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PubMedDate not supplied

Mycoplasma, chlamydia, Epstein-Barr, herpes I and II, and AIDS infections among 100 consecutive infertile female patients and husbands: diagnosis, treatment, and results.

One hundred consecutive infertile patients were studied to determine the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among middle and upper income patients, most of whom were referred as longstanding failures by other physicians. There were no cases of syphilis, gonorrhea, or AIDS found among these patients. One patient was pregnant when first seen, and was eliminated. Genital mycoplasmas were cultured from 64 wives. Antibodies for past or recent infection with Chlamydia were present in only 23. Antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus and to herpes II were found in 92 and 65, respectively. If only the mycoplasmas, Chlamydia, and herpes II are considered possible causes of human infertility, only 7 of the 99 couples showed no evidence of ever having had any of these three infections. Edometrial histology was positive for the changes associated with Mycoplasma infection in 47 of the 86 patients biopsied. Of the 39 with negative biopsies, 24 yielded positive cultures for Mycoplasma. Hence, only 15 of the 99 patients were negative for Mycoplasma by both culture and/or endometrial histology. Treatment with the antibiotic of choice, as indicated by sensitivity testing of all Mycoplasma-positive cultures, was an important factor in producing 43 pregnancies during the first year of study. Two of these were ectopic; 11 were spontaneous abortions, with one of these women now pregnant again and in mid-trimester; 28 have delivered healthy babies; and two are still pregnant and doing well.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1989

Evaluation of a digitonin disk assay to discriminate between acholeplasma and mycoplasma isolates from bovine milk.

A study was undertaken to evaluate effectiveness of a digitonin disk inhibition test to discriminate between Acholeplasma laidlawii and Mycoplasma sp. isolated from bovine milk. The test measured zone diameters of growth inhibition surrounding a digitonin-containing disk on solid medium. Zones of inhibition for 20 isolates of A. laidlawii, ranging from 8-14 mm, did not overlap those of 261 isolates of Mycoplasma sp., ranging from 16 to 38 mm. Examination of variation in zone diameters for M. bovis found that inhibition was not appreciably affected by agar dehydration. Zones of inhibition increased with increasing dilutions of stock culture and decreased with increasing incubation time. Analysis of variance and Fisher's least significant difference test of logn zone diameters revealed that differences in mean logn zone diameters were different at the 0.01 level of significance between some of the six species of mycoplasma examined, indicating that growth among some species of mycoplasma was effected differently by digitonin. The digitonin test was found to clearly discriminate between A. laidlawii and Mycoplasma sp. indicating that the test would be useful as a practical screening test of individual-cow and bulk tank milk for mycoplasmas.

Acholeplasma laidlawii↗

PubMed1988

Critical dependence on antibody for defence against mycoplasmas.

We have shown that mycoplasmas bind spontaneously to neutrophils, as well as directly activating the first component of complement with probable subsequent binding through neutrophil complement receptors. Thus, antibody is not required to opsonize mycoplasmas for neutrophil phagocytosis. Furthermore, mycoplasmas remain viable when phagocytosed in the absence of antibody and may be carried inside neutrophils to various parts of the body to cause infection (e.g. joints). We found that antibody alone inhibits the growth of mycoplasmas in vitro. These observations suggest that the role of antibodies is to control the growth of mycoplasmas on mucosal surfaces; neutrophils play no part in defence and may even aid dissemination of the infection. This helps to explain why patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia are prone to systemic mycoplasma infections.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed1979

[Experience in identification and control of mycoplasma in dairy cattle stock under routine laboratory conditions].

Exacting demands have to be met by milk testing routine laboratories where mycoplasma species are to be cultured from milk samples. Cleanliness of sampling, immediate cold storage, and no-delay transport of the milk samples to the testing centre are of greatest importance to the informative value of all mycoplasma tests. In the summer season, it is recommended to freeze the milk samples immediately after sampling. Mycoplasma broth should not be inoculated to animals of the herd from which the samples had been taken. A modified mycoplasma culturing medium is described in this paper. It will enable wider introduction of mycoplasma diagnosis by more Regional Institutes of Veterinary Medicine. Also reported in this paper are diagnosis and successful control of enzootic mastitis caused by Acholeplasma laidlawii and Acheloplasma axanthum. Repeated bacteriological testing of milk and secretion of all cows in the herd helped in picking out all bacteriologically positive animals and isolating them from the negative individuals. All animals that had produced positive responses to bacteriological testing were killed, notwithstanding clinical udder and general milk findings. Definite success of any control action undertaken against mycoplasmic mastitis will depend strongly on no-delay bacteriological testing of milk and secretion samples from all cows of the given herd, as early as in the acute phase of mastitis caused by mycoplasma.

Acholeplasma↗

PubMed1984

In vitro studies on the mechanism of adherence and pathogenicity of mycoplasmas.

Most pathogenic mycoplasmas adhere to the cytoplasmic membrane of host cells in an avid, almost irreversible way. This interaction seems hydrophobic in nature and may be induced in the area of contact when the surface proteins are cleared away by electrostatic forces. In several mycoplasmas (e.g., Mycoplasma pneumoniae, M. gallisepticum and M. genitalium) the initial steps of adherence are reversible interactions occurring between mycoplasma adhesins that recognize specific sialoglycoconjugates on the host cell membrane. In M. pneumoniae the major adhesin (P1) is an integral membrane protein of about 165 kDa. About 10% of the P1 molecules are linked to the cytoskeleton elements. Part of the proteins in these cytoskeletal elements are phosphorylated, which may explain the anchorage and possible mobilization of P1 to the tip structure, as was indicated by immunohistochemical electron microscopy. With the close contact caused by attachment of the mycoplasmas to the host cells, their pathogenicity can be expressed. Studies with M. pneumoniae on a variety of human cells in culture indicated that superoxide anions are generated during the infection. They drastically inhibit the catalase activity of the host cells. Addition of exogenous superoxide dismutase or increasing its level endogenously minimize the inhibition of catalase. With much of the catalase inhibited, oxidation of cell components occurs, among which are membrane lipids as indicated by elevated malonyldialdehyde levels in infected cells. These may lead to membrane leakage and to the cytopathology of mycoplasma infection.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗

PubMed1978

[The role of mycoplasma in sterility. A study of 150 sterile women (author's transl)].

150 women who were being treated for sterility had their cervical mucus searched for T. mycoplasma. Group I: 123 women who had no obvious cause for sterility. 45.5 per cent had T. mycoplasma (56/123). Group II: Out of 27 women who had a major cause for sterility there were 48 per cent (13/27) who were carriers of T. mycoplasma. The incidence of T. mycoplasma in control fertile women was 53 per cent (16/30). After treatment with Doxycycline: 5 pregnancies were obtained out of Group I, which is 8.9 per cent. none in Group II. The mycoplasma seems to play a very minor role in sterility. Its incidence is identically the same in women who are sterile or normally fertile. With treatment only a very small percentage (8.9 per cent) of pregnancies were obtained in carriers of mycoplasma who did not have another obvious cause for their sterility.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

[Diagnosis of mycoplasma pneumonia in children: which is the role of thoracic radiography?].

Despite its frequency, pneumonia is often surprisingly difficult to diagnose in children and young adults. In particular, the etiologic agent of pneumonia is difficult to recognize in an early stage, which obviously implies an empirical or delayed treatment. Chest radiography is one of the most common procedures required when pneumonia is suspected. This retrospective study was carried out to investigate the capabilities of chest radiography to identify the specific patterns of mycoplasma pneumonia in children. The chest radiographs of 76 children and adolescents (aged 4.2 to 16.4 years) with a radiographic diagnosis of pneumonia were reviewed. All patients were tested twice for serum antimycoplasma antibodies. Thirty-eight subjects (50%) with markedly increased antimycoplasma antibody levels were diagnosed as having mycoplasma infection. In the remaining 38 patients, viral (22 patients, 29%), bacterial (13 patients, 17%) and mixed (3 patients, 4%) infections were diagnosed on the grounds of clinical and laboratory data. Parahilar peribronchial infiltrates were found to be associated with both viral and mycoplasma infections, whereas segmental or lobar consolidation was associated with bacterial, viral and mycoplasma infections. Reticulonodular infiltrates were a specific pattern of mycoplasma pneumonia. The authors conclude that, in the presence of a reticulonodular infiltrate in a lobe, mycoplasma pneumonia can be confidently diagnosed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Mycoplasma-mediated bone resorption in bone organ cultures.

Mycoplasmas have been identified as one of many aetiological factors associated with experimental or human joint disease. Mycoplasma hyorhinis and M. arthritidis, but not M. pulmonis were found to cause significant release of calcium from murine long bone explants. The resorption process is inhibited by calcitonin, acetazolamide and by indomethacin. Mycoplasma-derived bone resorbing activity (M-BRA) is not an endotoxin as its effect is equally potent in cultures of bones obtained from endotoxin-responsive and -unresponsive mice. M-BRA is a high molecular weight compound resistant to proteases and heat but sensitive to hyaluronidase, lipase, detergents and in part to alkali and acid conditions. The active component is associated with the particulate fraction of the mycoplasma and its yield is enhanced by sonication. The damage to the subchondral bone in arthritis associated with a mycoplasma infection may be caused by a potent bone resorption inducing agent of mycoplasma origin.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Attachment and ingestion of mycoplasmas by mouse macrophages. I. Kinetics of the interaction and effects on phagocyte glucose metabolism.

Rates of attachment and ingestion of Mycoplasma pulmonis by mouse peritoneal macrophages and the effect of the organism on phagocyte glucose metabolism were studied in vitro. Antimycoplasma antibody, but not complement, enhances attachment of mycoplasma to macrophages. Antibody-mediated attachment is not affected by the length of time the cell is maintained in culture or its adherence to a glass surface. Adherence of mycoplasma by nonimmunologic means to cell spread on glass is significantly greater than attachment to macrophages in suspension. Mycoplasmas attached to macrophage membrane do not increase glucose metabolism via the hexose monophosphate shunt. Because of this, the rate of glucose metabolism by macrophages is an accurate quantitative correlate of the recognition and ingestion stage of phagocytosis of mycoplasmas. Antibody induces a more rapid rate of particle ingestion than does altering the mycoplasma by proteolysis. Complement does not augment the rate of ingestion induced by antimycoplasma antibody. By analogy with enzyme and absorption kinetics, it appears likely that differences observed between phagocytosis induced by antibody and that induced by trypsin are due to different rates of recognition between particles rather than different ingestion mechanisms.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Detection of antibodies to mycoplasmas in South American camelids.

Indirect haemagglutination tests on sera from 757 South American camelids (alpacas, llamas and vicunas) carried out in the Andean region of Peru, revealed evidence of exposure mainly to Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides LC. The incidence of detectable antibodies to this mycoplasma in 554 alpacas was 5.0 per cent and in 141 llamas 15.6 per cent. Antibody to Mycoplasma capricolum and the F38 biotype was detected in 0.9 per cent and 0.2 per cent of alpacas, respectively. In a group of 62 vicunas only one reactor to both M m mycoides LC and M capricolum was observed. No reactors to M mycoides subspecies capri or M agalactiae were observed in the flocks examined. Antibodies to mycoplasma were also detected in nine out of 10 goat flocks tested. The incidence of antibodies to M m mycoides LC was 13.8 per cent, 3.8 per cent for M capricolum and 1.8 per cent for the F38 biotype. In a group of 110 sheep, six reactors (5.5 per cent) to M m mycoides LC and one (0.9 per cent) to F38 were observed. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to the involvement of mycoplasmas in existing disease in camelids in Peru.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Detection of Mycoplasma sp. in bronchoalveolar lavage of AIDS patients with pulmonary infiltrates.

We examined 486 bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) including 32 from AIDS patients with pulmonary infiltrates and 20 from patients with leukemia or after transplantation. Mycoplasmas were found in 4/32 (12.5%) HIV-positive patients compared to 4/454 (< 0.9%) HIV-negative patients (p < 0.001). All of these four HIV-positive patients suffered from advanced infection (CD4 counts < 100/microL) and developed complications (Pcp, n = 2, recurrent bacterial pneumonia, n = 1, pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma, n = 1). No mycoplasmas were detected in 20 immunosuppressed patients with leukemia or after transplantation. Our data indicate that AIDS patients may be more often colonised or infected by mycoplasmas than HIV-negative patients or other immunocompromised persons. Although the etiological role of mycoplasmas for pulmonary infections in these patients remains unclear, the finding of mycoplasmas was associated with rapid progress and development of severe complications in our study.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed1963

SEROLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG HUMAN MYCOPLASMAS AS SHOWN BY COMPLEMENT-FIXATION AND GEL DIFFUSION.

Taylor-Robinson, David (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.), Norman L. Somerson, Horace C. Turner, and Robert M. Chanock. Serological relationships among human mycoplasmas as shown by complement-fixation and gel diffusion. J. Bacteriol. 85:1261-1273. 1963.-Antigenic relationships among human mycoplasmas were studied by complement-fixation and agar gel diffusion techniques. Four recognized human species Mycoplasma hominis type 1, M. hominis type 2, M. salivarium, and M. fermentans were antigenically distinct in these tests. In addition, M. pneumoniae (Eaton agent, the etiological agent of cold agglutinin-positive atypical pneumonia) was different from these four species. Although these species were distinct, evidence of shared antigenic components was obtained in complement-fixation and agar gel diffusion tests. Since rabbits were immunized with mycoplasmas grown in rabbit muscle infusion broth supplemented with rabbit serum or, in the case of M. pneumoniae, with infected chick embryo lung suspension, the possibility that the heterologous reactions resulted from antibody to growth medium components could be excluded. Four recent mycoplasma isolates from the oropharynx were analyzed, and three were shown to be closely related to M. hominis type 1, and the fourth was closely related to M. salivarium. Although the recent isolates could not be distinguished from the related "prototype" human species by complement-fixation, differences could be detected by the agar gel diffusion technique.

Agar↗

PubMed2002

Molecular pathogenesis of mycoplasma animal respiratory pathogens.

Mycoplasmas contain the smallest genomes and are the smallest known free-living organisms, yet little is known about the molecular details of their pathogenic mechanisms. This review focuses on pathogens of production animals, but related species colonize and cause disease in humans, fish and other animals, plants and insects. The general lack of genetic tools and the inability to apply the few that are available to some mycoplasma-host systems has hindered studies of this nature. During the last decade, which was characterized by unparalleled advances in the understanding of bacterial virulence, studies of mycoplasma pathogenesis has languished behind other experimental systems. The one exception has been studies on mycoplasma antigenic variation. The explosion of studies in this area has been due primarily to the fact that they can be performed in vitro without genetic tools and with simple well developed biochemical approaches. Not withstanding that antigenic variation may play an important role in disease, there have been few studies establishing the importance of this phenomenon in vivo for a variety of reasons. The same is true for cell invasion as it has been defined in cell culture systems, which if it occurs in vivo may change the way we think about mycoplasma disease. These advances give insight to an extraordinary group of organisms that interact with their hosts in unique and intriguing ways.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

[In vitro activity of sparfloxacin against mycoplasmas].

The in vitro activity of the new difluorinated quinolone sparfloxacin against mycoplasmas was studied comparatively with ofloxacin, doxycycline, and erythromycin. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by agar dilution for 21 strains of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp), 20 strains of M. hominis (Mh), 7 strains of M. genitalium (Mg), and 3 strains of M. fermentans (Mf), and by broth dilution for 49 strains of Ureaplasma urealyticum (Uu). Sparfloxacin was very active against all tested mycoplasmas, with the following MICs (microgram/ml): 0.1 for Mp, 0.05-0.1 for Mg, less than or equal to 0.01 for Mh, less than or equal to 0.01-0.05 for Mf, and 0.1-0.5 for Uu. Minimal bactericidal concentration was 1 microgram/ml for Uu. Sparfloxacin was more active than ofloxacin against all the mycoplasmas tested and was the most active compound against Mh and Mf. Erythromycin had the lowest MICs against Mp and Mg. Sparfloxacin exhibited comparable effectiveness against doxycycline-susceptible and doxycycline-resistant strains. Sparfloxacin appears to be one of the most active agents in vitro against mycoplasmas.

Culture Media↗

PubMed1995

Isolation of Mycoplasma mycoides, mycoides (LC variant), from two naturally aborted caprine fetuses.

Described in this study are 2 cases of caprine abortion associated with the LC type of Mycoplasma mycoides , subsp. mycoides . This mycoplasma and Mycoplasma mycoides , subsp. capri had been previously reported in adult goats in this herd. The abortion took place in the latter part of gestation. Samples from heart blood, lung and pleural exudate were collected for the isolation of mycoplasmas and other bacterials in both fetuses. Two strains of Mycoplasma mycoides , subsp. mycoides (LC variant) were isolated. The only gross lesion of the internal organs in the aborted fetuses was congestion of the lungs. Microscopic lesions were encountered in the lungs, and these were characterized by patchy to diffuse pneumonia. Exfoliated cells, many alveolar macrophages, scattered neutrophils and lymphocytes were seen in the lumen of the terminal airways and alveolar spaces. This report appears to be the first isolation of Mycoplasma mycoides , subsp. mycoides (LC variant) from aborted caprine fetuses.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Detection of multiple mycoplasma infection in cell cultures by PCR.

A total of 301 cell cultures from 15 laboratories were monitored for mycoplasma (Mollicutes) using PCR and culture methodology. The infection was detected in the cell culture collection of 12 laboratories. PCR for Mollicutes detected these bacteria in 93 (30.9%) samples. Although the infection was confirmed by culture for 69 (22.9%) samples, PCR with generic primers did not detect the infection in five (5.4%). Mycoplasma species were identified with specific primers in 91 (30.2%) of the 98 samples (32.6%) considered to be infected. Mycoplasma hyorhinis was detected in 63.3% of the infected samples, M. arginini in 59.2%, Acholeplasma laidlawii in 20.4%, M. fermentans in 14.3%, M. orale in 11.2%, and M. salivarium in 8.2%. Sixty (61.2%) samples were co-infected with more than one mycoplasma species. M. hyorhinis and M. arginini were the microorganisms most frequently found in combination, having been detected in 30 (30.6%) samples and other associations including up to four species were detected in 30 other samples. Failure of the treatments used to eliminate mycoplasmas from cell cultures might be explained by the occurrence of these multiple infections. The present results indicate that the sharing of non-certified cells among laboratories may disseminate mycoplasma in cell cultures.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1978

Uterine T-mycoplasma colonization in reproductive failure.

In 46 patients with a history of habitual abortion and in 18 women with primary unexplained infertility, samples from cervical mucus and endometrial tissue have been examined for presence of T-mycoplasma, and the results compared to those obtained among 45 control subjects. Colonization of T-mycoplasma in the cervix was found to be common in all patient groups (49 to 83 per cent), whereas colonization in the endometrium was found to be significantly more frequent among the habitual abortion patients (28 per cent) and the infertility patients (50 per cent) than among the control subjects (7 per cent). In all patients having T-mycoplasma-positive endometria the organism was also isolated from the cervix, thus indicating an ascending route for the colonization of the uterine cavity. Bacteria belonging to the normal vaginal flora were frequently co-isolated from the endometrial samples along with T-mycoplasma. The women with T-mycoplasma-positive endometria showed a high incidence of postabortion fever. Treatment with doxycycline eradicated T-mycoplasma from the cervix and the endometrium and apparently led to an improvement with respect to the outcome of the posttreatment pregnancies.

Abortion, Habitual↗

PubMed1995

Links and interactions between mycoplasmas and viruses: past confusions and present realities.

Links between mycoplasmas and viruses are ancient, multiple and complex, from past confusions during the first decades of the virus era to present realities illustrated by the possible implication of mycoplasmas as co-factors in natural infections of AIDS. Mycoplasma viruses (phages) may also be responsible for modifying the pathogenic power of mycoplasmas, at least for plants and insects. In addition, several mycoplasmas are able to act as undesirable cell culture contaminants that induce erroneous results in both applied and general virology. These problems are examined within a historical context.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗