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PubMed2003

Rapid determination by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of Vitamins A and E in infant formulas.

A rapid, sensitive method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of retinol acetate, delta-, gamma-, alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopherol acetate. We compare two experimental procedures for simultaneous direct solvent extraction of these vitamins without previous saponification. Method I: the fat milk sample was extracted with ethanol-hexane and injected directly into the chromatographic column. Method II: the power milk sample was extracted with ethanol-hexane and also injected directly into the column. Under optimum conditions the limits of detection for retinol acetate, delta-, gamma-, alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopherol acetate were 0.33, 21.2, 32.9, 32.5 and 3.2 ng and the limits of quantification were 0.42, 25.3, 37.9, 36.8 and 6.3 ng, respectively. The precision results showed that the relative standard deviations of repeatability and reproducibility were between 0.74 and 5.7%.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1998

Docosahexaenoic acid concentrations in retinal phospholipids of piglets fed an infant formula enriched with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: effects of egg phospholipids and fish oils with different ratios of eicosapentaenoic acid to docosahexaenoic acid.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) is the major fatty acid in the phosphatidylethanolamine of photoreceptor cells. The supply of preformed DHA in milk may play an important role in early human visual development. We examined the effect of adding dietary DHA from yolk or fish oil on its accretion in the retina of newborn piglets fed artificially for 2 wk. DHA-enriched eggs from hens fed rapeseed oil and two fish oils with a high or low ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) to DHA were used. The basic (conventional) formula contained (% by wt of total fatty acids) 17% linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and 1.3% alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3). The yolk-enriched formula also contained 0.5% arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4n-6) and 0.4% DHA. The fish-oil-enriched formulas contained either 0.3% EPA and 0.2% DHA (from salmon oil) or < 0.1% EPA and 0.3% DHA (low-EPA fish oil used at a low concentration), or 0.1% AA, 0.3% EPA, and 0.9% DHA (low-EPA fish oil used at a high concentration). The low-EPA fish oil used at a low concentration can supply the DHA required without increasing the EPA status but only the yolk-enriched formula allowed the artificially reared piglets to attain the same AA status in blood lipids as with sow milk feeding. The DHA concentration plateaued in the retina when it reached 7.5% by wt of total fatty acids in plasma phospholipids. Yolk phospholipids and fish oils are equally potent sources for supplying the highest retinal DHA concentration, which was found to be 41.7% by wt of total fatty acids in phosphatidylethanolamine (compared with 35% without supplementation). Inclusion of 0.2-0.3% DHA ensures maximal DHA accretion in the retina but cosupplementation with AA is necessary to achieve the status with maternal feeding in blood lipids and to prevent any possible imbalance between n-6 and n-3 fatty acids.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quantitative gas chromatographic headspace determination of choline in adult and infant formula products.

A gas chromatographic headspace method has been developed for the determination of choline in liquid and powder formula products. Choline undergoes the Hofmann elimination reaction during a 24 h, 120 degrees C alkaline digestion. Volatile trimethylamine (TMA) is produced and equilibrates between the liquid and vapor phase (headspace). A 50 microL headspace sample is chromatographed on a 28% Pennwalt 223-4% KOH column, with flame ionization detection. Choline is indirectly quantitated by comparing sample TMA peaks with peaks for a reference standard. Ethyl ether is used as an internal standard. Compared with previous methods, this procedure offers improved precision (7.7-9.6% relative standard deviation (RSD], accuracy, and specificity of both free and bound forms of choline. Estimated analysis rate using manual injection is 160 samples/week, requiring 35 work-hours. Automation of this procedure, using a commercially available headspace analyzer, resulted in a further improvement in precision (1.60-6.91% RSD) and a throughput of 400 samples/week.

Choline↗
PubMed1993

Fatty acid composition of human milk triglyceride species. Possible consequences for optimal structures of infant formula triglycerides.

Human milk triglycerides (TGs) were separated into 14 fractions by silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with light-scattering detection (LSD). Subsequent fractionation by reversed-phase HPLC-LSD resulted in 75 subfractions. The major 48 were analysed by gas chromatography for their intact TG and fatty acid (FA) compositions. Using a constrained non-linear optimization computer program, the FA compositions and abundances of 170 different TG combinations were calculated. The major two, 16:0/18:1/18:1 (11.8 mol%) and 16:0/18:1/18:2 (10.0 mol%), were almost twice as abundant as expected from random FA distribution. The apolarities of 16:0 and 18:0 seem to be modulated by unsaturated FAs (18:1, 18:2) or medium-chain FAs (MCFAs; 8:0-12:0). MCFAs were present in 19 mol%. Of these, 7.2 mol% are likely to harbour stereospecific structures with an MCFA at sn-3, 16:0 or 14:0 at sn-2, and 18:1 or 18:2 at sn-1. These structures are excellent substrates for lingual and gastric lipases, producing products that assist in duodenal TG lipolysis.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1998

Addition of triglycerides with arachidonic acid or docosahexaenoic acid to infant formula has tissue- and lipid class-specific effects on fatty acids and hepatic desaturase activities in formula-fed piglets.

The effects of including triglycerides with arachidonic [20:4(n-6)] or docosahexaenoic acid [22:6(n-3)] in formula on plasma chylomicron, LDL and HDL, liver, heart, kidney and brain (n-6) and (n-3) fatty acids were investigated in formula-fed piglets. Piglets were fed formula with (in % total fatty acids) 20% 18:2(n-6) and 2% 18:3(n-3) without or with 0.8% 20:4(n-6) or 0.3% 22:6(n-3) from birth to 18 d. The effects of adding 20:4(n-6) or 22:6(n-3) to the formula differed among different tissues and lipids, with the brain showing resistance to change. Piglets fed formula with 20:4(n-6) had significantly higher plasma, heart and kidney phospholipid and triglyceride, and liver triglyceride 20:4(n-6), but lower plasma and tissue phospholipid 18:2(n-6) than piglets fed formula without 20:4(n-6). Supplementation with 22:6(n-3), in contrast, had no effect on plasma or tissue 18:2(n-6). Higher 22:6(n-3) in liver phospholipid (30-92% greater) and triglyceride (200% greater) in piglets fed formula with 22:6(n-3) rather than without 22:6(n-3) was accompanied by lower 20:4(n-6) in liver phosphatidylethanolamine (mean +/- SEM, 8.6 +/- 0.4 and 10.5 +/- 0.4% fatty acids, respectively), but higher 20:4(n-6) in triglyceride (5.2 +/- 0.4 and 11.5 +/- 0.5%, respectively), and higher liver, heart and kidney phospholipid 20:5(n-3). These results indicate competitive interaction between dietary 20:4(n-6) and tissue 18:2(n-6), and between dietary 20:4(n-6) and tissue 20:5(n-3), rather than 22:6(n-3). The results also show that even at low intakes, dietary 22:6(n-3) or 20:4(n-6) supplementation alters the tissue phospholipid 20:4(n-6) to 20:5(n-3) balance. Studies on the physiologic effects of dietary 20:4(n-6) and 22:6(n-3) supplementation should consider the different sensitivity among tissues to dietary fatty acids.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Effects of infant formula feeding on the distribution of copper in the body of 8-day-old rats].

The oxidase activity of ceruloplasmin (Cp, EC 1.16.3.1), the content of immunoreactive Cp and copper ion concentration were measured in the serum of eight day-old rats receiving either breast feeding (control group) or commercial nutritive mixture which has been recommended for the newborn children beginning from zero age (experimental group). It was shown that the artificial feeding caused almost 3-fold increase of Cp oxidase activity and copper content in the serum when compared to age-matched controls. No changes in the copper content per Cp molecule were observed. Dot-hybridization of the total liver polyribosomal RNA with Cp [32P]cDNA showed that the increased Cp level in the blood of the rats of experimental group correlated well with the level of expression of Cp gene. The copper content in the liver of experimental rats was two times lower that in control animals while no differences was found in the brain copper content between two groups of rats. The role of the regulation of Cp gene expression in the lactating mammary gland and of milk Cp in the copper homeostasis in the newborn body is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

An approach to setting maxima in infant formulas.

It is clearly necessary to set upper limits for a nutrient in a formula where the nutrient can have a direct toxic effect (e.g., vitamin A) or can lead to a reduced margin of safety (e.g., high dietary renal solute load during gastroenteritis). In addition, there are plausible arguments for setting upper limits for any nutrient added during manufacture. Various expert groups have used different approaches in setting upper limits, particularly for fat and minerals. Evidence of clinical toxicity and various biochemical measurements have been commonly used to determine appropriate upper levels. Less use has been made of the empirical evidence provided by nutrient concentrations in commonly used foods, e.g., breast milk and cow's milk. Four "rules" for setting maxima are suggested: a) Use evidence of clinical toxicity or reduced margin of safety if available; b) Avoid nutrient concentrations that lead to biochemical values in body fluids or tissues very different from those seen in breast-fed babies; c) An upper limit should be set for even apparently harmless nutrients that are added during manufacture; and d) When a nutrient is added, its final concentration should not normally exceed that in breast or cow's milk, whichever is the greater. Using these "rules," suggested maxima for 33 nutrients are listed.

Female↗
PubMed1994

Ability of a new infant formula prepared from partially hydrolyzed bovine whey to induce anaphylactic sensitization: evaluation in a guinea pig model.

In the present study we evaluated the allergenicity and immunogenicity of a whey partially hydrolysate formula (PHF) in a guinea pig model. Nine groups of 10 guinea pigs received either a conventional milk formula (CMF) or PHF for 37 days. After intravenous (i.v.) challenge with either beta-lactoglobulin (beta-L) or ultracentrifuged (u)CMF, animals fed CMF showed, respectively, 80% and 100% fatal reactions, whereas animals fed PHF showed no reactions when i.v. challenged both with beta-L and uPHF. Eighty percent fatal reactions, and 10%, respectively, of severe and mild reactions have been observed in the CMF-fed, casein-challenge group. In contrast, only one (10%) mild reaction occurred in the PHF-fed, casein-challenged group. When challenged with u-pasteurized cow's milk (uPCM), CMF-fed animals showed 86% fatal reactions and 14% mild reactions, whereas PHF-fed ones presented 70% no reactions, 20% mild reactions, and one (10%) fatal reaction. Animals fed CMF showed a significantly higher level of specific IgG against cow's milk antigens than PHF-fed ones, which, however, presented higher levels of antibodies than a water-supplemented control group. The present results confirm that PHF is less sensitizing than CMF in a guinea pig model.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed2002

Tobacco industry surveillance of public health groups: the case of STAT (Stop Teenage Addiction to Tobacco) and INFACT (Infant Formula Action Coalition).

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to describe how the tobacco industry collects information about public health groups. METHODS: Publicly available internal tobacco industry documents were reviewed and analyzed using a chronological case study approach. RESULTS: The industry engaged in aggressive intelligence gathering, used intermediaries to obtain materials under false pretenses, sent public relations spies to the organizations' meetings, and covertly taped strategy sessions. Other industry strategies included publicly minimizing the effects of boycotts, painting health advocates as "extreme," identifying and exploiting disagreements, and planning to "redirect the funding" of tobacco control organizations to other purposes. CONCLUSIONS: Public health advocates often make light of tobacco industry observers, but industry surveillance may be real, intense, and covert and may obstruct public health initiatives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Soy-based formulae and infant growth and development: a review.

Soy-based infant formulae, initially developed for infants who were lactose intolerant or allergic to cow's milk-based formulae, now account for >25% of the infant formulae sold in the United States. Formulations have changed over the years to improve digestibility, the stability and availability of minerals, and protein quality. Recent concerns have been raised regarding the phytoestrogenic isoflavone content of soy-based formulae. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to evaluate various measures of infant health and development in clinical studies comparing modern soy-based formulae with other diets and to document areas in which further research seems warranted. Results suggest that modern soy-based formulae support normal growth and nutritional status in healthy term infants in y 1 of life. However, there are very limited data on sexual and reproductive development or outcomes such as immune function, visual acuity/cognitive development and thyroid function. Available data do not provide evidence of meaningful differences in timing of maturation, sexual development or fertility in adolescents or adults. Nonetheless, given evidence suggesting that early exposure to soy and/or isoflavones might have long-term effects, further research following infants fed soy-based formulae into adulthood is warranted.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2003

A liberalized fasting guideline for formula-fed infants does not increase average gastric fluid volume before elective surgery.

UNLABELLED: Recommended preoperative fasting intervals for infant formula vary from 4 to 8 h. We conducted a prospective, randomized, observer-blinded trial of 97 ASA physical status I and II infants scheduled for elective surgery to determine whether average gastric fluid volume (GFV) recovered from infants formula-fasted for 4 h (liberalized fast, Group L) differed from that recovered from infants allowed clear liquids up until 2 h, but fasted 8 h for formula and solids (traditional fast, Group T). In Group L, 31 of 39 subjects followed protocol and ingested formula 4-6 h before surgery. In Group T, 36 of 58 subjects followed protocol, taking clear liquids 2-5 h before the induction of anesthesia. Thirty subjects had prolonged fasts and were included only in a secondary intent-to-treat analysis. Respective mean age (5.7 +/- 2.3 versus 6.4 +/- 2.4 mo; range, 0.7-10.5 mo), weight (7.5 +/- 1.8 versus 7.5 +/- 1.1 kg), and volume of last feed (4.9 +/- 2.2 versus 4.0 +/- 2.3 oz.) did not vary between Groups L and T. GFV (L: 0.19 +/- 0.38 versus T: 0.16 +/- 0.30 mL/kg) and gastric fluid pH (L: 2.5 +/- 0.5 versus T: 2.9 +/- 1.3) did not vary. For all subjects, GFV (mL/kg) increased with age (Spearman correlation coefficient = +0.23, P = 0.03). Infant irritability and hunger and parent satisfaction were similar between groups. We conclude that average GFV after either a 4- to 6-h fast for infant formula or 2-h fast after clear liquids is small and not significantly different between groups. On the basis of these findings, clinicians may consider liberalizing formula feedings to 4 h before surgery in selected infants. IMPLICATIONS: Healthy infants aged < or =10.5 mo may drink formula up to 4 h before surgery without increasing gastric fluid volume compared with infants allowed clear liquids up to 2 h and formula 8 h before surgery.

Affect↗
PubMed2000

[Foodstuffs intended for special dietary uses for infants and young children in the light of the directives of the European Union and standards of the Codex Alimentarius FAO/WHO].

Food products for infants and young children are included in the group of foodstuffs intended for special dietary uses. The classification of these products comprises the following groups: newborns infant formulas, infant formulas, processed cereal foods and other baby foods for infants and young children and gluten-free products. In the European Union countries the detailed requirements concerning their qualitative and quantitative composition, labeling, advertising and release on the market as well as the health quality of these products have been laid down in the Council Directive of 3 May 1989 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to foodstuffs intended for particular nutritional uses (89/398/EEC with later amendments) and in the detailed directives. Presently, work is being continued on preparing standards of the Codex Alimentarius FAO/WHO for infant formulas for processed cereal foods for infants and young children and for gluten-free foods. In the successive sessions of the Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses drafts of these standards are discussed. In the last session of the Committee in Berlin (19-23.06.2000) it was not possible to reach an agreement of views of the various delegations on the standards or their formulation. The work on them and trials at establishing international recommendations has been deferred to the next meeting.

Child↗
PubMed1977

Carrageenan in formula and infant baboon development.

Male and female infant baboons were reared from birth to 112 days of age on infant formulas containing concentrations of carrageenan varying from none to 5 times the concentration in commercially available formulas for human infants. Carrageenan content of the formula did not affect weight, characteristics of urine and feces, findinds on physical examination, hematological variables, blood chemical analyses, organ system weights, or the macroscopic and microscopic appearance of the gastrointestinal tract.

Animals↗