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PubMed1985

The composition of Karadi ewe's and goat's milk.

The composition of bulk milk of 18 herds of ewes and 14 herds of goats and the milk of 10 individual animals of each ewes and goats during a 12 weeks lactation period was studied. The average percentage of acidity of bulk ewe's milk (0.22), fat (6.4), lactose (4.3), total nitrogen (0.9) calcium (0.169), ash (0.940) and total solids (18.6) were higher than 0.17, 4.0, 3.9, 0.62, 0.130, 0.81 and 12.8 of bulk goat's milk. Phosphorus (0.074) was almost similar to (0.077), while non-protein nitrogen (0.0022) was about thirteen times lower than 0.028 of goat's milk. Determined parameters increased, whereas lactose and non-protein nitrogen decreased with progression of the lactation period. Individual ewe's milk occasionally contained 1.4% fat and 0.56% total nitrogen closely resembling individual goat's milk.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Fiber growth initiation in hair follicles of goats treated with melatonin.

The sequence of structural changes in goat hair follicles was investigated using melatonin implants to advance and synchronize spring hair growth. Ten pasture fed cashmere wethers each received a controlled release formulation of 70 mg of melatonin on September 1 1989, and showed plasma melatonin elevated above physiological levels over 14 days post-treatment (914 +/- 154 pg/ml [mean +/- SEM] on day 14). In ten untreated animals, daytime plasma melatonin was 19.9 +/- 4.7 pg/ml. Histological examination of skin biopsies taken over the 14 days from the start of the experiment showed that primary hair follicles of goats with manipulated hormone levels had initiated fiber growth (entered proanagen), whereas primary follicles of untreated goats largely remained in the quiescent phase (telogen). A standardized terminology was used to describe the sequence of events during induced proanagen. Structural reorganization of follicles began in treated animals between days 6 and 12 post-treatment, and emergent fibers grew by day 24. Advancement of spring fiber growth was associated with a suppression of the normal rise in plasma prolactin concentration. Prolactin levels in untreated goats increased from 7.4 +/- 1.8 ng/ml on day 1 to 12.8 +/- 1.6 ng/ml on day 14, but declined in treated goats from 6.3 +/- 2.3 ng/ml to 2.2 +/- 0.8 ng/ml over the same period.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Anatomy of the posterolateral aspect of the goat knee.

The purpose of this study was to determine the anatomy of the posterolateral aspect of the goat knee for future in vivo studies using a goat model to examine the natural history of posterolateral knee injuries. Twelve non-paired, fresh-frozen, adult goat knees were dissected to determine the anatomy of the posterolateral corner. The main posterolateral structures identified in the goat knee were the lateral collateral ligament, the popliteus muscle and tendon, popliteomeniscal fascicles, and the lateral gastrocnemius muscle. The lateral collateral ligament was extra-articular and coursed from its proximal attachment, located posterior and proximal to the lateral epicondyle, to its distal attachment on the lateral aspect of the fused proximal tibiofibula. The popliteus muscle attached to the medial edge of the posterodistal tibia, traveled anterolaterally, became intra-articular at its musculotendinous junction, and attached to the lateral femur just distal to the lateral epicondyle. Distinct popliteomeniscal fascicles attached the lateral meniscus to the popliteus muscle and tendon, and a fascial attachment from the musculotendinous junction of the popliteus muscle coursed to the lateral tibial plateau. This study provided information on the structures present in the posterolateral aspect of the goat knee and enhanced our understanding of their relationships to analogous structures in the human knee. This information is important to enable future development of potential models of the natural history of posterolateral knee injuries and also to test surgical techniques and the in vivo effects of these injuries on cruciate ligament reconstructions.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Cartilage tissue engineering by expanded goat articular chondrocytes.

In this study we investigated whether expanded goat chondrocytes have the capacity to generate cartilaginous tissues with biochemical and biomechanical properties improving with time in culture. Goat chondrocytes were expanded in monolayer with or without combinations of FGF-2, TGF-beta1, and PDGFbb, and the postexpansion chondrogenic capacity assessed in pellet cultures. Expanded chondrocytes were also cultured for up to 6 weeks in HYAFF-M nonwoven meshes or Polyactive foams, and the resulting cartilaginous tissues were assessed histologically, biochemically, and biomechanically. Supplementation of the expansion medium with FGF-2 increased the proliferation rate of goat chondrocytes and enhanced their postexpansion chondrogenic capacity. FGF-2-expanded chondrocytes seeded in HYAFF-M or Polyactive scaffolds formed cartilaginous tissues with wet weight, glycosaminoglycan, and collagen content, increasing from 2 days to 6 weeks culture (up to respectively 2-, 8-, and 41-fold). Equilibrium and dynamic stiffness measured in HYAFF M-based constructs also increased with time, up to, respectively, 1.3- and 16-fold. This study demonstrates the feasibility to engineer goat cartilaginous tissues at different stages of development by varying culture time, and thus opens the possibility to test the effect of maturation stage of engineered cartilage on the outcome of cartilage repair in orthotopic goat models.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Transgenic goats produced by DNA pronuclear microinjection of in vitro derived zygotes.

This study was undertaken to investigate various factors affecting the outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF) of oocytes retrieved by laparoscopic ovum pick-up (LOPU) technique from prepubertal and adult goats, as well as to evaluate the developmental competence of in vitro produced embryos. Oocyte-cumulus complexes recovered by LOPU from donors stimulated with gonadotrophins were matured in vitro. Fresh semen was used for IVF following various capacitation treatments. In vitro produced zygotes were either cultured to assess in vitro development or were transferred into recipients for full term development. The results indicated that successful IVF of the goat oocytes was affected by factors such as sperm capacitation treatment, oocyte quality, and abundance of cumulus cells on zona pellucida. Oocytes from both prepubertal and adult goats demonstrated similar full term developmental competence despite the fact that in vitro developmental rates were lower for prepubertal goats. The births of transgenic offspring demonstrated that the established LOPU-IVF technology combined with pronuclear microinjection can be successfully used to produce transgenic goats.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Germ cell transplantation in goats.

Transplantation of spermatogonial stem cells provides a unique approach for the study of spermatogenesis and manipulation of the male germ line. This technique may also offer an alternative to the currently inefficient methods of producing transgenic domestic animals. We have recently established the technique of spermatogonial transplantation, originally developed in laboratory rodents, in pigs, and this study was aimed to extend the technique to the goat. Isolated donor testis cells were infused into the seminiferous tubules of anesthetized recipient goats through an ultrasonographically-guided catheter inserted into the rete testis. Donor cells were obtained by enzymatic digestion of freshly collected testes from immature goats (either from the recipients' contralateral testis or from unrelated donors). Prior to transplantation, testis cells were labeled with a fluorescent marker to allow identification after transplantation. Recipient testes were examined for the presence and localization of labeled donor cells at 3-week intervals up to 12 weeks after transplantation. Labeled donor cells were found in the seminiferous tubules of all testes, comprising 10-35% of the examined tubules. Histological examination of the recipient testes did not reveal evident tissue damage, except for limited fibrotic changes at the site of needle insertion. Likewise there were no detectable local or systemic signs of immunologic reactions to the transplantations. These results indicate that germ cell transplantation is technically feasible in immature male goats and that donor-derived cells are retained in the recipient testis for at least three months and through puberty. This study represents the first report of germ cell transplantation in goats.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Effect of macromolecule supplementation during in vitro maturation of goat oocytes on developmental potential.

In vitro maturation (IVM) of goat oocytes with serum-supplemented media results in oocytes with reduced developmental potential. The objective of this study was to develop a defined medium for IVM of goat oocytes that better supports subsequent embryonic development. Cumulus oocyte complexes (COC) were matured for 18-20 hr in: Experiment (1), tissue culture medium 199 (TCM199) with 10% (v/v) goat serum or modified synthetic oviduct fluid maturation medium (mSOFmat) with 2.5, 8.0, or 20.0 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (BSA); Experiment (2), mSOFmat with 4.0, 8.0, 12.0, or 16.0 mg/ml BSA; or Experiment (3), 1.0 mg/ml polyvinyl alcohol (PVA; control), 4.0 mg/ml BSA, 0.5 mg/ml hyaluronate plus 0.5 mM citrate, or hyaluronate, citrate, and BSA. Mature COC were coincubated for 20-22 hr with 12-15 x 10(6) sperm/ml in modified Brackett and Oliphant (mBO) medium. Embryos were cultured for a total of 7 days in G1/2, and evaluated for cleavage, and blastocyst development, hatching, and total cell numbers. In the first experiment, more (P < 0.05) blastocysts developed per cleaved embryo following maturation in mSOFmat with 2.5 or 8.0 mg/ml BSA than with 20.0 mg/ml BSA or TCM199 with 10% goat serum. The various concentrations of BSA used in the second experiment did not affect (P > 0.05) any of the developmental endpoints examined. In the third experiment, developmental potential of oocytes matured with PVA or hyaluronate with citrate was not different (P > 0.05) from oocytes matured in the presence of BSA. These results demonstrate that developmentally competent goat oocytes can be matured under defined conditions.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Effects of duration, concentration, and timing of ionomycin and 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) treatment on activation of goat oocytes.

The protocol of ionomycin followed by 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) is commonly used for activation of oocytes and reconstituted embryos. Since numerous abnormalities and impaired development were observed when oocytes were activated with 6-DMAP, this protocol needs optimization. Effects of concentration and treatment duration of both drugs on activation and development of goat oocytes were examined in this study. The best oocyte activation (87-95%), assessed by pronuclear formation, was obtained when oocytes matured in vitro for 27 hr were treated with 0.625-20 microM ionomycin for 1 min before 6-hr incubation in 2 mM 6-DMAP. Progressional reduction of time for 6-DMAP-exposure showed that the duration of 6-DMAP treatment can be reduced to 1 hr from the second up to the fourth hour after ionomycin, to produce activation rates greater than 85%. Activation rates of oocytes in vitro matured for 27, 30, and 33 hr were higher (P < 0.05) than that of oocytes matured for 24 hr when treated with ionomycin plus 1-hr (the third hour) 6-DMAP, but a 4-hr incubation in 6-DMAP enhanced activation of the 24-hr oocytes. Goat activated oocytes began pronuclear formation at 3 hr and completed it by 5-hr post ionomycin. An extended incubation in 6-DMAP (a) impaired the development of goat parthenotes, (b) quickened both the release from metaphase arrest and the pronuclear formation, and (c) inhibited the chromosome movement at anaphase II (A-II) and telophase II (T-II), leading to the formation of one pronucleus without extrusion of PB2. In conclusion, duration, concentration, and timing of ionomycin and 6-DMAP treatment had marked effects on goat oocyte activation, and to obtain better activation and development, goat oocytes matured in vitro for 27 hr should be activated by 1 min exposure to 2.5 microM ionomycin followed by 2 mM 6-DMAP treatment for the third hour.

Adenine↗

PubMed2002

Maternal olfaction differentially modulates oxytocin and prolactin release during suckling in goats.

In postparturient goats, olfactory recognition of the young allows the establishment of a selective bond between the mother and her kids. Once this bond is formed, the mother rejects alien young that attempt to suckle. We tested whether the development of the maternal selective bond in goats modulates prolactin (PRL) and oxytocin (OT) release in response to suckling. On day 37 of lactation, serial blood samples were taken during nursing of the mother's own or alien kid(s) in 10 intact/selective goats and in 10 goats rendered anosmic/nonselective through prepartum peripheral ZnSO(4) irrigation. Spontaneous nursing behavior was also studied weekly from day 7 to 30 of lactation, at which time milk production was measured. Maternal selectivity had no effect on PRL release, in contrast to OT release, which was significantly affected by this factor. Intact mothers released OT only when nursing their own kids, but not with aliens, while anosmic/nonselective dams showed an increase in OT levels regardless of the identity of the kids. In addition to these effects on maternal selectivity, the amplitude of the response of both hormones was lower in anosmic mothers than in intact mothers. Finally, nursing behavior and milk production were not significantly affected by anosmia. We conclude that maternal selective behavior in goats, which relies on the individual olfactory signature of the kid, modulates the OT, but not the PRL, response to suckling. In addition, perception of the smell of the young appears to have a general facilitatory effect, independent of the kid's identity, on the release of both hormones.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Changes in ultrastructural calcium distribution in goat atria during atrial fibrillation.

It has been suggested that Ca(2+)content of atrial cardiomyocytes is increased at the onset of atrial fibrillation (AF). Whether this phenomenon is transient is currently unknown. Therefore, in this study the time-related changes in Ca(2+)location in atrial myocytes from goats with chronic AF have been investigated. The distribution of calcium was assessed with the electron microscope using the cytochemical phosphate-pyroantimonate and oxalate-pyroantimonate methods in atrial biopsies from goats in sinus rhythm and goats with 1-16 weeks of burst-pacing-induced AF. In atrial myocytes from control goats in sinus rhythm, a normal Ca(2+)distribution was observed, with regular deposits along the sarcolemma (an average of 3.4 deposits per microm at a regular distance). The number of sarcolemma-bound Ca(2+)deposits substantially increased after 1 and 2 weeks of atrial fibrillation. After this period the amount of Ca(2+)precipitate decreased at 4 and 8 weeks, and became below control level at 16 weeks. A similar time-related redistribution of Ca(2+)occurred in mitochondria. Whereas mitochondria from control goats displayed very few Ca(2+)deposits (average 4.0 deposits per micro m(2)), their number markedly increased after 1 and 2 weeks of atrial fibrillation, which indicates cellular Ca(2+)overload. From 4 weeks, Ca(2+)deposits reached control levels and were below control level after 16 weeks of atrial fibrillation (2.5 deposits per microm(2)). Our findings are consistent with the previously observed Ca(2+)overload early after the onset of atrial fibrillation. The present study shows that this overload persists for at least 2 weeks, after which the cardiomyocytes apparently adapt to a new Ca(2+)homeostasis, thereby avoiding Ca(2+)overload. This protection against Ca(2+)overload co-occurs with dedifferentiation like cellular remodeling.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Epididymal epithelial cell involution following a single intraperitoneal administration of ethane dimethanesulfonate in the goat (Capra hircus).

Ethane dimethanesulfonate (EDS) selectively destroys Leydig cells in rats and a few other smaller animal species but not in mice and quail. In the teleost fish, it stimulates testicular activity instead. It also causes formation of sperm granulomas, reduction of sperm fertilizing ability, and destruction of clear cells in the epididymis. Investigations involving larger animal species are scanty. We have previously reported that EDS has no effect on goat Leydig cells but appears to have a direct cytotoxic effect on the seminiferous epithelium. This study was therefore designed to investigate the effects of EDS on goat epididymal cytoarchitecture. EDS was administered intraperitoneally at two dose levels, 75 and 25 mg/kg body wt. The former dose was rather toxic, killing three of five goats in this group within 24 h whereas the latter dose was well tolerated. Six days after treatment, the goats were hemicastrated and the epididymis was isolated and processed for light and electron microscopy. Involution associated with EDS was observed in epithelial cells of all regions of the epididymis, each having its own specific and peculiar changes. In the caput, there was increased cytoplasmic density accompanied by enlarged vacuoles and paucity of secretory vesicles in the apical cytoplasm. The Golgi cisternae were dilated and disorganized and, in the basal aspect, large dense staining bodies or inclusions, degenerative mitochondria, and lamellated bodies were observed. In the corpus, large vacuoles containing flocculent materials occurred in the entire cell cytoplasm but were particularly numerous and large in the midcytoplasm, completely obliterating the Golgi area. There was a dramatic reduction in epithelial height in the cauda epididymis accompanied by sparse distribution of markedly shortened microvilli. The epithelial cells had extensively lobulated nuclei and disorganized cytoplasm with dilated Golgi apparatus and large conglomerations of tubular structures. These structural changes suggest that EDS causes degeneration of goat epididymal epithelial cells. These effects are likely to result from the direct action of the compound on the epithelium.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

The effect of induced fever on the biokinetics of norfloxacin and its interaction with probenecid in goats.

The kinetic profiles of norfloxacin were evaluated in afebrile, febrile and probenecid pre-treated (70 mg/kg orally) febrile goats after a single intravenous (i.v.) dose (5 mg/kg). Fever was induced and maintained for 12 h by injecting Escherichia coli endotoxin (0.2 microgram/kg, i.v.) and repeating it in half the dose (0.1 microgram/kg) 5 h later. The plasma pharmacokinetic values for norfloxacin were best represented using a two-compartment open model. The peak norfloxacin plasma level of 90.52 +/- 3.18 micrograms/ml attained in the probenecid pre-treated febrile goats was higher than that in the febrile (75.46 +/- 0.72 micrograms/ml) or afebrile goats (62.25 +/- 1.23 micrograms/ml). ClB and Kel values were significantly (p < 0.01) decreased in febrile compared with afebrile goats. These values were further reduced in febrile goats after probenecid pre-treatment. However, t1/2 beta was not affected by the fever-probenecid interaction. Norfloxacin may be used as an infusion with probenecid in caprine diseases where very high plasma levels are required to combat resistant organisms such as Bacteroides.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1986

Effect of dehydration and rapid rehydration on renal function and on plasma renin and aldosterone levels in the black Bedouin goat.

Bedouin goats in the extreme deserts of the Middle East are regularly subjected to severe dehydration and possess a capacity to rapidly rehydrate by drinking large volumes of water. Urine flow, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) in the fully hydrated animals amounted to 0.74 +/- 0.4 ml X min-1, 76 +/- 29 ml X min-1 and 344 +/- 146 ml X min-1 respectively. In goats that were dehydrated to a loss of about 30% of their initial body weight, urine flow dropped to 24% of the value recorded in the hydrated animals and GFR and ERPF dropped to half their level recorded in the hydrated phase. Na and K+ excretion decreased in the water depleted goats and further decrease was recorded following drinking. Following drinking the urine flow, GFR and ERPF of the recently rehydrated goats dropped to below the rates recorded in the dehydrated animals. During the 3 h of the continuous recording that followed the drinking, all three rates did not exceed the predrinking level. Plasma renin activity amounted to 0.37 +/- 0.32 ng AI X ml-1 X h-1 in the hydrated animals. In dehydrated ones it amounted to 4.8 +/- 2.8 ng AI X ml-1 X h-1 and a further increase was recorded following drinking. Aldosterone in the hydrated goats was 5.5 +/- 4.3 ng% and increased to 13.9 +/- 2.3 ng% in the dehydrated animal and amounted to 20.1 +/- 5.5 ng% 2 h following drinking.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aldosterone↗

PubMed1991

A western blot assay for the detection of antibodies to bovine immunodeficiency-like virus in experimentally inoculated cattle, sheep, and goats.

A cocultivation method was used to establish a cytocidal bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (BIV) infection in primary fetal bovine lung (FBL) cell cultures. Cultures were monitored for virus production using radial immunodiffusion and agar gel immunodiffusion. Pelleted virus and detergent (CHAPS)-solubilized infected cell lysates from BIV-infected cell cultures were compared as sources of antigen for Western blots. Pelleted virus preparations from FBL-BIV cell cultures produced the best antigen for Western blot. Sheep and goats were inoculated with BIV and serum antibody responses were monitored up to 1 year post inoculation (PI). Sera from experimentally infected cattle, sheep, and goats reacted in Western blot assay with BIV viral induced polypeptides gp 110, p 72, p 55, p 50, gp 42, p 38, p 26, p 24, p 18, p 15, and p 13. Antibodies to p 26 were detected as early as 2 weeks PI in cattle, sheep, and goats. Antibodies to gp 110 were detected by 4 to 6 weeks PI in cattle, and by 9 months PI in sheep and goats. Antibodies to BIV proteins were still evident in cattle sera 2 1/2 years PI, and in sheep and goat sera 1 year PI.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Type, diameter and distribution of fibres in some respiratory and abdominal muscles of the goat.

This study was designed to determine the histochemical properties, size and composition of fibres in the diaphragm, intercostal and abdominal muscles of goats to clarify whether reported similarities in respiratory muscle physiology between goats and humans have a structural basis. Serial sections (10 microns) of muscular tissue from adult female goats were stained for myosin adenosine triphosphatase and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase-tetrazolium reductase activities; the fibres were classified into type I, IIA and IIB; and their mean diameter and composition were determined. Abdominal and intercostal muscles contained types I, IIA and IIB fibres in the ratio 1:1:1, and the mean diameter of the fibres ranged from 49.2 to 62.2 microns. In contrast, the diaphragm contained 58.9% type I and 41.1% type II fibres, and the latter could not be differentiated into types IIA and IIB. Diaphragmatic fibres were also smaller (36.9-40.9 microns). These findings contrast with those in humans, where the diaphragm, intercostal and abdominal muscles contain > 50% type I fibres and have fibres of identical diameter. The differences in fibre characteristics between the diaphragm, intercostal and abdominal muscles of goats and the differences between goats and humans need to be taken into consideration in interpreting the results from studies in respiratory muscle physiology.

Abdominal Muscles↗

PubMed1995

A comparison of plasma metabolite levels in goats and sheep during continuous low-level administration of fenbendazole.

Plasma levels of fenbendazole (FBZ) and its sulphoxide (OFZ) and sulphone (FBZ.SO2) metabolites were measured in goats and sheep during low-level administration of FBZ given by intraruminal infusion or formulated into a urea-molasses feed supplement block (UMB). In experiment 1, 6 goats and 6 sheep were offered UMB containing 0.5 g FBZ/kg (MUMB) and individual block consumption was measured daily for 18 days. In experiment 2, some of the same animals (n = 4 for each species) received FBZ by intraruminal infusion at 1, 1.5 and 3 mg/kg liveweight per day for 7 days at each dosage. FBZ, OFZ and FBZ.SO2 levels were determined in plasma collected every 3 days in experiment 1 and on days 4, 5 and 6 of each infusion period in experiment 2. In both experiments, higher equilibrium levels were observed for the three metabolites in sheep than in goats. Significant linear relationships were observed between the daily FBZ dosages and the plasma levels of the three metabolites in both species. The regression coefficients were significantly higher in sheep than in goats for FBZ and OFZ but not for FBZ.SO2, and they were also significantly higher during MUMB administration than during infusion for all three metabolites in both species. FBZ is a suitable anthelmintic for incorporation into a MUMB formulation for use in livestock production systems where responses to molasses urea supplementation have been demonstrated and gastrointestinal parasitism impairs productivity. The results indicate that target dose rates for goats should be 0.75 mg/kg per day compared with 0.5 mg/kg per day for sheep.

Absorption↗

PubMed1985

Abscesses and caseous lymphadenitis in goats in tropical semi-arid north-east Brazil.

This study reports the incidence of abscesses in relation to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in goats in north-east Brazil. Among 656 goats examined periodically over almost two years 41.6% were found with superficially palpable abscesses. Most of the infected areas were in the anterior half of the body in front of the pre-scapular region; the inguinal region formed the other prominent area. Among 486 dead or slaughtered goats, 56 (11.5%) revealed abscesses in the internal organs. Lungs and epididymis were affected most, liver, spleen, udder and lateropharyngeal nodes were next in order and kidneys and mediastinal nodes were least affected. Thus the overall incidence of external and internal abscesses was 28.8%; of all the abscesses 27.7% were due to C. pseudotuberculosis and the rest due to infections of Corynebacterium pyogenes and several species of streptococci or staphylococci. The growth of C. pseudotuberculosis-infected and non-infected goats was of the same order and it seems that caseous lymphadenitis is not the cause of much financial loss in north-east Brazil but in view of its high incidence remedial measures should be considered necessary in regions where the goat meat industry is likely to become more intensive and important.

Abscess↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative pharmacokinetics of salicylate in camels, sheep and goats.

This study compared some pharmacokinetic parameters of DL-lysine-acetyl salicylate administered intravenously (i.v.) and intramuscularly (i.m.) at a dose of 20 mg/kg in camels, sheep and goats. The data was analyzed using a non-compartmental model. In camels, sheep and goats given the drug i.v., the t1/2 values were 43.1, 31.2 and 27.3; the clearance (Cl) values were 203.7, 261.1, and 280.4 ml/h/kg, while the area under the curve (AUC) were 100.1, 106.9 and 110.5 mg.h/L, respectively. In camels, sheep and goats given the drug by the i.m. route the mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax) were 0.94, 1.44 and 1.74 mg/ml, and the time to reach Cmax (tmax) were 2.94, 2.57 and 2.43h, respectively. The t1/2 values were 48.9, 38.2 and 36.0 min; the clearance (Cl) values were 261.3, 297.4 and 306.4 ml/h/kg, while the area under the curve (AUC) were 101.6, 117.3 and 123.7 mg.h/L, respectively. The drug bioavailability (F) in camels, sheep and goats were 71.3, 78.4 and 79.4% respectively. These findings suggest that the rate of absorption and elimination of the salicylate is slower in camels than in sheep and goats.

Animals↗