social support were related to a greater reliance on affective regulation among women and to more information/support seeking among men. Overall, the results suggest that specific aspects of support and coping processes jointly mediate the link between stress and adjustment among depressed individuals.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1995

Preparation for oral surgery: evaluating elements of coping.

Third-molar extraction patients (N = 231) underwent one of five preparatory interventions offering different levels of relaxation, control, and self-efficacy to evaluate the relative importance of each of these elements of coping in the context of an acute stressor. Prior to surgery subjects completed measures of monitoring and blunting. Results indicated that relaxation, perceived control, and self-efficacy were each significant, and roughly equivalent, contributors to coping, and operated in an additive way. Intervention type, and the interaction of intervention type with blunting score, significantly predicted distress prior to and during surgery. It was concluded that no single element is crucial to effective coping and that interventions that provide more coping elements are generally superior. Additionally, the interaction of coping style with intervention is as strong a contributor to coping outcome as the other factors. Those who prefer to distract themselves may benefit most from interventions that require the least possible personal investment of effort and attention.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1996

Modes of long-term coping with trauma memories: relative use and associations with personality among Vietnam veterans with chronic PTSD.

Little is known about how individuals who develop chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) cope with recurring trauma memories, or how enduring personality characteristics influence such coping. Focusing on 110 hospitalized Vietnam combat veterans with chronic PTSD, this exploratory study assessed the relative frequency of using eight ways of coping with war memories, and associations between relative use of these strategies and eight dysfunctional personality styles. As a secondary issue, associations between coping strategies, combat exposure, and PTSD severity were also examined. Consistent with prior findings, these veterans predominantly used emotion-focused and avoidant strategies to cope with war memories. Differing personality styles and relative use or nonuse of particular coping strategies were also associated in psychologically coherent ways. These preliminary findings are discussed in relation to methodologic and future research issues.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1991

Psychophysiological reactions during active and passive stress coping following smoking cessation.

This study investigated the effects of 9 days' smoking abstinence on psychophysiological stress reactions. The subjects were 40 female smokers; 20 of them intended to give up smoking in the course of the study, whereas the remaining 20 had no such intention. A first session was carried out before, a second and a third during days 3 and 9 of abstinence. The nonabstainers were tested at corresponding intervals. Each session consisted of a 30-min stress-coping phase with relaxation phases before and after. While performing a rapid information processing task (RIP) the subjects had to sustain electrical shocks which were, according to instructions, but not in fact, either avoidable (active coping) or not (passive coping). Generally, the active coping instruction produced greater responses to the RIP task than did the passive coping instruction for heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure but not for finger pulse amplitude, thus resembling a beta-adrenergic stimulation. RIP processing rate was not affected, but the response rate (total of hits and commission errors) was greater during active than during passive coping. However, none of these stress reactions differed between abstainers and nonabstainers. On the other hand, both heart rate and the craving to smoke decreased significantly in the abstainer group across the 9 days. Thus, it is concluded that a deprivation of 1 h, 3 or 9 days has no differential effect on physiological stress reactions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Religious/spiritual coping among women trauma survivors with mental health and substance use disorders.

This study examines the types of religious/spiritual coping used by women trauma survivors with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders. Analyses based on data from 2 large racially diverse samples indicate that women from the study population rely considerably more on positive, than negative, religious coping, and that their reliance on religious coping, in general, is significantly higher than that of the general population. Numerous significant relationships were also found between the severity of trauma-related and mental health symptoms and more negative religious coping. This study further suggests that more frequent childhood abuse and childhood sexual violence are especially associated with negative religious coping in adulthood. Findings support the importance of spiritual coping for women trauma survivors with co-occurring disorders and suggest the value of increased attention to spirituality in behavioral health services, especially in assessment and therapeutic relationships.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Learned helplessness or learned inactivity after inescapable stress? Interpretation depends on coping styles.

Researches on uncontrollable events in the post-soviet states are overviewed. In our research, susceptibility to learned helplessness is studied in rats with active (KHA strain) versus passive (KLA strain) coping styles. Inescapable footshocks, but not escapable footshocks, applied to KHA rats induced escape failures, diminished locomotion and coping, reduced measures of anxiety, and resulted in dexamethasone nonsuppression of the brain-hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis--all characteristic of learned helplessness. In contrast, KLA rats demonstrated the same responses upon exposure to both escapable and inescapable stresses. While learned helplessness occurred in KHA rats, it appears that KLA rats exposed to inescapable stress demonstrated learned inactivity based upon the nondifference between effects of escapable and inescapable shocks. Relationships between coping styles and social ranks are discussed. Our and other's results with genetically selected strains suggest active coping in dominant and subordinate subjects, and passive coping in subdominant animals confirm the importance of coping style and its relation to health under stress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1998

[Coping with illness in myasthenia gravis in comparison with other chronic neuromuscular diseases].

Seventy-nine patients with chronic neuromuscular diseases were examined by psychodiagnostic tests. The most frequently used coping strategies were "compliance and confidence in the physician", "self encouragement", "to relative by comparison" and "problem-solving". Comparison of the test sample and our total sampling group and the groups divided by diagnosis showed more common features than differences in the coping process. This might be caused by similar general problems in chronic diseases. Less "compliance and confidence in the physician" was the only significant difference between the myasthenic patients and the remaining test group. We supposed less treatment possibilities and/or longer duration of illness (remaining test group) to be responsible for this result. Duration of illness in common seems to have an influence on coping. Patients suffering a longer illness showed reduced values in "self encouragement". Common and specific problems and circumstances of illness seem to be more significant for the coping process than the diagnosis. The patients' mood, which we took as a measure for partial aspects of adaptivity of coping, correlated significantly with the strength of the complaints felt. Classification into adaptive and maladaptive coping forms is not possible.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2000

Family burden and coping strategies in schizophrenia: 1-year follow-up data from the BIOMED I study.

BACKGROUND: To date, only few data are available on how family burden in schizophrenia changes over time. In addition, no study has explored how such factors as coping styles and social support influence burden over time. This paper presents the 1-year follow-up data from the BIOMED I study on family burden and coping strategies in schizophrenia. METHODS: A sample of 159 relatives of patients with schizophrenia living in five European countries was followed up prospectively for 1 year with regard to burden and coping strategies, using validated questionnaires. RESULTS: In the sample as a whole, the burden was stable. A reduction of family burden over time was found among relatives who adopted less emotion-focused coping strategies and received more practical support from their social network. In addition, family burden decreased in relation to the improvement of patient's social functioning. CONCLUSIONS: When relatives of patients with schizophrenia are able to improve their coping strategies, it is possible for burden to be reduced even after several years. This points to the necessity to provide families of chronic psychotic patients with psychoeducational interventions emphasising the adoption of an effective coping style.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2007

[Influence of negative coping style on post-operative pain reporting and pain-related behaviour].

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to show whether negative coping style has an impact on post-operative pain reporting and pain-related behaviour. METHODS: After informed consent 48 gynaecological patients were enrolled in the study. Negative coping style was assessed by using the stress coping questionnaire SVF-78 (Janke and Erdmann). Patients were dichotomised by scores of the negative coping style. Pain reporting concerned pain intensity and pain quality. Pain-related behaviour was assessed by patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). Pain intensity and pain quality were assessed prior to surgery and 24 h after surgery. Patient-controlled analgesia was recorded up to 24 h after surgery. Trait anxiety (STAI-X2) was used as a control variable. RESULTS: Patients with high scores in negative coping style report increased levels of pain in both affective and sensory pain perception. At the same time patient-controlled analgesia is used less frequently by this group. This result remains significant considering trait anxiety as a covariate. CONCLUSIONS: High negative coping style may cause a discrepancy between pain reporting and pain-related behaviour. This should be taken into account in the perioperative care of patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2003

Associations among awareness of prognosis, hopefulness, and coping in patients with advanced cancer participating in phase I clinical trials.

GOALS: There is considerable debate concerning prognosis in patients with advanced cancer (advanced cancer patients, ACP), but no one has systematically examined the relationship between awareness of prognosis and hopefulness. In this study, the relationships among awareness of prognosis, hopefulness, and coping were examined in a selected group of ACP. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All subjects were enrolled in phase I trials. Information was obtained from subjects via structured, face-to-face interviews. Subjects provided demographic information, answered questions designed to ascertain their awareness of their prognosis, and completed the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General instrument (FACT-G). RESULTS: A total of 179 consecutive subjects enrolled in phase I trials were interviewed. Awareness of prognosis was assessed using a semiquantitative scale. Willingness to provide responses to the question was significantly negatively correlated with hopefulness ( r=-0.306, P=0.030). Using items from the FACT-G, hopefulness and coping were positively correlated ( r=0.140, P=0.097). Female subjects were more realistic about their prognosis than men ( b=0.568, P=0.026). More educated patients had higher response rates to the prognosis questions (OR 1.62, P<0.001), and demonstrated a more realistic awareness of prognosis ( b=0.225, P=0.030). Overall, there was a strong association between coping status and responding to the prognosis questions ( P=0.033). Patients who reported being "not at all proud of coping" had a lower response rate than patients who reported better coping. DISCUSSION: Among the ACP who provided responses, many reported an unrealistic view of their prognosis. Having a more accurate view of prognosis in the face of terminal illness was associated with reduced hopefulness, which may be related to a poorer sense of coping. Finally, the prognosis question utilized in the study was problematic, led to a fairly poor response rate, and may be indicative of the many difficulties present in attempting to accurately assess ACPs' perceptions of their prognosis. Other methods, such as in-depth qualitative methods, may lead to more productive inquiry into ACPs' awareness of their prognosis. Further research into the accurate assessment of awareness of prognosis is needed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗