Psychologic aspects of international negotiations.
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A study of 189 consecutive psychiatric dispositions from the emergency service of an urban university hospital illustrates the difficulty that emergency psychiatric clinicians face when trying to find a receiving institution for a patient requiring hospitalization. All 18 of the receiving systems used by the service had restrictive admissions criteria that affected the admissions of specific patients, among them presence or absence of health insurance, voluntary or involuntary status, willingness of the family to participate in treatment, and patient's sex and age. Four case reports taken from the 189 dispositions demonstrate how clinicians must present patients to admitting staff in a manner that convinces an institution to admit them. The consequences of this practice are discussed, as are potential solutions to disposition difficulties.
Freud's "The Aetiology of Hysteria" (1896) begins with the description of an excavation. With this passage as a point of departure, the role of archaeology in Freud's early psychoanalytic formulations is examined. The archaeological imagery in his later writings and the collection of ancient objects that came to fill his consulting room and library are well known, but the passage must be contextualized in its own moment to show the influences that led Freud to articulate an "expanse of ruins" at this particular time. In the late nineteenth century, archaeology provided an innovative representation of "topography"--one that exceeded the limitations of this concept in neuroanatomical visualizations and that offered the layered site as an analogy for psychic processes. Schliemann's highly publicized excavations of Troy are recognized as an important but not exclusive source for Freud's narrative of 1896. The additional, perhaps dominant, impact of Austrian archaeological projects in the 1880s and 1890s is noted. These enjoyed considerable visibility in Vienna, and were used by Freud to symbolize the processes of destruction and rebuilding in the city itself. The excavation imagery in "Aetiology" is thus posited as the continuation of a complexity of meanings that Freud brought early on to his engagement with acts of unearthing.
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Since the introduction of antiretroviral drug treatments, there has been increased interest in the psychological aspects of living with HIV and a growth of related research and therapeutic literature. While there has been concern about the 'remedicalization' of HIV, there is apparently less concern about its 'psychologization'. This article considers how the expansion of psychological discourse about HIV impacts on the lives of HIV-positive people in the era of contemporary treatments. Through analysis of group discussions with HIV-positive gay men, we examine how psychological strategies and terminology are adopted or reworked to cope with the uncertainties of living with HIV. We consider both the enabling and constraining effects of psychological modes of regulation, as they are taken up and reworked by HIV-positive people. Our analysis suggests a need for greater scrutiny of the ways in which psychological techniques are employed as solutions to the ambiguities of living with HIV.
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This article explores the ways in which registered nurses communicate about organizational wrongdoing. Critical incidents were gathered from over 200 registered nurses. Through the phenomenological process of description, reduction, and interpretation, 5 themes emerged as central to responses of policy violations and personal ethics in the workplace: (a) perceptions of wrongdoing, (b) upholding the ideals of the profession, (c) clarity and evidence of wrongdoing, (d) consequences of reporting, and (e) workplace dynamics. The interpretative findings focus on how these themes are united by a tension that nurses face in terms of adhering to policy while attempting to manage the realities of their everyday professional lives. A discussion of these findings, including how they relate to existing and future research and practice, is offered.
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The cost of prescribing wound-care products in general practice in 1999 exceeded 95 million (Department of Health (DoH), 1999a). However, there is a lack of randomized controlled trials to assess the effectiveness of wound-care products (National Prescribing Centre, 1999a) and there is evidence that non-effective treatments are being prescribed (DoH, 1999a). Use of the prescribing pyramid, as taught during nurse prescribing courses, may help community nurses justify their decisions and assess their wound-care practices. Wounds commonly encountered in the community include pressure sores, leg ulcers, fungating wounds and cavity wounds. The ideal choice of product is one that allows moist wound healing, is cost effective, clinically effective and acceptable to the patient.
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This article revisits the ethical, legal, professional and emotional issues involved with disclosing bad news. The authors examine the push for disclosure that has come from a number of quarters in the UK, including ethical and legal challenges, in particular the Bristol Royal Inquiry Report, professional codes of conduct, health policy and the expectations of the public. The contribution of nurses to breaking bad news is not widely discussed in the literature. With the development of new nursing roles and evidence-based practice it is timely to consider the role of nurses in this process. The article highlights some limitations with current guidelines for breaking bad news, in particular, that these guidelines tend to be constructed from a professional standpoint and lack patient-centred evidence. The issue of emotional labour and how it relates to giving bad news is discussed with respect to professional staff and patients. The article concludes by raising some practice implications, including: the importance of context and continuity; the significance of information and support; the desirable qualities of the professional; and issues to consider in determining patient preferences.
A focus group was conducted to determine the views of persons with AIDS about how to best conduct the process of establishing advance directives. (Advance directives are instructions regarding future medical care to be implemented should a patient be unable to communicate his/her treatment preferences.) Several hypotheses emerged from this focus group that were then formally tested with a questionnaire. The results of the questionnaire identified (a) predictors of attitudes toward advance directives and (b) predictors of the act of having established a directive. Based upon the findings from the focus group and the questionnaire, recommendations for social workers raising the issue of advance directives can be made. First, time for the client to adjust to seropositive notification should be allowed prior to raising the advance directive issue. Second, the advance directive issue should be raised in the context of empowerment rather than being embedded in other paper work. Third, people who are most likely to be disturbed by the process of establishing advance directives are those who have low health locus of control, low trait optimism, low reliance on active involvement as a coping mechanism, and low reliance on distraction as a coping mechanism. More time should be allotted for people with those characteristics.