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Results for “GINGIVAL DISEASES”

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PubMed1997

Oral scurvy and periodontal disease.

Although gingival bleeding is a manifestation of both scurvy and inflammatory periodontal disease, the two conditions are distinctly separate entities. The defective collagen synthesis associated with scurvy also manifests many of the same symptoms as deficient vitamin C physiology, but neither condition is associated with periodontal disease. Unlike scurvy, the various periodontal diseases are caused by oral plaque microorganisms. The body's reaction to these microorganisms is strongly influenced by the compromised functioning of leucocytes and monocytes. Although certain infections and systemic diseases cause gingival bleeding, avitaminosis-C does not cause commonly encountered periodontitis. Vitamin C should not be used for the prophylaxis or cure of periodontal disease in otherwise healthy, well-nourished individuals. A patient with bleeding gingivae warrants referral to a periodontist, oral medicine specialist, or appropriately qualified dentist for examination and treatment.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diminished immunoglobulin synthesis after stimulation of mononuclear cells from periodontal disease tissue.

Gingival mononuclear cells from patients with adult periodontitis were cultured to determine the potential for IgG production. All samples (N = 27) showed IgG synthesis. Some samples demonstrated IgG synthetic activity over the entire period in culture, often with maximum synthesis after 8 days. Other samples showed IgG synthesis during the first half of the culture period and then little detectable production for the remainder. Cells were either untreated or treated with one of several different known mitogens during the culture period. Total IgG synthesis by peripheral blood lymphocytes was enhanced in the presence of pokeweed mitogen, E. coli lipopolysaccharide and killed. A. actinomycetemcomitans. In contrast, IgG synthesis by gingival cells in the presence of these same additives was significantly reduced when compared to gingival cell synthesis in the absence of mitogens; suggesting the presence of suppression in this system. These differences in responsiveness may be attributable to the unique combination of T cells found in the gingival tissues of patients with periodontal diseases. The patterns of IgG synthesis by gingival cells were different from those of peripheral blood cells from the same patient. This finding verified the distinctiveness of local immunoregulatory mechanisms in periodontal disease tissue from those found systemically.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Periodontal inflammation: from gingivitis to systemic disease?

There has been a resurgence of interest in recent years in the systemic effects of oral infections such as periodontal diseases. The study of the various means by which periodontal infections and inflammation may influence a variety of systemic conditions is collectively referred to as periodontal medicine. The periodontium responds to tooth-borne biofilm (dental plaque) by the process of inflammation. Dental biofilms release a variety of biologically active products, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins), chemotactic peptides, protein toxins, and organic acids. These molecules stimulate the host to produce a variety of responses, among them the production and release of potent agents known as cytokines. These include interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-8, prostaglandins, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. There is a spectrum of periodontal response to these molecules, from mild gingivitis to severe destructive periodontitis. These and other host products and responses may influence a variety of important disease pathways, including atherosclerosis, mucosal inflammation, and premature parturition. The purpose of this article is to review the possible biological pathways by which periodontal diseases may influence these disease processes.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Gingivitis and periodontal disease in pregnancy.

Forty pregnant women in each of three trimesters of pregnancy and forty nonpregnant women of comparable age, socioeconomic status and dietary habit have been examined to evaluate the gingival condition and the calculus and debris deposits. The study has shown that: There is a significant increase in the severity of gingivitis during pregnancy; The gingival changes progressively increase during the course of pregnancy; The gingival changes are more marked than the periodontal changes seen during pregnancy (increase in periodontal disease was seen in only a limited number of cases); There was an appreciable increase in the calculus and debris deposits in the pregnant as compared to the nonpregnant women; Increase in the calculus and debris deposits was apparent in all the trimesters of pregnancy; Gingival changes showed a greater correlation with the calculus and the debris index in the pregnant than in the nonpregnant women; The role of the irritant oral deposits either as a precipitating or perpetuating factor in the genesis of gingivitis during pregnancy can not be excluded.

Dental Calculus↗
PubMed1991

Anti-plaque agents. Rationale and prospects for prevention of gingivitis and periodontal disease.

Oral health surveys have shown that even in countries with established patterns of oral hygiene habits, most individuals have relatively poor gingival health. This is due to a low interest in complying with oral health procedures. A number of factors are apparent when investigating compliance to oral hygiene habits, viz only approximately 50% of the population brushes twice a day or more, brushing time is probably much too short and use of dental floss is not very prevalent. Studies of the effect of motivation on oral hygiene suggest that improvements can be achieved, but these are not maintained unless motivation is continuously reinforced. This suggests that topically applied anti-plaque agents should be used to augment mechanical plaque control. A number of product forms are available to delivery anti-plaque agents i.e., mouthrinses, dentifrices, aqueous gels, and additionally floss, chewing gum and lozenges. Any product form should provide a physically, chemically and microbiologically stable environment for the agent concerned. It should facilitate optimal bioavailability of the agents at the site of action and encourage patient compliance. Anti-plaque agents for topical administration should have the following properties: high intrinsic efficacy against a broad spectrum of oral organisms, toxicological and ecological safety, oral substantivity, no adverse reactions and good chemical stability. A number of classes of anti-plaque agents have been identified such as positively charged organic molecules, metal salts, phenols, enzymes, peroxides, sugar substitutes, fluorides and surface modifying agents. In order to achieve optimal bioavailability, the agent to be dosed should be compatible with the product form used. The 2 major product forms are rinses and dentifrices.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Gingival architectural forms in periodontal diseases.

Changes in the gingival architectural form and the incidence were observed on 1,700 interdental papillae and 3,791 parts of the gingival margin of 89 patients, both males and females, with periodontal diseases. The effects of improperly adapted restoration, tooth irregularity, depth of periodontal pocket and degree of bone loss on the gingival changes were also examined. Of the four types of changes observed in the marginal gingiva, the recessed form occurred most frequently. Next in order of frequency of occurrence were the ledged, festoon and cleft forms. The greater part of the gingival changes observed in the interdental papilla were both of the blunted and enlarged forms. In the interdental papilla, the blunted and cratered forms increased and the enlarged form decreased according to the degree of bone loss. Improperly adapted restoration and tooth irregularity influenced the gingival changes observed. The depth of the periodontal pocket was not found to influence the gingival form.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Relevance of local Th2-type cytokine mRNA expression in immunocompetent infiltrates in inflamed gingival tissue to periodontal diseases.

It has been suggested that the types of inflammatory round cell infiltrates and the divergence in the cytokine production profile by macrophages and helper T cells regulate the course of infectious or inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis and gingivitis. We examined the expression of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA in the inflamed gingiva by in situ hybridization. The results of single-cell analysis were used as data sets for statistical analyses. The density of cells expressing IL-1alpha, IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA was higher in periodontitis than in gingivitis. IL-2 mRNA-expressing cells were almost absent in gingivitis specimens. Principal component analysis disclosed three factors explaining 84.8% of the variance: one accounting for 40.5% of the variance and mainly regulated by IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha, and two others, explaining 29.9% and 14.4% of the variance, describing the relationship between the types of cytokines derived from macrophages or Th2 type. These results suggest that the cytokines produced by inflammatory cells infiltrating in the gingival tissue are influential on the progression of gingivitis, an acute and reversible inflammatory condition, to chronic and destructive periodontitis. Thus, periodontal disease progression may be regulated by the local cytokine network, and the bias in this network towards a Th2-type cytokine dominance could be an exacerbating factor.

Adult↗