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PubMed1995

Measuring outcomes: why now?

Intense scrutiny of the American healthcare paradigm will alter the activities of patients, providers, and payors. Government reform and marketplace-driven managed care programs create uncertainty. Quality, access, and cost concerns also drive change. Quality is conformity to requirements, and specification of requirements creates policy debate. Variability in utilization creates an accountability chasm between payors and providers that cannot be bridged without understanding the uncertainties in "appropriateness" research. Quality and access appear secondary to cost. Cost discussions must differentiate cost and charge. Inappropriate charge benefit analyses may temporarily benefit a specific organization but are unlikely to create long-term societal benefit. Multiple transitions have begun, including a shift from disease care to healthcare, provider mentality to consumer mentality, and provider autonomy to collaboration and accountability. Laboratories will be expected to provide outcomes, not tests; income will be related to covered lives, not volume, and profit will shift from "piecework and efficiency profit" to "prevention profit." Only good "outcomes" measurement can reduce uncertainty. The laboratory contribution to value in care processes remains unclear. What information is added by each result? How can results help prevent the need for future services? These are our challenges.

Chemistry, Clinical↗
PubMed1995

Predictors of first-contact care in a poor urban community.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to identify predictors of first-contact care in a population of poor urban residents. METHODS: Information from a community health needs survey was used for the study. The sample included adult residents in five urban census tracts with a large proportion of Puerto Rican Hispanics. Potential predictors included social characteristics, source of health insurance, perceived health status, number of chronic diseases, use of alternatives to medical care, smoking status, and problems with alcohol use. RESULTS: A total of 826 household interviews were completed for a participation rate of 78% among eligible households. Individuals with no health insurance were six times more likely to lack a source of first-contact care, compared with those who have traditional indemnity insurance. Those who only had Medicaid were four times more likely to lack a source of first-contact care. Respondents involved in Medicaid-managed care programs had similar access to first-contact care as those with commercial insurance. Individuals who reported problems with alcohol were three times more likely to lack a source of first-contact care. CONCLUSIONS: Health insurance is an important predictor of access to first-contact care for poor urban residents. Those who identify problems with alcohol and African-Americans have additional difficulty with access to first-contact care.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Nurse practitioners, certified nurse midwives, and nurse anesthetists: changing care in acute care hospitals in New York City.

To respond to the shrinking pool of primary care physicians and to demands from managed care programs for cost containment, hospitals in New York City have increased their use of nurse practitioners, certified nurse midwives, and nurse anesthetists, creating an increased demand for these personnel. We report here on a survey of hospitals and schools of nursing in New York City and present findings on (a) current use of, and projected demand for nurse practitioners (NPs), certified nurse midwives (midwives) and nurse anesthetists (anesthetists) in hospitals in New York City; (b) the practice patterns of NPs, midwives, and anesthetists currently employed in hospitals; and (c) current and projected enrollment and curriculum in NP, midwifery, and anesthetist education programs in the New York metropolitan area.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Capitating mental health services.

Many employers are contracting mental or behavioral health services separately from other types of health care. Capitation rates are paid for a defined set of benefits. Mental health services are capitated in two ways; both approaches are discussed.

Capitation Fee↗
PubMed1996

Spinal manipulation as a valid treatment for low back pain.

The practice of chiropractic has been regulated in the State of Delaware since 1937. Since that time, the battle lines in the state between medicine and chiropractic have been drawn. This war has existed on both the political and clinical fronts, and although it has always been believed by the chiropractic profession that once the "scientific evidence" of the benefit of chiropractic was proven, the war would end. This has not occurred to the extent believed. Even with its 1980 victory over the AMA, chiropractic has still been unable to achieve full acceptance as a clinical discipline among other professions. Many hospitals in this country have opened their doors to DCs. This by and large, has solely been for economic reasons and not as a recognition of the clinical benefit of manipulation. There is, however, a growing population of primary care physicians and researchers suggesting the benefit of manipulation for low back pain as well as suggesting that increased cooperation between MDs and DCs could be of extreme benefit to the patient population at large. This group continues to be in the minority. However, with increased knowledge of the benefits of spinal manipulation and the scientific evidence that now exists to support its efficacy, it is now believed that this interprofessional referral pattern will increase. In addition, many managed care programs now require primary care physicians to determine the necessity for referral to a chiropractor, thus causing a need for the primary physician to have some knowledge of spinal manipulation. This paper is presented to inform the physician community of Delaware of some of the evidence pointing to the efficacy of spinal manipulation as a treatment for low back pain.

Chiropractic↗
PubMed1997

The use of a simple home flow test as a quality indicator for male patients treated for lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of bladder outlet obstruction.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of a simple home flow test (HFT) in the examination and follow-up of patients suffering from lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of bladder outlet obstruction. METHODS: One hundred seventy-two patients who were treated with either transurethral resection of the prostate or transurethral microwave therapy were included. Symptom evaluation, HFT and uroflowmetry were done before and 3 months following treatment. The patients' opinions about the need for further therapy and the effect of therapy were categorised at the follow-up. RESULTS: The HFT correlated strongly with the maximum flow rate (Qmax) both before and after therapy and it was better correlated to the symptoms of the patients and to the subjective effect of therapy compared to the Qmax. CONCLUSION: HFT is a cost-saving diagnostic technique for the classification of urinary flow and should be useful as a quality indicator in large-scale health care management programs.

Follow-Up Studies↗
PubMed1997

Room-to-grow: responding to community cultural needs to support positive parenting.

Preventive services to assist parents to understand their children's developmental needs and to devise positive, culturally appropriate strategies for managing them are not recognized as important by most third party health service payers, especially managed care programs. Room-To-Grow is an intervention designed to meet identified community needs in a culturally appropriate and sensitive way. This article discusses the evolution of this intervention and the problems encountered in finding appropriate reimbursement streams.

Community Health Nursing↗