[A RARE ANOMALY OF THE LARGE INTESTINE].
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Colonic Diseases↗
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[EXTRACTION OF THE CARCINOGENIC AGENT FROM HUMAN LARYNGEAL PAPILLOMAS AND POLYPS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE].
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Carcinogens↗
Extrusion of wheat or sorghum and/or addition of exogenous enzymes to pig diets influences the large intestinal microbiota but does not prevent development of swine dysentery following experimental challenge.
A study was made of dietary influences on the large intestinal microbiota of pigs and on the incidence of swine dysentery (SD) after experimental infection with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the aetiological agent of SD. Animals were fed diets based either on wheat (expts 1 and 2) or sorghum (expt 2). Grains were ground and fed either raw or after high temperature and pressure extrusion and/or after addition of exogenous enzymes to the whole diet to reduce the starch and soluble non-starch polysaccharides available for fermentation in the large intestine. Limiting fermentation creates conditions that apparently reduce the incidence of SD after infection with B. hyodysenteriae. The diets were fed to weaned pigs for 4-6 weeks, then half the animals on each diet were killed and gut samples collected for microbiology. The treatments had little effect on bacterial numbers. In expt 1, dietary extrusion of wheat reduced lactobacilli in the large intestine. Addition of enzymes to extruded wheat-based diets in expt 2 reduced facultative anaerobes and increased non-sporing anaerobes. Addition of enzymes to a raw sorghum diet in expt 3 decreased numbers of facultative anaerobes, while extrusion of sorghum increased total anaerobes. Bacteroides spp. and Fusobacterium spp., which act in synergy with B. hyodysenteriae in SD, were isolated at a higher percentage in pigs fed the untreated wheat diet than in pigs fed the treated wheat diets. Following experimental infection the incidence of SD amongst pigs fed treated wheat diets was slightly lower than those fed the untreated diet, but with sorghum-based diets the opposite was found. Overall, the different dietary treatments used did not significantly reduce SD.
Animals↗
Dietary polydextrose affects the large intestine in rats.
We compared the effects of dietary polydextrose with those of dietary fibers on the luminal pH and morphology of the large intestine in rats. In Experiment 1, animals were fed diets supplemented with two levels (5 and 10 g/100 g) of polydextrose or dietary fiber (cellulose or galactomannan derivatives) for 52 d. Polydextrose and galactomannan derivatives significantly lowered large intestinal pH and increased the cecal weight and surface area compared with cellulose. However, the thickness of the cecal muscular layer was significantly less in the polydextrose-fed groups than in the cellulose-fed groups. In Experiment 2, rats were fed either a fiber-free diet or a diet containing 5, 10 or 20 g/100 g polydextrose for 92 d. Dietary polydextrose significantly acidified the cecal contents and promoted cecal mucosal growth but thinned the cecal muscular layer. The shape of colonic mucosa of the group fed the 20 g/100 g polydextrose diet was clearly different from that of the group fed the fiber-free diet. These findings indicate that the effect of polydextrose on the morphology of the large intestine is different from the effect of dietary fibers.
Animals↗
Glycolipids of human large intestine: difference in glycolipid expression related to anatomical localization, epithelial/non-epithelial tissue and the ABO, Le and Se phenotypes of the donors.
Human large intestine specimens were obtained during elective surgery from donors of known blood group ABO, Lewis and secretor phenotypes. The intestinal epithelial cells were isolated from the non-epithelial tissue in one case and in another case mucosa tissue was obtained by scraping. Total non-acid glycolipid and ganglioside fractions were isolated from the tissue specimens, analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and detected by chemical reagents and autoradiography after staining the plate with various blood group monoclonal antibodies and bacterial toxins. The amount of non-acid glycolipids present in the large intestine epithelial cells was 3.9 micrograms/mg of cell protein and in the non-epithelial tissue 0.39 mg/g dry tissue weight. The epithelial cells contained monoglycosylceramides and blood group Lea pentaglycosylceramides as major compounds together with small amounts of diglycosylceramides. In addition, trace amounts of tri- and tetra-glycosylceramides together with more complex glycolipids were present. The non-epithelial tissue contained mono-, di-, tri- and tetra-glycosylceramides as major non-acid components. Blood group ABH glycolipids were present in trace amounts in the non-epithelial part of the large intestine. Lea pentaglycosylceramide was the major blood group glycolipid present in all Le-positive individuals independent of the secretor status. Leb glycolipids were present in trace amounts in secretor individuals but completely lacking in non-secretors. Trace amounts of X antigens were found in all individuals, while Y antigens were only present in secretor individuals. The Lea, Leb, X and Y glycolipids were located in the epithelial cells. The gangliosides were present mainly in the non-epithelial tissue (65-350 nmol of sialic acid/g dry weight) and only trace amounts (less than 0.014 nmol/mg of cell protein) were found in the epithelial cells. The major gangliosides of the non-epithelial tissue were identified as GM3, GM1, GD3, GD1b, GT1b and GQ1b. In addition, several minor gangliosides were also present. Binding of cholera toxin to the thin-layer plate revealed trace amounts of the GM1 ganglioside in the epithelial cell ganglioside fraction.
ABO Blood-Group System↗
[Squamous change of adenocarcinoma of the large intestine].
Of 986 patients with resected adenocarcinoma of the large intestine, 48 (4.8%) showed various grades of squamous change. The average age was 61.1 years, male to female ratio was 1 to 0.92. Patients experiencing this change had rectal cancer (27.1%), cancer of the sigmoid colon (22.9%), cecum (20.8%), ascending colon (16.7%) and transverse colon (10.4%), 77.1% of the patients showed Borrmann I and II, 81.2% had cancers large than 5 cm in diameter. 95.8% of the cases metamorphosed from well differentiated adenocarcinoma. Squamous change in adenocarcinoma of the large intestine was found in advanced cases, thus it should be considered that this change occurs as a secondary metamorphosis of the adenocarcinoma. Lymph node metastasis was found in 54.2% of the patients.
Adenocarcinoma↗
[Diagnosis and treatment of acute intestinal obstruction in cancer of the large intestine].
A complex program of treatment of acute intestinal obstruction in carcinoma of the large bowel has been developed on the basis of an analysis of 71 patients. Urgent operations were performed in 70% of the patients with acute intestinal obstruction after a short preoperative preparing. Due to substantial metabolic and immunologic shifts the complex parenteral immunostimulating therapeutic measures are necessary in the postoperative period for all the patients.
Acute Disease↗
Electrical and contractile behavior of large intestinal musculature of piebald mouse model for Hirschsprung's disease.
These studies were directed toward better characterization of the abnormalities of motor function in the large intestine of mutant mice with congenital aganglionosis and megacolon. Analysis of pressure-volume relations in the megacolon and aganglionic terminal segment showed increased intestinal wall compliance in the dilated colon and reduced wall compliance in the aganglionic region as compared to normal littermates. Migrating contractile complexes occurred spontaneously in ganglionated regions of the large intestine of both normal and mutant mice, but never propagated into the aganglionic segment of the abnormal bowel. Tetrodotoxin eliminated the migrating complexes and increased random spontaneous contractions in all areas except the aganglionic region. Circular muscle tension was reduced by electrical field stimulation, and poststimulus rebound contractions occurred in all ganglionated regions of the intestine of both normal and mutant mice. No responses to electrical stimulation occurred in the aganglionic segments of the preparations from mutant mice. The poststimulus responses "fatigued" at a faster rate in the megacolonic region of the abnormal bowel than in the equivalent region of the normal bowel, when evoked repetitively over prolonged time periods. There were no differences between the intestines of normal and mutant mice in latency, amplitude, duration, or area under the contractile curves of the poststimulus responses. Intracellular electrical recording from circular muscle fibers revealed slow depolarizing potentials with action potentials at the crests in all regions of the large bowel from both normal and abnormal mice. It also showed excitatory and inhibitory junction potentials in response to electrical stimulation. Inhibitory junction potentials summated during repetitive stimulation and postinhibitory rebound excitation occurred after offset of the stimulation. Stimulus-evoked junction potentials were recorded in all regions of the large intestine except in the aganglionic segment of the mutant mice. We concluded that most of the electrical and mechanical behavior of the aganglionic terminal segment reflected the absence of inhibitory innervation of the musculature in this region.
Animals↗
Sugar alcohols enhance calcium transport from rat small and large intestine epithelium in vitro.
We compared the effect of a variety of sugar alcohols on calcium absorption from the rat small and large intestine in vitro. An Ussing chamber technique was used to determine the net transport of Ca across the epithelium isolated from the jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon of rats. The concentration of Ca in the serosal and mucosal Tris buffer solution was 1.25 mM and 10 mM, respectively. The Ca concentration in the serosal medium was determined after incubation for 30 min and the net Ca absorption was evaluated. The addition of 0.1-200 mM erythritol, xylitol, sorbitol, maltitol, palatinit, or lactitol to the mucosal medium affected net Ca absorption in the intestinal preparations. Differences in Ca transport were observed between portions of the intestine, but not between sugar alcohols tested. We concluded that sugar alcohols directly affect the epithelial tissue and promote Ca absorption from the small and large intestine in vitro.
Animals↗
Intraoperative colonoscopy for the diagnosis of multiple cancers of the large intestine.
Seventeen patients with multiple simultaneous cancers of the large intestine were investigated. Three out of 4 patients with multiple advanced cancers were correctly diagnosed preoperatively. Multiple cancerous lesions of early and advanced stages coexisted in 13 patients, and it was possible to diagnose the existence of multiple cancers in only 5 preoperatively. A study on the preoperative detectability of coexisting early cancers showed that early lesions located distally to the advanced ones were frequently detected, however, subsidiary lesions located proximally tended to be overlooked. Hence, intraoperative colonoscopy was performed in patients with cancer of the large intestine whenever there was a portion that had not been adequately inspected prior to surgery. Of 31 patients subjected to this examination, 5 had a total of 7 polypoid lesions, in one case we found evidence of a small advanced cancer which was not detected preoperatively.
Adenocarcinoma↗
[Age-related surgical anatomical characteristics of the large intestine in newborn infants].
Results of anatomical-surgical and roentgeno-topographical investigation of the large intestines in 291 newborns died from diseases not connected with lesions of the intestine are described. At this age the specific features of the intestine are: poor development of the haustra, taenia, appendices epyploices. The left part of the large intestine is greater than the right one, the descending colon--than the ascending one, the sigmoid colon--than the transverse colon. The caecum is situated high, the ascending and descending occupy an oblique position, they have blund low right and acute high left bends. The sigmoid colon is characterized by a high beginning at right side position. The intestine had definite individual peculiarities in its form, size and position. Its length is within the limits of 351-765 (549 +/- 8) mm. The peculiarities mentioned make the background contributing to the development of certain pathological processes in the organ and therefore, they require a special attention. Statistically significant parameters of its form, size and position can serve as initial data for performing clinical-anatomical comparative investigations with irrigograms of the children suffering from certain congenital intestinal disorders. They should be taken into account when some surgical intervention is planned.
Aging↗
Absorption characteristics of chemically modified-insulin derivatives with various fatty acids in the small and large intestine.
Absorption characteristics of insulin derivatives chemically modified with various fatty acids in the intestine were determined by in situ loop and in vitro modified Ussing chamber methods. The pharmacological activities of these acyl derivatives, as assessed by their hypoglycemic effects after intravenous administration, were reduced upon increasing the carbon number of the fatty acid(s) chemically attached to native insulin. However, high pharmacological activities were seen when mono-and dicaproyl derivatives were administered intravenously. The absorption of insulin after its small intestinal administration could be hardly improved by acylation. In contrast, its absorption after the large intestinal administration was increased by increasing the number of caproic acid molecules attached to insulin. Furthermore, by an in vitro modified Ussing chamber method, it was revealed that the permeability of insulin across both the duodenal and colonic mucous membranes was also improved by increasing the number of caproic acid molecules. These in situ and in vitro results indicated that the chemical modification of insulin with fatty acids was a useful approach for improving insulin absorption from the large intestine.
Animals↗
Both human SP-A1 and Sp-A2 genes are expressed in small and large intestine.
The human SP-A locus consists of two functional genes and one pseudogene, and SP-A is shown to play a role in local host defense and the regulation of inflammation in lung. Because the intestine, like the lung, is constantly exposed to foreign and potentially harmful substances, we investigated the hypothesis that both human SP-A genes are expressed in intestine. We demonstrate that both SP-A genes are expressed in human small and large intestine. The presence of SP-A mRNA in human intestine was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Northern blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. The size of intestinal SP-A mRNA is the same as that in human lung, but the level of expression, compared with that in the lung, is very low in both the small and large intestine. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed positive reactivity for SP-A in a subgroup of epithelial cells in the intestine. Expression of both SP-A1 and SP-A2 genes was established by gene-specific PCR amplification, PCR-based converted RFLP discrimination, and direct sequencing of RT-PCR products. We speculate that SP-A in the intestine plays a role in local host defense and inflammation.
Blotting, Northern↗
[Diagnosis of inflammatory and tumorous changes of the large intestine using colonic sonography].
By water instillation into the large intestine, sonographic visualization of the whole length of the colon from the recto-sigmoid to the caecum can be achieved. Detailed evaluation of the lumen, the wall and the surrounding connective tissue may be carried out. Diagnostic sonography of the colon in 41 patients with pathological changes confirmed by colonoscopy showed that colonic polyps and carcinomas can be detected by this method. In Crohn's disease, typical changes can be seen, which allow the degree of inflammatory infiltration to be assessed. Thus, sonography of the colon is a diagnostic procedure which gives discriminating evidence in diseases of the large intestine.
Adult↗
Studies of the large intestine of sheep. 3. Nitrogen kinetics in sheep given chopped lucerne (medicago sativa) hay.
A study was made of nitrogen kinetics in the large intestine of sheep given 800 g chopped lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay/d. Four sheep were continuously infused with (15NH4)2SO4 into the caecum and three other sheep were infused intravenously with [15N]urea. A digesta marker, 51Cr complexed with EDTA (51Cr-EDTA), was infused into the rumen of each sheep to allow estimation of the rates of digesta constituents. Infusions were continued until tracer concentrations reached plateaux in digesta and blood pools, after which the sheep were anaesthetized and slaughtered. Pre-infusion samples and samples on plateau were obtained before slaughter for subsequent analysis to give plasma urea and rumen ammonia-N concentration and enrichment. At slaughter, digesta were obtained from the ileum and segments of the large intestine. These were analysed for 51Cr-EDTA content and concentration and enrichment of ammonia-N, microbial N and non-urea non-ammonia-N (NU-NAN). N flows in segments of the large intestine were calculated and represented in a quantitative eight-pool model. Transfer of plasma urea across the wall of the caecum and proximal colon was negligible but there was an input of 0.8 g endogenous NU-NAN/d. Flow of urea plus ammonia-N in digesta from the ileum into the caecum contributed 1.0 g N/d to the caecal ammonia pool. Proteolysis and deamination produced a further 3.0 g ammonia-N/d in the caecum and proximal colon. The net absorption of N between the ileum and the rectum was 2.8 g N/d but 3.0 g ammonia-N/d was absorbed from the caecum and proximal colon and, in addition, at least 0.9 g ammonia-N/d from the distal colon and rectum. Ammonia-N was incorporated into caecal microbes (0.6 g N/d) and approximately 57% of the NU-NAN in caecal digesta was microbial N. The majority of the microbial N flowing from the caecum was excreted in faeces. The rate of irreversible loss of urea-N from plasma, measured by intravenous infusion of [15N]urea, was 13.6 g/d. On average 83 (SE 6.8)% of the 15NH3 apparently absorbed from the caecum was incorporated into plasma urea; caecal ammonia contributed 9-19% of the N in plasma urea and 0.2-3.1% of the N in rumen ammonia.
Ammonia↗
Toxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the large intestine.
PURPOSE: Adverse effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) on the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract and small intestine are well described. Evidence is also accumulating that implicate NSAIDS in inducing and exacerbating damage in the distal GI tract. The purpose of this review is to identify possible adverse effects of NSAIDS on the large intestine and increase the clinical awareness of these toxicologic effects. METHODS: A literature review identified the diversity of toxicologic effects induced by NSAIDS in the large intestine. The epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical implications of these adverse effects are described. RESULTS: NSAID use has been associated with colonic bleeding, iron deficiency anemia, strictures, ulcerations, perforations, diarrhea, and death. In addition, NSAIDS can exacerbate inflammatory bowel disease and ulcerative colitis. The prevalence of NSAID-induced large intestinal damage is unknown. Diagnosis can be made by colonoscopy and barium scans. Although the clinical presentation of NSAID-induced gastropathy and enteropathy, bleeding or perforation, may be more dramatic than colonopathy, the overall clinical significance of these adverse effects of NSAIDS on the large intestine has not been fully characterized. CONCLUSIONS: This review illustrates that NSAID-induced large bowel toxicity can cause significant morbidity in some patients, ranging from profuse diarrhea, chronic blood loss, and iron deficiency anemia to fatality. The pathogenesis is likely multifactorial and is thought to be related to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Because NSAIDS are widely prescribed and some are available without a prescription, heightened awareness of these toxicologic manifestations throughout the GI tract may reduce morbidity.
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency↗
[A method for assessing the microflora status of the large intestine using a computer].
The qualitative and quantitative composition of the microflora of the large intestine has been studied in 31 healthy adults and in 137 patients with acute viral hepatitides A and B. A set of quantitative tests ensuring the complete characterization of the microbiocenosis under study has been proposed. The results obtained in this investigation have been processed by means of a computer with the use of the principles of numeric taxonomy, thus making it possible to obtain the objective criterion of the state of the microflora of the large intestine, expressed by the similarity index.
Acute Disease↗
Distal small bowel resection increases mucosal permeability in the large intestine.
Intestinal 14C-erythritol clearance, as a measure of mucosal permeability, was evaluated in rats 4 weeks after distal small bowel resection. In the cecum and colon of resected animals, erythritol clearance was increased both per organ and per unit tissue mass, regardless of the extent of the resection. In the remnant jejunum, however, a small but significant increase in erythritol clearance was only observed after 80% distal small bowel resection, no matter which reference was chosen. This is the first demonstration that intestinal resection increases the mucosal permeability of the remnant small and large intestine.
Animals↗