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A case of trisomy for the short arm of chromosome 9 in a 13-year-old boy is described. Particular emphasis is placed upon a number of abnormal dental findings, which include enamel hypoplasia, hypodontia, and severe dental crowding. The difficulties of providing comprehensive dental treatment in cases such as these is discussed.
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OBJECTIVE: Various investigators have reported a high prevalence of oral Candida species in patients with salivary gland dysfunction (SGD). The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of oral Candida albicans, its oral manifestations, and to compare the number of colony-forming units of Candida albicans in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome and secondary Sjögren's syndrome with the whole unstimulated salivary flow rate in each group. METHOD: An age-sex-matched group of control subjects was selected for comparison. Oropharyngeal collection of samples and culturing was performed on each subject. Quantitative cultures specific for Candida albicans were performed. RESULTS: The frequency distribution indicated that > 80% of all SS subjects were positive for Candida albicans vs. none of the controls. The most common lesion was angular cheilitis followed by chronic atrophic candidiasis. The subjects with Sjögren's syndrome also demonstrated significantly high numbers of Candida albicans colony-forming units. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates significantly higher Candida albicans colonization in patients with primary or secondary Sjögren's syndrome as compared to a control population. Candida albicans colonization was higher in patients with secondary Sjögren's syndrome than in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome; however, the amount of Candida albicans was not universally relative to salivary flow.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a pandemic disease characterised by impairment of the immune system; the main parameter is a progressive decline in the number of CD4 lymphocytes. This circumstance paves the way for opportunistic infections and the development of neoplastic processes that can lead the patient to a state known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and ultimately, results in death. The incorporation of treatment based on a cocktail of different active drugs (highly active antiretroviral therapy) has made it possible to drastically change the panorama of the disease in developed nations; improving quality of life for the patient and delaying the progression of the disease. The oral manifestations of HIV infection have been and continue to be an important component of the disease from the very first descriptions and are indicative of progression. At some point in the course of the disease, nine out of every ten patients will present oral manifestations and, on occasion, these symptoms will be the first sign of the syndrome. It is essential that oral healthcare professionals recognize the hallmarks of the illness. In developed countries, the emergence of new therapies has made it possible to significantly reduce immune deficiency-related oral manifestations, both in terms of frequency, as well as severity. This review analyses the most important oral lesions associated with HIV infection and the current state of affairs in this regard.
Oral manifestations in AIDS, in AIDS-related complex, and in patients with antibodies to the AIDS-causing virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), have been described previously. One of these manifestations, oral hairy leukoplakia, is apparently specifically associated with HIV infection and has until recently been reported in homosexual men only. This article demonstrates, among European patients, the occurrence of hairy leukoplakia in three patients belonging to another risk group for AIDS, namely HIV-infected hemophiliacs.
This article reviews the clinical features of vesiculobullous diseases with oral manifestations. Oral vesiculobullous diseases may be viral, immunologically mediated, drug induced, hereditary, or traumatic in origin. A general approach to the diagnosis is outlined, including immunofluorescent testing of suspected vesiculobullous disease. Recommendations for treatment of oral vesiculobullous diseases are included.
Oral Crohn's disease has been reported frequently in the last two decades with and without intestinal manifestations. In the latter case it is considered one of the orofacial granulomatoses. This reference is claimed to eliminate the patient's distress caused by the term Crohn's disease. There has been much doubt whether intestinal Crohn's disease will eventually develop in these patients. A case is reported in a 10-year-old West Indian girl in whom oral Crohn's disease developed at the age of 10 years and was followed by rectal Crohn's disease 9 years later. In this article the term Crohn's disease is used to describe those patients with intestinal manifestations with or without oral disease whereas oral Crohn's disease is used for those who have only oral manifestations.
Cutaneous manifestations in a case of Reiter's disease were successfully treated by oral etretinate administration. The clinical and histopathological similarities between the skin lesions of Reiter's disease and those of pustular psoriasis, which is known to respond to aromatic retinoids, suggested this treatment.
Oral lesions of opportunistic infections and neoplasms are associated with immunosuppression caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These include oral candidiasis, viral lesions such as warts, herpes simplex, herpes zoster and hairy leukoplakia, as well as Kaposi's sarcoma and an aggressive form of periodontal disease. Many of these can occur as the first clinical signs of HIV infection. Thus, careful oral examination is an important part of the clinical evaluation.