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PubMed2005

Egocentric search for disappearing objects in domestic dogs: evidence for a geometric hypothesis of direction.

In several species, the ability to locate a disappearing object is an adaptive component of predatory and social behaviour. In domestic dogs, spatial memory for hidden objects is primarily based on an egocentric frame of reference. We investigated the geometric components of egocentric spatial information used by domestic dogs to locate an object they saw move and disappear. In experiment 1, the distance and the direction between the position of the animal and the hiding location were put in conflict. Results showed that the dogs primarily used the directional information between their own spatial coordinates and the target position. In experiment 2, the accuracy of the dogs in finding a hidden object by using directional information was estimated by manipulating the angular deviation between adjacent hiding locations and the position of the animal. Four angular deviations were tested: 5, 7.5, 10 and 15 degrees . Results showed that the performance of the dogs decreased as a function of the angular deviations but it clearly remained well above chance, revealing that the representation of the dogs for direction is precise. In the discussion, we examine how and why domestic dogs determine the direction in which they saw an object disappear.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Invisible displacement understanding in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris): the role of visual cues in search behavior.

Recently, (Collier-Baker E, Davis JM, Suddendorf T (2004) J Comp Psychol 118:421-433) suggested that domestic dogs do not understand invisible displacements. In the present study, we further investigated the hypothesis that the search behavior of domestic dogs in invisible displacements is guided by various visual cues inherent to the task rather than by mental representation of an object's past trajectory. Specifically, we examined the role of the experimenter as a function of the final position of the displacement device in the search behavior of domestic dogs. Visible and invisible displacement problems were administered to dogs (N = 11) under two conditions. In the Visible-experimenter condition, the experimenter was visible whereas in the Concealed-experimenter condition, the experimenter was visibly occluded behind a large rigid barrier. Our data supported the conclusion that dogs do not understand invisible displacements but primarily search as a function of the final position of the displacement device and, to a lesser extent, the position of the experimenter.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

A comparison of the luteinizing hormone-releasing activities of synthetic chicken luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), synthetic porcine LH-RH, and buserelin, an LH-RH analogue, in the domestic fowl.

The luteinizing hormone-releasing activities of synthetic chicken luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (chLH-RH), synthetic porcine LH-RH (pLH-RH), and an analogue of LH-RH (buserelin, D-Ser-(But)6-des-Gly10-LH-RH ethylamide) were compared in the domestic fowl. In adult cockerels, intravenous injections of 0.5 or 1 microgram chLH-RH/kg released the same amount of LH as the same doses of pLH-RH; subcutaneous injections of 0.5 or 1 microgram buserelin/kg were about twice as effective as the same doses of pLH-RH. In laying hens, injections of 1, 10, 20, and 50 micrograms buserelin induced more sustained releases of LH than the corresponding doses of pLH-RH. Daily injections of 1 or 10 micrograms buserelin/bird or of 10 micrograms pLH-RH/bird for 12 days synchronized the timing of most ovipositions showing that the injections of releasing hormone could induce preovulatory surges of LH. In contrast with mammals, daily injections of buserelin in laying hens did not reduce pituitary responsiveness to the analogue. It is concluded that the structural difference between mammalian and chicken LH-RH does not affect their LH-releasing activities in the domestic fowl. Although the LH-releasing activity of buserelin in the hen is greater than that of pLH-RH, the difference in activity is not as great as that observed in most mammals. This view is strengthened by the finding that chronic treatment with buserelin, which exerts an antagonistic effect on ovulation in mammals, does not do so in the domestic hen.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Synthetic human pancreatic growth hormone releasing factor (GRF) stimulates growth hormone secretion in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

Synthetic human pancreatic Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor (hpGRF) elevated the plasma concentration of growth hormone (GH) in young and adult domestic fowl. This in vivo effect of hpGRF appeared to be largely similar for both the 32 amino-acid (hpGRF 1-32) or 40 amino-acid (hpGRF 1-40) polypeptide, although the effect of hpGRF 1-32 was more prolonged than that of hpGRF 1-40 in adult domestic fowl. The increase in plasma GH concentrations following hpGRF administration (10 micrograms/kg) was somewhat greater in young than adult chickens (the increase in plasma concentration of GH being 230 ng/ml at 1 week old, 282 ng/ml at 6 week old, 241 ng/ml at 10 weeks and 150 ng/ml in adults). In the adult domestic fowl hpGRF stimulated a greater increase in the plasma concentration of GH than did thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). However in the young chicks TRH was more active. The in vitro release of GH from dispersed chicken pituitary cells was elevated by hpGRF (1-32) and hpGRF (1-40).

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Agonistic behavior, plasma stress hormones, and metabolites in response to dyadic encounters in domestic pigs: interrelationships and effect of dominance status.

Agonistic behavior, neuroendocrine, and plasma metabolite changes were studied in 16 domestic Large White pigs (100 +/- 5 kg) submitted to dyadic encounters (30 min) in a neutral environment. The animals had been housed individually for 2 months prior to the experiment. Aggressive and submissive behaviors were recorded for each animal during the encounter. Surgically implanted catheters allowed collection of blood samples at selected times. Plasma levels of cortisol, catecholamines, and metabolites were determined and compared with data obtained on eight control pigs kept under resting conditions. Resting plasma cortisol levels tended to be higher in subordinate compared to dominant subjects, suggesting a relationship between baseline adrenocortical activity and submissive behavior during aggressive encounters in domestic pigs. Plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine levels did not differ between dominants and subordinates, but they were linearly correlated with aggressive behaviors. Metabolic state changed in response to the encounters, as evidenced by increased plasma levels of free fatty acids, glucose, and lactate at the end of the dyads. Dominance status did not significantly affect plasma metabolite levels. Plasma lactate and glucose levels were linearly correlated with both aggressive behaviors and plasma catecholamines. The present results provide evidence suggesting that stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and physical activity are both involved in the control of the mobilization of body energy sources in response to aggressive encounters in domestic pigs.

Aggression↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Chagas disease in north-west Argentina: risk of domestic reinfestation by Triatoma infestans after a single community-wide application of deltamethrin.

The risk of domestic reinfestation by Triatoma infestans after a single community-wide application of delta-methrin (2.5% suspension concentrate at 25 mg active ingredient/m2) was studied in Amamá, north-west Argentina, where no insecticide spraying had been done by official control services. The percentage of infested houses fell from 88% before spraying in 1985 to nil during the 6 months after spraying, and thereafter increased from 5% in 1986 to 96% before a second treatment in 1992, fitting closely to a logistic model (r2 = 0.997). Significant risk factors associated with domestic reinfestation determined from stepwise logistic regression and one-factor analysis were the density of T. infestans in bedrooms just before spraying and the surface structure of indoor walls. Peak densities of bugs in 1988-1989 significantly differed between levels of both risk factors. Our study suggests the existence of stable determinants of infestation linked to the household which, in the absence of effective control measures, would also determine the speed of house recolonization and the ensuing bug densities. Plastering of mud walls before application of insecticides to all domestic and peridomestic structures is supported by the study.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Domestication alters 5-HT1A receptor binding in rat brain.

Serotonin-1A receptor binding density was compared in the brains of wild and domesticated adult male Rattus norvegicus using in vitro receptor autoradiography of [3H]8-hydroxy-2-[n-dipropylamino]tetraline (DPAT). While both groups exhibited similar patterns of labeling, [3H]DPAT binding density was significantly (p less than or equal to 0.05) lower in the median raphe nucleus and greater in superficial entorhinal cortex and rostral dentate gyrus of domesticated compared to wild rats. The results suggest that specific serotonergic circuits from the median raphe nucleus to the entorhinal and hippocampal regions might be involved in regulation of the defensive behaviors that differ profoundly between wild and domesticated rats. The relationship of these putative differences to behavioral disorders such as anxiety and depression in humans is discussed.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗

PubMed1986

Feeding patterns and operant responding by wild and domesticated rats in self-maintenance conditions.

The feeding activity of domesticated and wild rats was studied. The rats obtained all their food by lever pressing in two-lever operant chambers. Concurrent variable interval (VI) and concurrent variable ratio (VR) schedules operated continuously for successive 4-day periods. Feeding occurred as regular, discrete meals, mostly during the night. The schedules did not affect the number or size of meals or the total amount eaten. The interval schedules significantly extended the duration of meals and reduced intermeal intervals. Lever pressing was characterised on concurrent VI schedules by low response rates and frequent alternation and that on concurrent VR schedules by higher response rates confined to one lever. The wild rats ate significantly more than the domesticated rats by increasing the number but not the size of meals, primarily during the night. Feeding behaviour and operant responding are discussed in relation to the effects of domestication and economy of effort in food-seeking. The inhibition caused by handling and food deprivation, which impairs the performance of wild rodents in short sessions is avoided by providing self-maintenance conditions.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

The influence of domestic position on health status.

Data from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation 1982 survey of access to health care are used to examine the influence of household composition and members' domestic position--e.g. age, sex, marital status, and presence of children, on health status and use of health services. A hierarchical analysis was undertaken to sort groups of individuals and households having different domestic structures. The results of the analyses of use and access for these groups show that, after controlling for age, domestic position and household arrangements are significant explanatory variables. Ways to refine the approach are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Effect of domestic and occupational roles on morbidity and mortality.

This study examines the effect of labor force participation, occupational status and domestic roles on morbidity and mortality among women and men over a 15-year period. The main research questions address the long-term effects of multiple roles. Does the combination of domestic and work roles result in adverse health effects, or provide some health advantage? The study population was randomly selected from among members of a large HMO and were part of a household interview conducted in 1970-71. Medical records for the two years prior to the interview and for 15 years after the interview for the cohort members are linked with the survey data. The findings show that for women there is some longevity advantage in paid employment. Overall, the combination of employment and domestic roles apparently poses no health threat to women, and may provide some advantage. Multiple roles are unrelated to mortality and morbidity outcomes among men.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

A comparison of cardiac glutathione S-transferases from wild and domestic animals.

1. Cardiac glutathione S-transferases from wild animals; hyena, red fox, porcupine, coypu and mountain gazelle were purified and compared with the enzymes from domestic animals; cow, camel, goat and sheep. 2. By using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as a substrate, domestic hearts expressed higher glutathione conjugating activity than wild animals hearts. 3. In all the studied hearts, the bulk of the activity was associated with near neutral and acidic glutathione S-transferase isozymes with pI values ranging from 4 to 7.4. 4. The enzymes from domestic animals displayed homodimeric structure of 25,000 mol. wt subunit while of the wild animals both hyena and coypu displayed homodimers of 26,500 mol. wt subunit and the rest exhibited heterodimers of 25,000 and 28,000 mol. wt subunits.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Intestinal adaptation to diet in the young domestic and wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo).

The short-term effects of diet on jejunal growth, alanine transport rate, and leucine aminopeptidase activity (LAP) were compared in the domestic and wild turkey poult. One-day-old poults of each strain were fed diets of high vs., low protein, with carbohydrate varied to maintain isocaloric conditions. Prior to feeding, relative jejunal mass and alanine transport rates were not significantly different in the two turkey strains, whereas LAP activity was 270% higher in wild poults. After feeding for 72 h, relative jejunal mass doubled in both turkey strains. In domestic turkeys, alanine transport rate and LAP activity were reduced by approximately 42% and 25%, respectively, in poults fed a 24% protein-69% carbohydrate diet vs. a 49% protein-35% carbohydrate diet. Analysis of the combined data from feeding experiments revealed that alanine transport rate was not correlated with total food, protein or lipid intake, but was negatively correlated with carbohydrate consumption (P<0.05). In wild turkeys, neither alanine transport rate nor LAP activity were altered by diet. These results reveal that domestic turkey hatchlings can modulate protein digestive and absorptive functions as protein/carbohydrate composition of the diet changes and suggest that high dietary carbohydrate down-regulates the intestinal alanine transporter.

Acclimatization↗

PubMed2005

Differences in reproductive pattern between wild and domestic rams are not associated with inter-specific annual variations in plasma prolactin and melatonin concentrations.

This study compares morphological changes, performed with real-time transrectal ultrasonography, of testis and accessory glands and seasonal endocrine changes in a wild (Mouflon) and a domesticated (Spanish Merino) breed of sheep. In Mouflons, the maximum plasma testosterone concentrations, testicular diameter and vesicular gland size occurred synchronously during autumn (P<0.001). In Merino rams the highest circulating levels of testosterone (P<0.05) and maximum testicular diameter (P<0.001) occurred during summer, with no seasonal variations in vesicular and bulbourethral glands. The seasonal changes in plasma concentrations of prolactin were not correlated with annual variations in testicular and glandular size in neither wild nor domestic species. No differences were observed between both species for the seasonal pattern of prolactin secretion and mean amplitude of melatonin. Wide differences in reproductive patterns between wild and domestic types of rams do not appear to be attributed to seasonal changes in prolactin and melatonin secretion.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

The value of Seasonal Correction Factors in assessing the health risk from domestic radon: a case study in Northamptonshire, UK.

Following an intensive survey of domestic radon levels in the United Kingdom (UK), the former National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB), now the Radiation Protection Division of the Health Protection Agency (HPA-RPD), established a measurement protocol and promulgated Seasonal Correction Factors applicable to the country as a whole. Radon levels in the domestic built environment are assumed to vary systematically and repeatably during the year, being generally higher in winter. The Seasonal Correction Factors therefore comprise a series of numerical multipliers, which convert a 1-month or 3-month radon concentration measurement, commencing in any month of the year, to an effective annual mean radon concentration. In a recent project undertaken to assess the utility of short-term exposures in quantifying domestic radon levels, a comparative assessment of a number of integrating detector types was undertaken, with radon levels in 34 houses on common geology monitored over a 12-month period using dose-integrating track-etch detectors exposed in pairs (one upstairs, one downstairs) at 1-month and 3-month resolution. Seasonal variability of radon concentrations departed significantly from that expected on the basis of the HPA-RPD Seasonal Correction Factor set, with year-end discontinuities at both 1-month and 3-month measurement resolutions. Following this study, monitoring with electrets was continued in four properties, with weekly radon concentration data now available for a total duration in excess of three and a half years. Analysis of this data has permitted the derivation of reliable local Seasonal Correction Factors. Overall, these are significantly lower than those recommended by HPA-RPD, but are comparable with other results from the UK and from abroad, particularly those that recognise geological diversity and are consequently prepared on a regional rather than a national basis. This finding calls into question the validity of using nationally aggregated Seasonal Correction Factors, especially for shorter exposures, and the universal applicability of these corrections is discussed in detail.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗

PubMed2005

Implantation and testing of subretinal film electrodes in domestic pigs.

By definition, an electronic subretinal visual prosthesis requires the implantation of stimulation electrodes in the subretinal space of the eye. Polyimide film electrodes with flat contacts were implanted subretinally and used for electrical stimulation in acute experiments in anaesthetised domestic pigs. In two pigs, the film electrode was inserted through a sclerostomy into the vitreous cavity and, subsequently, via a retinotomy into the subretinal space around the posterior pole (ab interno approach). In three other pigs the sclera and pigment epithelium were opened for combined ab interno and transscleral positioning of the subretinal electrode. In all cases, perfluorocarbon liquid (PFCL) was used to establish a close contact between the film electrode and the outer retina. After cranial preparations of three pigs for epidural recording of visual cortex responses, retinal stimulation was performed in one pig with a film electrode implanted ab interno and in two pigs with film electrodes implanted by the ab interno and transscleral procedure. The five subretinal implantations were carried out successfully and each polyimide film electrode tip was positioned beneath the outer retina of the posterior pole. The retina was attached to the stimulation electrode in all cases. Epidural cortical responses to light and electrical stimulation were recorded in three experiments. Initial cortical responses to Ganzfeld light and to electrical stimuli occurred about 40 and 20 ms, respectively, after stimulation onset. The stimulation threshold was approximately 100 microA and, like the cortical response amplitudes, depended both on the correspondence between retinal stimulation and cortical recording sites and on the number of stimulation electrodes used simultaneously. Our results in a domestic pig model demonstrate that polyimide film electrodes can be implanted subretinally and tested by recording cortical responses to electrical stimulation. These findings suggest that the domestic pig could be an appropriate animal model for basic testing of subretinal implants.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Survey of long terminal repeat retrotransposons of domesticated silkworm (Bombyx mori).

Long terminal retrotransposons are major components of eukaryotic transposable elements. We have surveyed the long terminal repeats (LTR) retrotransposons of domesticated silkworm (Bombyx mori) by mining the data produced by Bombyx mori Genome Sequencing Project. At least 29 separate families of LTR retrotransposons are identified in this survey, comprising of 11.8% of the complete sequence. Families of domesticated silkworm LTR retrotransposons can be mainly classified into three groups: gypsy-like, copia-like, Pao-Bel. Fourteen families identified consist of gypsy-like elements, four families consist of copia-like elements and seven families consist of Pao-Bel elements. In addition to the three groups of LTR retrotransposons, two families of unusual non-coding elements are identified in the genome of this species. Further phylogenetic analysis of RT domain indicates that the elements of B.mori show high diversity and can form different clades in each group. An analysis of sequence variation from different families reveals distinct patterns of variation for the elements belonging to three groups. The analysis of the domesticated silkworm LTR retrotransposons should assist in our understanding of the roles of retroelement in lepidopteron insect genome evolution.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Oxidative destabilization of dissolved organics and E. coli in domestic wastewater through immobilized cell reactor system.

Domestic wastewater contains a considerable amount of pathogenic organisms besides non-biodegradable organics. The conventional technologies followed for the treatment of domestic wastewater are less efficient in removing pathogenic organisms despite substantial removal of dissolved organics. The focal theme of the present investigation was to use a chemo-autotrophic activated carbon oxidation (CAACO) system, an immobilized cell reactor using chemoautotrophs (Bacillus sp.) for the treatment of domestic wastewater. The oxidation of organics and Escherichia coli in wastewater is controlled by the parameters space time, O(2)/COD, bed height and cod loading. The scheme comprised of anaerobic treatment, sand filtration and CAACO treatment removed BOD. COD, Total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved protein, total Kjeldhal nitrogen (TKN) and bacterial count (most probable number (MPN)) by 81%, 92%, 84%, 94%, 93% and 99.9997%, respectively. The low concentration of E. coli in the CAACO-treated wastewater was completely eliminated through UV irradiation in 3 min at 254 nm.

Anaerobiosis↗

PubMed2007

Clinical and molecular analysis of GM2 gangliosidosis in two apparent littermate kittens of the Japanese domestic cat.

This case report documents clinical and molecular findings in two littermate kittens of the Japanese domestic cat with GM2 gangliosidosis variant 0. Analysis included detailed physical, magnetic resonance imaging, biochemical, pathological and genetic examinations. At first, these littermate kittens showed typical cerebellar signs at approximately 2 months of age. About 2 months later, they progressively showed other neurological signs and subsequently died at about 7 months of age. Magnetic resonance imaging just before the death showed an enlarged ventricular system, T1 hyperintensity in the internal capsule, and T2 hyperintensity in the white matter of the whole brain. Histological findings suggested a type of lysosomal storage disease. Biochemical studies demonstrated that the kittens were affected with GM2 gangliosidosis variant 0, and a DNA assay finally demonstrated that these animals were homozygous for the mutation, which the authors had identified in a different family of the Japanese domestic cat. The findings in the present cases provide useful information about GM2 gangliosidosis variant 0 in Japanese domestic cats.

Animals↗