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PubMed2000

Influences on water intake in the rat after lesions of the septal subareas.

It has been suggested that the septum plays an inhibitory role in the behavioral function. Recent work has shown that the septum is heterogeneous from the neuroanatomical perspective. The present study examined the water intake of rats lesioned with kainic acid (0.5 microg/0.5 microl/site) on three septal subregions: anterior medial (MSa), posterior medial (MSp), and lateral (LS) sites. Drinking volume was enhanced mostly in rats with the MSp lesion, and so was locomotor activity. However, these two measures were not significantly correlated. This polydipsia induced by MSp lesion was also found in a chronic domain. Another experiment further determined the dipsogenic effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG; 20%) and hypertonic saline (1 M NaCl) in MSp lesioned rats. Water intake increased significantly after administration of the hypertonic saline treatment, but not after injection of PEG. However, this disparity approached a nonsignificant level 8 hr after thirst challenges were conducted. In addition to revealing septal hyperdipsia. these data suggest that the septal subareas can be functionally heterogeneous in drinking behavior. The dipsogenic response profiles for the cellular and extracellular thirst challenges could be differentially affected by kainate lesion in the MSp.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

College students' self-reported reasons for playing drinking games.

Two samples of college students who engage in drinking games completed questions about their drinking behavior, a set of items concerning their reasons for playing drinking games, and various self-report measures of personality. Principal components analysis using the first sample yielded four factors: Relaxation & Disinhibition, Fun & Celebration, Conformity, and Sexual Manipulation. A similar factor structure was also obtained in the second sample. In both samples, Fun & Celebration and Sexual Manipulation reasons were most strongly predictive of frequency of play and quantity of alcohol consumed while playing. In men, Sexual Manipulation reasons for play predicted frequency of taking sexual advantage of others during play. Endorsement of Conformity and Relaxation & Disinhibition reasons were associated with high social anxiety and low assertiveness. Reasons for play predicted consumption, both in drinking-game situations and overall, even after removing variance due to general reasons for drinking. Psychometric properties of the current measure are less than ideal, but the constructs identified appear to have important implications for prevention. Assessment of self-reported reasons for drinking in specific situations may be a generally useful strategy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Relationship between psychopathology, experienced control and perceived locus of control: in search of alcoholic subtypes.

Alcoholic Ss were categorized into four subtypes based upon differential levels of perceived locus of control and experienced control. The relationship between generalized psychopathology, as measured by the MMPI, and subtype classification was investigated. Alcoholics with an internal locus of control and high levels of experienced control exhibited the least psychopathology. The greatest degree of psychopathology was found among Ss with an external locus of control and minimal levels of experienced control. The implications of these results with respect to psychosocial functioning and drinking behavior among alcoholic subgroups were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effects of the kappa opioid receptor antagonist MR-2266-BS on the acquisition of ethanol preference.

Using a paradigm by which rats forced to drink a weak ethanol solution (2.5% w/v) (conditioning session) develop ethanol preference in consecutive retention testing days, the effects of the administration of the kappa opioid antagonist MR-2266-BS, prior to or after the forced ethanol session, were studied. Pre-conditioning subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of 1 mg/kg of MR-2266-BS induced a decrease in subsequent ethanol consumption without significantly modifying the acquisition of ethanol preference. Post-conditioning administration of MR-2266-BS (0.1, 1, 5 or 10 mg/kg) induced both a dose-dependent reduction in ethanol consumption and in preference throughout the three following days. The results of the present study provide further support of the involvement of kappa-type opioids on drinking behavior, and suggest that kappa receptors may be involved in the consumption and development of preference to ethanol.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1991

Potentiation of angiotensin II-induced drinking by glucocorticoids is a specific glucocorticoid type II receptor (GR)-mediated event.

Earlier studies showed that pretreatment (3 and 6 h) of rats with the glucocorticoid hormone, dexamethasone, potentiated the drinking response to either central or peripheral administration of angiotensin II (AII). In the present study the specificity and mechanisms of this potentiation were examined. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of rats with the pure glucocorticoid agonist, RU 28362 (0.4-1.6 mg/kg; 3-24 h), resulted in a time- and dose-dependent potentiation of the drinking responses to either peripherally (100 micrograms/kg, s.c.) or centrally (10 ng) injected AII, similar to the effects of dexamethasone. Drinking induced by central injection of carbachol (200 ng) was unaltered by pretreatment with RU 28362, suggesting that potentiation by this compound was specific for AII. The potentiation of AII-induced drinking by either dexamethasone or RU 28362 was completely abolished by pretreatment with the glucocorticoid Type II receptor (GR) antagonist, RU 38486 (2 mg/kg, i.p.), but not by the mineralocorticoid Type I receptor (MR) blocker, mespirenone (2 mg/kg, i.p.). Taken together, these results indicate that the glucocorticoid-induced potentiation of AII-induced drinking is mediated via GR. Associated with the fact that glucocorticoids potentiate AII-induced drinking is the observation that these steroids also potentiate AII-induced urine output. This enhancement of urine output may explain in part the potentiation in drinking behavior. Possible mechanisms are discussed.

Androstanols↗
PubMed2001

Influence of age on thirst and fluid intake.

Independently living older adults (over the age of 65 yr) consume adequate volumes of fluids on a daily basis. However, when challenged by fluid deprivation, a hyperosmotic stimulus, or exercise in a warm environment (all of which combine hypovolemia and hyperosmolality), older adults exhibit decreased thirst sensation and reduced fluid intake. Full fluid restoration eventually occurs, but full restoration of fluid balance is slowed. The aging process alters important physiological control systems associated with thirst and satiety. Recent evidence suggests that older men and women (i) have a higher baseline osmolality and thus a higher osmotic operating point for thirst sensation (with little or no change in sensitivity), and (ii) exhibit diminished thirst and satiety in response to the unloading (hypovolemia) and loading (hypervolemia) of baroreceptors. A diminished sensation of thirst in the elderly relative to young adults is generally absent when a volume stimulus is absent, despite higher baseline plasma osmolalities. Compared with the elderly, there are scant data associated with homeostatic control of thirst in children. Nonhomeostatic control of thirst and drinking behavior may likewise be different for children (as it is for the elderly), as compared with young adults; however, little empirical data exist on this topic. Children rarely exhibit voluntary dehydration for activities lasting 45 min or less; however, drink flavoring and sodium chloride are important promoters of drinking in active children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Effects of peripheral administration of recombinant human interleukin-1 beta on feeding behavior of the rat.

This study was undertaken to investigate the changes in feeding behavior, including ambulatory activity, induced by a single injection of Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1) (2 micrograms/rat) at 18:00, just before the dark phase. For this purpose, we used the Gunma University-type automatic apparatus for continuous and direct measurement of ambulation and drinking. A significant decrease in food intake was observed for 12 hours after treatment with IL-1. Peripheral administration of IL-1 also produced a marked decrease in ambulatory activity within 3 hours which continued for 6 hours. In addition, IL-1 produced a marked decrease in drinking behavior during the first 6 hours. We reported here the changes in consummatory and ambulatory behavior of rats after acute administration of IL-1. The sickness which IL-1 produced may, at least in part, contribute to these phenomena, although precise mechanisms are still unknown.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Characterization of receptors for angiotensin-induced drinking and blood pressure responses in conscious rats using angiotensin analogs extended at the N-terminal.

Angiotensin II analogs with N-terminal extensions were synthesized to examine their effects on the brain and vascular angiotensin II (Ang II) receptors of the rat. Ang II, Crinia-Ang II, Thr.Ala.Gly-Ang II and Val. Ser.Leu.Thr.Ala.Gly-Ang II were all found to elicit drinking and raise blood pressure when given into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and elevate blood pressure when given intravenously. When given intracerebroventricularly, the order of potency of the peptides in eliciting blood pressure and drinking responses was: Ang II (100%) = Crinia-Ang II (100%) greater than Thr.Ala.Gly-Ang II (10% blood pressure, 15% drinking) greater than Val.Ser.Leu.Thr.Ala.Gly-Ang II (5%). The order of pressor potency did not change when the Ang II analogs were given intravenously, but compared with the central effects, there was a marked difference in the relative potencies of the peptides. The potencies were: Ang II (100%) greater than Crinia-Ang II (80%) greater than Thr.Ala.Gly-Ang II (60%) greater than Val.Ser.Leu.Thr.Ala.Gly-Ang II (20%). Blood pressure and drinking responses produced by all of these peptides were markedly attenuated by the Ang II receptor antagonist, [Sar1,Thr8] Ang II. These findings indicate a difference in the Ang II receptors present in the brain and the periphery. However, no differences were noted between the central Ang II receptors mediating the pressor responses and the central Ang II receptors stimulating drinking behavior.

Angiotensins↗
PubMed1988

Circadian feeding and drinking patterns of genetically obese mice fed solid chow diet.

Feeding and drinking were recorded in male ob/ob mice and lean mice fed pelleted Purina Lab Chow No. 5001 with water to drink. The circadian patterns of eating and drinking of obese mice differed from those of lean mice, in both the proportional temporal distributions of feeding and of drinking behavior across the 24-hour day and in the absolute amounts consumed hourly. The pattern of increased food consumption by the obese mice was different than that underlying increased water consumption. When meal parameters were analyzed in terms of 'complete meals' of both feeding and drinking (the end of a meal defined as at least 12 consecutive minutes with no ingestion), obese and lean mice had the same number of meals and their periodicity was similar, but meal size was much greater in the obese mice. In the dark, both obese and lean mice showed strong postprandial correlations of meal size with time from the start of a meal to start of the next meal.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Hyperdipsia in rats after electrolytic lesions of nucleus medianus.

Ablation of the ventral portion of nucleus medianus (vNM) in rats produced a temporary adipsia or hypodipsia that was accompanied by pronounced urinary fluid losses. When ad libitum drinking resumed, about half of the brain-damaged animals became hyperdipsic, exhibiting chronic two- to threefold elevations in their daily water intakes during the nocturnal hours of the day-night cycle. Rats that remained normodipsic after vNM ablation usually exhibited hyperdipsia if they were food-deprived overnight. The basis for the hyperdipsia produced by vNM ablation was not clear. The elevated water intakes appeared not to result from chronic urinary fluid losses, because hyperdipsic rats were able to concentrate their urine during the day, when they drank little. Moreover, the animals did not seem to be volume depleted; their plasma renin activities were not elevated, and they drank normally in association with meals. These and other findings suggest that vNM lesions damage neural substrates that control drinking behavior, and the hyperdipsia results from this rather than from physiological changes produced by the lesion.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Behavioral effects of bombesin administration in rats.

Bombesin (BBS, 0.1-4.0 micrograms) administered to the lateral cerebral ventricle (IVT) of rats decreased food intake and feeding behavior. Grooming behavior increased and resting behavior decreased as doses greater than or equal to 0.01 microgram. IVT BBS (4.0 micrograms) caused greater suppression of food-deprivation-induced food intake and feeding behavior than the same dose and volume administered intraperitoneally (IP). After IVT BBS, rats displayed more grooming and less resting than normal, but after IP BBS, rats displayed a normal frequency of grooming and more resting. IVT BBS (greater than or equal to 0.01 microgram) also decreased drinking behavior, and drinking-associated feeding, and suppressed (greater than or equal to 0.1 microgram) water-deprivation-induced water intake. When neither food nor water was present, non-deprived rats displayed increased grooming and decreased resting after IVT BBS (1.0 microgram). The results show that IVT BBS inhibits feeding markedly, but the inhibition of feeding by IVT BBS does not resemble normal satiety or the effect of IP BBS because the central inhibition of feeding is always accompanied by excessive grooming and little resting. Furthermore, since IVT BBS decreases drinking at a dose lower than that required to reduce food intake, and IP BBS does not, the specific satiety effect of IP BBS on feeding cannot be mediated solely by increasing bombesin in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The effects of pimozide on the consumption of a palatable saccharin-glucose solution in the rat.

Two experiments investigated the role of dopamine in reward mechanisms by examining the effects of the specific dopamine receptor blocker pimozide on drinking behavior in the rat. In Experiment 1, the effects of pimozide on the consumption of a palatable saccharin-glucose solution were compared to the effects of quinine adulteration of the same solution. Pimozide and quinine both reduced 30 min/day consumption, decreased lick rate early in the drinking session and reduced lick efficiency in a dose related manner. In Experiment 2, the effects of pimozide on the consumption of a saccharin-glucose solution and water were compared in thirsty and nonthirsty rats. Pimozide suppressed the consumption of both water and the saccharin-glucose solution in a dose related manner. However, saccharin-glucose solution intake was suppressed more than water intake, and this effect was independent of thirst drive. The drug also decreased lick rate early in the drinking session and lick efficiency. The results are discussed in terms of the reward and sensory-motor deficits produced by dopamine receptor blocking agents.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Microinjections of SCH23390 and haloperidol into striatal subregions differentially affect water intake in the rat.

The nigrostriatal dopamine neurotransmission system is known to mediate various types of functional behaviors. Systemic administration of dopamine antagonists impairs drinking behavior induced by different dipsogenic agents. The present study was designed to further characterize the potential neural loci for hypodipsia under dopamine receptor blockade of the striatum via local administrations of SCH23390 and haloperidol. Water deprived rats were bilaterally implanted with cannula aimed at either the dorsomedial or ventrolateral striatum (DMS or VLS). Water intake was measured for 30 min after the intrastriatal microinjection. Results showed that the VLS site was more sensitive to DA receptor blockade than the DMS site to affect water consumption. However, only local infusion of haloperidol, rather than SCH23390, into the VLS site significantly reduced water intake. These data indicate that drinking performance can be sensitive to the heterogeneous functions of the striatum associated with specific dopamine receptor subtypes.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Cognitive processes and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of problem drinking.

Cognitive behavior Therapy has been shown to be an effective therapy for a wide range of clinical problems. However, the efficacy of CBT on addictive behavior is still unknown. This paper reviews the evidence for the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy treatment for problem drinkers and examines its relationship with cognitive models of problem drinking. A computer search of the literature showed that only 13 studies met the criteria for inclusion in this review. This review indicated that there is evidence to show that cognitive behavior therapy can be successfully applied to addictive behaviors, in particular, problem drinking. However, there is lack of evidence to show that cognitive behavior therapy supports cognitive models of problem drinking. Future direction for research in this area is suggested.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1996

Serotonergic activity of HP 184: does spontaneous release have a role?

Examination of HP 184, [N-n-propyl)-N-(3-fluoro-4-pyridinyl) -1H-3-methylindodel-1-amine hydrochloride], in a variety of tests for serotonergic activity revealed some unique properties of this compound. We report here that 100 microM HP 184 enhanced spontaneous release of [3H]serotonin (5-HT) from rat hippocampal slices. This release was independent of the uptake carrier. In vivo assays confirmed that HP 184 (20 mg/kg, i.p.) lacked significant interactions at the norepinephrine (NE) or 5-HT uptake carrier itself. Notably, HP 184 (15 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced drinking behavior in schedule-induced polydipsic (SIP) rats. We previously reported that some selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors decrease SIP 30-40% after a 14-21 day treatment. In the current study, HP 184 decreased SIP beginning with the first treatment, and this reduction (30%) was maintained for 28 days. We further investigated HP 184 and serotonin metabolite levels. One hour after i.p. administration of 30 mg/kg HP 184, the ratio of whole brain 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) to 5-HT was increased, suggesting serotonergic activation. Under these conditions, the brain:plasma ratio of HP 184 was approximately 2:1, with brain concentrations of 1.6 micrograms/gram. We speculate that the spontaneous release effects of HP 184 may be responsible for the behavioral effects observed.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
PubMed1985

[Effects of a new vasodilator, budralazine on water drinking activity, plasma norepinephrine, plasma angiotensin II, plasma arginine vasopressin, plasma serotonin concentration, urinary aldosterone excretion rate and urinary catecholamine excretion rate in rats].

Present study was undertaken to elucidate the effects of a new vasodilatating antihypertensive drug, budralazine on water drinking behavior and humoral factors including plasma norepinephrine (NE), angiotensin II (A II), arginine vasopressin (AVP), serotonin (5-HT) concentrations, urinary aldosterone and catecholamine excretion rates. After oral budralazine administration (10 mg/kg/day, p.o., for 7 days), systolic tail blood pressure of Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) decreased significantly. While, heart rate and water drinking activity of WKY significantly increased. Urinary catecholamine excretion rate did not change after oral administration of budralazine (10 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg/day, p.o.; for 7 days). However, significant increase in urinary aldosterone excretion rate was demonstrated. Both plasma A II and NE concentrations tended to increase after oral administration of budralazine (100 mg/kg/day). Plasma AVP and 5-HT concentrations were not influenced by budralazine. These findings suggest that budralazine acts on renin angiotensin aldosterone system as compared to that in the sympathetic nervous system.

Aldosterone↗
PubMed1989

Vasoactive intestinal peptide: behavioral effects in the rat and hamster.

The behavioral effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of the brain-gut peptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were quantified with a behavioral sampling technique in home-caged, nondeprived, male and female albino rats and golden hamsters. ICV VIP sex-dependently decreased observed resting behavior during 1 hr after injections in both rats and hamsters at 0.1-10.0 micrograms. Grooming behavior was increased in hamsters, and rearing and standing behaviors were increased in rats, sex-dependently at VIP doses that decreased resting. Drinking behavior was suppressed in rats by VIP at 10.0 micrograms. Intraperitoneal (IP) VIP (100.0 micrograms/kg) increased 5% ethanol intake and decreased eating behavior in fluid-deprived male rats. The increase in ethanol intake produced by IP VIP was prevented by IP cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK, 4.0 micrograms/kg). VIP potently controls resting and ingestive behaviors, suggesting a role for this neuropeptide, along with CCK, in the feedback regulation of rodent behavior.

Alcohol Drinking↗