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PubMed2002

Increase in milk yield following eprinomectin treatment at calving in pastured dairy cattle.

Gastrointestinal nematodes rarely cause signs of clinical disease in adult cattle. However, they have been shown to exert a negative impact on production in lactating animals, as seen by improved production following elimination of the worms using anthelmintics. A double blind, randomized clinical trial was performed in 28 dairy herds in Canada. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of treatment with eprinomectin pour-on solution (IVOMEC EPRINEX) at calving on production, in cattle that have had some exposure to pasture. Cows were randomly allocated to treatment or placebo in blocks of 10, based on calving date, and treated with eprinomectin or placebo on the day of calving. Information on milk production was obtained from all animals, as well as recorded cases of selected diseases. Milk production results from the Canadian dairy herd management system database were analysed using a mixed model with herd as a random effect and test within-cow as a repeated measurement. Test day milk yields from the first six tests after treatment were included in the model, representing a period of between 180 and 200 days in milk (dim). Treated cows produced an additional 0.94 kg of milk per day when compared to the controls over this period. The production effect was independent of calving season, age of the animal and geographical location. No effect of treatment was seen on milk composition, somatic cell count (scc) or on the selected health parameters that were recorded for all included animals. Monthly fecal egg counts (FEC) were performed for eight randomly selected animals in each herd. The observed FEC were low in this study, with a range from 0 to 419 trichostrongyle type eggs per 5g (ep5g) of feces in animals not yet treated with the anthelmintic. The average count was 9.8 and the median was 1.0. FECs dropped immediately after calving and stayed lower for at least 100 days in treated animals when compared to controls. In conclusion, gastrointestinal nematodes appear to have an effect on milk production in Canadian dairy cows that have had some degree of pasture exposure. Eliminating the present subclinical parasite burdens produced a consistent increase in milk production that can yield economic benefits for the dairy producer.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Impact of two probiotic Lactobacillus strains feeding on fecal lactobacilli and weight gains in chicken.

Two probiotic strains, Lactobacillus agilis JCM 1048 and L. salivarius subsp. salicinius JCM 1230 isolated from chicken intestine, exhibited probiotic characteristics that can be applied for chicken production. After 7 days of probiotic feeding (FD7), the count of intestinal lactobacilli in the probiotic group (group P, n=10) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that in the control group (group C, n=9). After 40 days of probiotic feeding (FD40), the lactobacilli and enterococci counts were stable but the Enterobacteriaceae number was significantly reduced (p<0.05). A total of 163 isolated lactobacilli were identified as the L. acidophilus/gallinarum group (49.7%), L. agilis (30.7%), L. salivarius (9.2%), L. reuteri (9.2%), and Lactobacillus spp. (1.2%). The probiotic lactobacilli positively affected the Lactobacillus biota in chickens at FD7, with a significant increase in the number (p<0.05) of L. agilis and group P. The viable counts of each Lactobacillus species at FD40, however, showed no differences between two groups. An increasing incidence of L. agilis was also noted with probiotic feeding. The probiotic effect of two strains resulted in significantly increased weight gains (10.7%) of group P in comparison with group C at FD40 (p<0.01).

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1997

Host and viral factors affecting the decreased immunogenicity of Sabin type 3 vaccine after administration of trivalent oral polio vaccine to rural Mayan children.

Factors affecting immunogenicity of the first 2 doses of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) among unimmunized Mayan infants were prospectively evaluated. The relative impact of multiple variables, including mass or routine vaccination, concurrent enteric bacterial (salmonella, shigella, and campylobacter) and viral (adenovirus 40/41, astrovirus, nonpolio enteroviruses, and rotavirus) infections, interference among Sabin vaccine viruses, and preexisting poliovirus antibodies were studied. Sera were available from 181 infants after 2 OPV doses. Seroresponses were 86% to Sabin type 1, 97% to Sabin type 2, and 61% to Sabin type 3 vaccines. Mass versus routine vaccination and preexisting poliovirus antibodies did not affect immunogenicity. By multiple logistic regression analysis, fecal shedding of homologous Sabin strains was associated with increased seroresponses to all Sabin types, especially to Sabin type 3. Decreased OPV immunogenicity was primarily attributable to interference of Sabin type 3 by Sabin type 2. OPV formulations with higher doses of Sabin type 3 could improve immunogenicity among infants in developing countries.

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMed2001

The impact of season and vegetation on the survival and development of Oesophagostomum dentatum larvae in pasture plots.

Pats of pig faeces containing known numbers of Oesophagostomum dentatum eggs were placed on plots with bare soil, short or tall herbage on 8 occasions during 1 year. The number of eggs and larvae and the relative distribution of larvae in faeces, soil and herbage was monitored for 1 year after deposition. On 2 occasions soil from 8 selected plots was given to pigs, which were later slaughtered and examined for the presence of adult O. dentatum. Less than 1% of the deposited eggs could be recovered as infective larvae. The highest recoveries were generally made on tall herbage plots. The majority of infective larvae was found within the faecal pats, which indicates that infective O. dentatum larvae, to a large extent, do not disperse onto the herbage or into soil. The infective larval stage was reached only when the mean temperature in the weeks post-deposition was above 10 degrees C. This stage was reached within 1 week when the mean weekly temperature was above 13 degrees C. After the winter period no infective larvae could be recovered from any plots and no parasitic worms could be isolated from pigs fed soil from 8 selected plots.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Elimination of fecal Enterobacteriaceae by intravenous ciprofloxacin is not inhibited by concomitant sucralfate--a microbiological and pharmacokinetic study in patients.

Intravenously administered ciprofloxacin is partially secreted into the intestinal lumen and thereby eliminates fecal Enterobacteriaceae. Sucralfate inhibits the antimicrobial activity of ciprofloxacin by chelate binding. In a prospective study, we investigated the impact of intravenous ciprofloxacin on the intestinal microflora during oral administration of sucralfate. A total of 45 stool specimens were analyzed in 20 hospitalized patients who were treated with 200 mg of ciprofloxacin i.v. bid. Ten patients concomitantly received 1 g sucralfate p.o. tid (group A). After more than 3 days of i.v. ciprofloxacin, the mean fecal ciprofloxacin concentration was 185.3 +/- 158.7 micrograms/g in patients of group A and 108.7 +/- 76.9 micrograms/g in patients without concurrent sucralfate (group B). There was no significant difference in mean fecal ciprofloxacin levels between both groups (Wilcoxon's test). Enterobacteriaceae were below the threshold of detection (10(2) cfu/g) in all patients of group B after 3 days of treatment whereas small numbers were found in only 2 samples of patients of group A (10(4) cfu/g). Intravenous ciprofloxacin eliminates or largely reduces intestinal Enterobacteriaceae irrespective of concurrent administration of sucralfate.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2002

The impact of sporadic campylobacter and salmonella infection on health and health related behaviour: a case control study.

The aim of the work was to explore the impact on general and psychological health of those with a proven bacterial gastrointestinal infection and to compare this with controls from whom no bacterial pathogen was identified. A case control study was conducted using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Thirty-nine cases from whose faeces salmonella or campylobacter had been cultured were compared with matched controls. Reported gastrointestinal symptoms, general health and self-reported hygiene practices were compared. At the time of acute illness the General Household Questionnaire suggested similar levels of morbidity, though by follow up the controls were substantially more likely to be distressed. Cases were more likely to have changed their food preparation practices, to avoid certain eating places and to have been given advice about food preparation. In this small study a positive diagnosis of salmonella or campylobacter seems to have had a reassuring effect when compared with those for whom no diagnosis was made.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1982

Menstrual cycle and protein requirements of women.

A nitrogen balance study was done to determine the protein requirement of healthy young women and to evaluate the impact of the menstrual cycle on nitrogen utilization. Six healthy young women were fed a defined formula diet with progressively decreasing levels of egg white protein: 4 mg nitrogen/basal kcal for 42 days, 3 mg nitrogen/basal kcal for 28 days and 2.5 mg nitrogen/basal kcal for 22 days. Dietary energy was fixed at about 38 kcal/kg body weight and exercise was standardized. Excreta, menstrual fluids, and integumentary losses were collected. A statistically significant (P less than .001) biphasic cycle in urinary nitrogen excretion was found in every subject. Linear regression analysis predicted nitrogen requirement to be 73 +/- 20 mg nitrogen/kg body weight. When expressed per kilogram of body weight, there appears to be no significant difference in protein requirement between women and men. The urinary nitrogen cycle, however, was found to be unique to women, implying a hormonal regulation of nitrogen utilization. The failure to account for this cycle in women could lead to erroneous estimates of nitrogen requirement or large coefficients of variation.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

The impact of somatotropin, milking frequency, and photoperiod on dairy farm nutrient flows.

Three technologies that increase milk production per cow and that are available to dairy producers are bovine somatotropin, three times daily milking, and extended daily photoperiod. Dairy herds fed according to National Research Council requirements were simulated to predict the impact of these technologies on N losses to manure and to water resources. Because Dairy Herd Improvement Association total lactation records (n = 93,080) revealed a positive linear relationship between 305-d milk production and calving interval, calving intervals were predicted to increase with the use of technologies and to result in a change in the ratio of lactating cows to growing heifers in a herd. Compared with a herd using no technologies, the use of bovine somatotropin, three times daily milking, or extended photoperiod were predicted to reduce herd N excretion per unit of milk by 7.8, 7.0, and 3.6%, respectively. When the use of all three technologies was simulated, N losses to manure were decreased by 15.7% when assuming calving interval increases from the technologies or 15.4% without accounting for calving interval increases. Reductions in feed N requirements and manure N losses with these three technologies were predicted to reduce environmental N loading by up to 16%.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed2001

Impact of breast-feeding on Giardia lamblia infections in Bilbeis, Egypt.

A total of 152 infants were followed from birth to 1 year of age in a rural community of Egypt to document Giardia lamblia infection and to determine the effect of breast-feeding on enteric infections by this protozoan. Asymptomatic Giardia infections persisted as long as 4 months, with a mean duration of excretion of 7.18 weeks. The incidence of asymptomatic infection was 4.5 episodes per child-year. Exclusively breast-fed infants had lower risk for asymptomatic (odds ratio [OR] = 0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.45-0.96, P < 0.05) and symptomatic infections (relative risk [RR] = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.27-0.90, P < 0.05). Furthermore, breast-fed infants had fewer clinical manifestations, including mucus in stool (23.8% versus 76.2%, P = 0.08), loss of appetite (17.6% versus 82.3%, P < 0.05), and abdominal tenderness (17% versus 82.9%, P < 0.05) compared with infants who were not exclusively breast-fed. Breast-feeding should be considered as an effective means to prevent Giardia infections and should be encouraged in regions where G. lambia is highly endemic.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Mixing and its impact on faecal coliform removal in a stabilisation pond.

Faecal coliform removal in stabilisation ponds is highly dependent on shortest water retention times. Tracer tests have been performed in a 3,300 m2 and 1.0 m deep pond, located in Southern France, to measure the retention times and bring light on the main influencing factors and mechanisms. Tracer concentrations were monitored at the outlet and 60 locations within the pond--at the surface, mid depth and the bottom of the water column. Pond water temperatures were measured at different depths and locations, together with pH, DO and redox potential. Wind velocity and rainfall were recorded. Water quality was monitored at the inlet, outlet and within the pond. Water retention times were shown to be strongly affected by weather conditions. Windy periods appeared to favour mixing regardless of the season. In sunny periods of spring and summer, a clear stratification was observed during daytime and vanished gradually during the night, suggesting alternation of mixed and stratified hydrodynamic patterns. This alternation was shown to influence microorganism contents within and at the outlet of the pond. Accurate prediction of shortest water retention times and disinfection performance requires 3D unsteady state fluid dynamic models that are able to take the influence of wind and water temperature distribution into account.

Disinfection↗

PubMed2000

[Effect of pancreatic substitutes on fecal and serum elastase and on pain in patients with chronic pancreatitis].

Views on the existence of a negative feedback between pancreatic secretion and intraduodenal of proteases in humans are controversial. The objective of the study was to find out whether enzyme substitution will have an impact on pancreatic enzyme secretion and pain in chronic pancreatitis. The preparation Panzytrate 2500 (2 x 3 capsules/day containing 1250 units of proteases per capsule) was administered for a 4-week period. In 18 patients with chronic pancreatitis (7 with the severe and 11 with the medium severe and mild form of pancreatitis) the faecal and serum pancreatic elastase was assessed one day before and one day after enzyme substitution therapy. A significant reduction of the faecal elastase concentration (p = 0.03) and serum elastase (p = 0.00375) was recorded in patients with mild and medium severe CP. The values of faecal and serum pancreatic elastase 1 were insignificantly reduced also in patients with severe chronic pancreatitis. Pain relief was statistically significant already after two weeks' administration of enzyme substitution therapy (p = 0.0233) and after four weeks' treatment (p = 0.00766). The results support the importance of the negative feedback on regulation of pancreatic secretion and the positive effect of substitution therapy on pain in chronic pancreatitis.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Assessing levels of pathogenic contamination in a heavily impacted river used as a drinking-water source.

This paper describes initial results from a research program that aims to gain greater understanding of sources of pathogens and the environmental factors that influence their survival and transport in watersheds. An additional goal is to enhance the ability to predict potential levels of pathogenic microorganisms arriving at drinking-water treatment plant intakes. The objectives will be supported by an intensive monitoring program examining the temporal and spatial variability of pathogens in a test watershed (the Grand River Watershed, Ontario). As many as 500,000 people potentially receive at least part of their drinking water from the Grand River. The watershed has significant urban and agricultural use. Sampling for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Campylobacter spp. began in July 2002. Although presumptive tests were occasionally positive, no Escherichia coli O157:H7 or Campylobacter spp. were confirmed to be present in water samples taken. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was, however, detected in a tributary of the Grand River during an initial investigation. Preliminary results did not show any statistically significant differences between coliform concentrations upstream and downstream of wastewater treatment plants. Data suggest that nonpoint sources may have a greater effect on routine stream coliform concentrations.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Economic impact of healthcare-associated rotavirus infection in a paediatric hospital.

The aim of this prospective study was to determine the extra-length of stay and the average cost for rotavirus healthcare-associated infection (HAI). Children admitted to the paediatric ward of the Reims University Hospital between the 1 December 2001 and 31 March 2002, were included in a pairwise matched (1:1) case-control study. Cases were defined as patients with rotavirus HAI. Controls were selected according to matching variables in a stepwise fashion. The costs measured in this study included all expenses sustained by the hospital. Information on costs was obtained from medical records and the hospital economic department. The attack rate and the incidence of healthcare-associated acquired rotavirus infection were 6.6% and 15.8 per 1000 hospital days, respectively, during a winter outbreak. Fifteen percent of HAI were identified after discharge. The average cost per case was 1930 and the mean excess length of stay was 4.9 days. Our findings clearly demonstrate the substantial expense incurred as a result of HAI caused by rotavirus in children. To prevent these costly infections, several cost-effective measures such as standard precautions should be reinforced in the education of the healthcare workers.

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMed1998

Cryptosporidiosis in northeastern Brazilian children: association with increased diarrhea morbidity.

To evaluate the impact of Cryptosporidium infection on diarrheal disease burden and nutrition status, a nested case-control study was done among children who were followed from birth in Fortaleza, Brazil. The diarrhea history and growth records of 43 children with a symptomatic diarrhea episode of cryptosporidiosis (case-children) were compared with those of 43 age-matched controls with no history of cryptosporidiosis. After Cryptosporidium infection, case-children < or = 1 year old experienced an excessive and protracted (nearly 2 years) diarrheal disease burden. Case-children < or = 1 year old with no history of diarrhea prior to their Cryptosporidium infection also experienced a subsequent increased diarrheal disease burden with an associated decline in growth. Control subjects experienced no change in their diarrhea burden over time. This study suggests that an episode of symptomatic Cryptosporidium infection in children < or = 1 year of age is a marker for increased diarrhea morbidity.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2005

The impact of intestinal microflora on serum bilirubin levels.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Intestinal microflora plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neonatal jaundice by inhibiting enterosystemic circulation of bilirubin. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of intestinal microflora on serum bilirubin levels in hyperbilirubinemic Gunn rats. METHODS: After a baseline phase Gunn rats received oral antibiotics (either clindamycin/neomycine or co-trimethoxazole for four days, phase II). Intestinal colonization was carried out either with a bilirubin-reducing strain of C. perfringens or C. pasteurianum incapable of reducing bilirubin (phase III). Serum bilirubin and fecal bile pigments were determined at the end of each phase. RESULTS: Oral administration of clindamycin/neomycine resulted in the disappearance of fecal urobilinoids. Simultaneously, serum bilirubin increased dramatically (186+/-31 vs. 289+/-35 micromol/l, P=0.004). Intestinal colonization with C. perfringens led to reappearance of fecal urobilinoid production accompanied with a partial decrease of serum bilirubin (289+/-35 vs. 239+/-17 micromol/l, P=0.013), whereas the effect of C. pasteurianum on bile pigment metabolism was negligible. Co-trimethoxazole therapy had no effect on serum and intestinal metabolism of bilirubin. CONCLUSIONS: Intestinal microflora greatly affects intravascular metabolism of bilirubin. Prolonged use of certain antibiotics in man may lead to an increase in serum bilirubin levels, while the enhancement of intestinal catabolism may have an opposite effect.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

The impact of prebiotics and salmonellosis on apparent nutrient digestibility and Salmonella typhimurium var. Copenhagen excretion in adult pigeons (Columba livia domestica).

The effects of lactose or fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) supplementation on the excretion of salmonellae, apparent digestibilities and excreta consistency were studied. Thirty-two male pigeons (Columba livia domestica) were randomly divided into 4 equal groups: 3 of 4 groups were orally infected with 10(9) Salmonella Typhimurium var. Copenhagen, after being offered a drinking water supplement of 2% FOS, 2% lactose, or no supplement, respectively, for 2 wk. Pigeons in the fourth group were not challenged with S. Typhimurium and remained unsupplemented. Initially, FOS increased water intake, resulting in more watery excreta. After infection, supplementation showed no major effects on S. Typhimurium excretion, nitrogen retention, or apparent nutrient digestibilities, although lactose--and to a lesser extent FOS--improved apparent fiber digestibility during recovery from the S. Typhimurium infection. The excreta consistency of all pigeons returned to normal when recovering from the Salmonella infection. In this trial, neither FOS nor lactose was successful in tempering the negative aspects of Salmonella infection in pigeons. Nevertheless, it should be stated that future investigations should clarify the importance of duration and level of prebiotic supplementation and infection level.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2003

Occurrence of Listeria sp and L monocytogenes in sewage sludge used for land application: effect of dewatering, liming and storage in tank on survival of Listeria species.

The application of sewage sludge to agricultural land is widely used in France. To determine the impact of sludge treatments, concentrations of Listeria sp., Listeria monocytogenes and faecal indicators were monitored in five types of sludge from three sewage treatment plants in Angers (France) and its suburbs over a 1-year period. On the whole, bacteria were reduced in numbers through sludge treatments. Apart from liming, which leads to reduced levels of bacteria below detection limits, other sludge treatments did not eliminate Listeria sp. and faecal indicators. Listeria sp. and L. monocytogenes were found respectively in 87% and 73% of dewatered sludges and in 96% and 80% of sludges stored in tanks. Concentrations of L. monocytogenes, ranging from 0.15 to 20 MPN g(-1) dry matter in dewatered sludge and from 1 to 240 MPN g(-1) dry matter in sludge stored in tanks, did not show seasonal variations. Spreading of sanitised sludge onto agricultural land results in the addition of 10(6)-10(8) L. monocytogenes per hectare per year, which may contribute to the increase in the dissemination of this pathogenic species in the environment.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1997

Cryptosporidium parvum: oocyst excretion and viability patterns in experimentally infected lambs.

Cryptosporidium parvum infections of domestic animals can have a considerable economic impact and as oocysts are voided in the faeces of infected hosts, environmental contamination with agricultural waste has also become a matter of concern. Since only viable oocysts are potentially infectious, the numbers of oocysts excreted during infection can have important implications for both veterinary and public health. During the course of infection in experimentally infected lambs, oocyst viability was assessed by a fluorogenic vital dyes assay and by a maximized in vitro excystation assay. The excreted oocyst populations contained a higher proportion of viable oocysts 5-11 days post infection (d.p.i.) than later in the infection. Oocyst viability declined consistently 11-15 d.p.i. and coincided with periods when peaks in serum and intestinal anti-Cryptosporidium antibodies have been reported to occur. Infected lambs excreted a mean of 4.8 (standard error [S.E.] +/- 0.4) x 10(9) oocysts per g of faeces, of which half were non-viable and therefore of no significance for disease transmission. This study demonstrates that the numbers of viable oocysts excreted by infected lambs is smaller than previously suspected.

Animals↗