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PubMed1995

Structure and ligand recognition of the phosphotyrosine binding domain of Shc.

The nuclear magnetic resonance structure of the phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain of Shc complexed to a phosphopeptide reveals an alternative means of recognizing tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins. Unlike in SH2 domains, the phosphopeptide forms an antiparallel beta-strand with a beta-sheet of the protein, interacts with a hydrophobic pocket through the (pY-5) residue, and adopts a beta-turn. The PTB domain is structurally similar to pleckstrin homology domains (a beta-sandwich capped by an alpha-helix) and binds to acidic phospholipids, suggesting a possible role in membrane localization.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗

PubMed1992

Identification of a protein transiently phosphorylated by activators of endothelial cell function as the heat-shock protein HSP27. A possible role for protein kinase C.

Several agonists of endothelial cell function (thrombin, histamine, dioctanoylglycerol, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, interleukin-1) have previously been shown to enhance the level of phosphorylation of an undefined 29,000-M(r) protein (P29). Comparison of this protein with other phosphoproteins suggested that it may be related to the mammalian heat-shock protein HSP27. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblot analysis with antibodies specific for human HSP27 demonstrated that P29 was immunochemically identical with HSP27. Further characterization of agonist-induced phosphorylation of HSP27 indicated that phosphorylation occurred exclusively on serine residues, and phosphopeptide analysis of tryptic- and chymotryptic-cleavage products demonstrated that the phosphopeptides generated were identical for each agonist and okadaic acid. Down-regulation of protein kinase C-alpha by prolonged treatment with phorbol esters eliminated the ability of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, dioctanoylglycerol, thrombin and histamine to phosphorylate HSP27 above background levels and deceased interleukin-1-stimulated HSP27 phosphorylation by 60%. These data suggest that the various agonists employed stimulate HSP27 phosphorylation through similar mechanisms and that protein kinase C is probably involved.

Autoradiography↗

PubMed1994

Rapid and efficient purification of Src homology 2 domain-containing proteins: Fyn, Csk and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p85.

To analyse the regulation of Src family tyrosine kinases in vitro, we have purified Fyn and Csk, a kinase capable of regulating Fyn activity by phosphorylation, from baculovirus-infected insect cells. The proteins were purified by affinity purification over a phosphotyrosine column. Highly purified proteins were eluted from the resin by a salt gradient and further purified by ion-exchange chromatography. This purification scheme was successfully applied to a third, unrelated protein that also contains the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain, namely the 85 kDa subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, indicating that this method is versatile and should prove applicable to any protein with an accessible SH2 domain. The binding of Csk to different phosphopeptides was tested, and specificity for the autophosphorylation site of Fyn was demonstrated. Pure Csk was used to phosphorylate Fyn and down-regulate its kinase activity, and the kinetic parameters of both the active and the repressed forms of Fyn were determined. Repression of Fyn activity by Csk reduced binding of Fyn to phosphopeptides to undetectable levels, supporting the model that predicts an intramolecular interaction of the Fyn SH2 domain with a C-terminal phosphotyrosine residue.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1995

Identification of the in vitro phosphorylation sites on Gs alpha mediated by pp60c-src.

Overexpression of pp60c-src in mouse fibroblasts potentiates both agonist-induced signalling through beta-adrenergic receptors and cyclic AMP accumulation in response to cholera toxin [Bushman, Wilson, Luttrell, Moyers and Parsons (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 7462-7466; Moyers, Bouton and Parsons (1993) Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 2391-2400]. In reconstitution experiments in vitro, phosphorylation of Gs alpha by immune-complexed pp60c-src resulted in enhanced rates of receptor-mediated guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate (GTP[S]) binding and GTP hydrolysis [Hausdorff, Pitcher, Luttrell, Linder, Kurose, Parsons, Caron and Lefkowitz (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 5720-5724]. These results suggest that one mechanism by which pp60c-src affects signalling through the beta-adrenergic receptor is by phosphorylation and functional alteration of the G protein. To elucidate how phosphorylation of Gs alpha might affect its function, we subjected phosphorylated, recombinant Gs alpha to tryptic phosphopeptide analysis. Phosphotryptic peptides were purified by h.p.l.c. and analysed by Edman degradation to determine the cycle numbers at which radiolabelled phosphotyrosine was released. Candidate peptides that contained Tyr residues at the corresponding positions were synthesized, phosphorylated in vitro by pp60c-src, and their migrations in two-dimensional electrophoresis/t.l.c. were compared with those of tryptic phosphopeptides from intact Gs alpha. We report here that Gs alpha is phosphorylated on two residues by pp60c-src, namely, Tyr-37 and Tyr-377. Tyr-37 lies near the site of beta gamma binding in the N-terminus, within a region postulated to modulate GDP dissociation and activation by GTP [Johnson, Dhanasekaran, Gupta, Lowndes, Vaillancourt and Ruoho (1991) J. Cell Biochem. 47, 136-146], while Tyr-377 is located in the extreme C-terminus, within a region of Gs alpha important for receptor interaction [Sullivan, Miller, Masters, Beiderman, Heideman and Bourne (1987) Nature (London) 334, 712-715]. The location of these residues suggests that phosphorylation may affect the function of both of these regulatory domains.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1996

Biochemical characterization and deletion analysis of recombinant human protein phosphatase 2C alpha.

The use of protein phosphatase inhibitors has been instrumental in defining the intracellular roles of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), PP2A and PP2B. Identification of the role of PP2C in vivo has been hampered, in part, by the unavailability of specific inhibitors. In order to facilitate the identification of novel and specific inhibitors of PP2C by random screening of compounds, and to further characterize this enzyme at the molecular level by site-directed mutagenesis and X-ray crystallography, we have expressed active recombinant human PP2C alpha (rPP2C alpha) in Escherichia coli. Biochemical characterization of rPP2C alpha showed that it could hydrolyse p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) although, in contrast with native PP2C, this was not stimulated by Mg2+. As with native PP2C, okadaic acid failed to inhibit rPP2C alpha, whereas 50 mM NaF dramatically inhibited its activity. An alignment of the amino acid sequence of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) with those of other serine/threonine protein kinases around the regulatory phosphorylation site (subdomains VII-VIII) revealed a high degree of conservation. Phosphopeptides derived from this region of AMPK and containing the almost invariant threonine (Thr172 in AMPK) were found to be good substrates for rPP2C alpha. We also showed that rPP2C alpha can inactivate AMPK, but only in the presence of Mg2+. To define the regions of PP2C alpha important for catalytic activity, we expressed a number of truncated proteins based on the sequence and proposed domain structure of the PP2C alpha homologue from Paramecium tetraurelia. Deletion of 75 residues (9 kDa) from the C-terminus appeared to have little effect on the catalytic activity using pNPP, phosphopeptides or AMPK as substrates. This suggests that the residues important in catalysis lie elsewhere in the protein. A further deletion of the C-terminus led to a completely inactive and very poorly soluble protein.

AMP-Activated Protein Kinases↗

PubMed1998

Regulation of PtdIns4P 5-kinase C by thrombin-stimulated changes in its phosphorylation state in human platelets.

PtdIns(4,5)P2 production by the enzyme PtdIns4P 5-kinase C (PIPkin C) was examined in thrombin-stimulated human platelets. Thrombin caused a rapid, transient 2-3-fold increase in PIPkin activity and a transient net dephosphorylation of the enzyme. PIPkin C was phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues in unstimulated platelets; no evidence for tyrosine phosphorylation was found. The phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid promoted PIPkin C hyperphosphorylation and a concomitant marked inhibition of its activity in immunoprecipitates. Activity was restored by treatment with alkaline phosphatase, suggesting the existence of an inhibitory phosphorylation site. In support of this idea, alkaline phosphatase treatment of PIPkin C immunoprecipitated from unstimulated platelets caused a modest (1.6-fold) but significant activation of the enzyme. However, alkaline phosphatase treatment of PIPkin C immunoprecipitated from thrombin-stimulated platelets caused a decrease in activity to approximately the same levels, suggesting that the phosphorylation of PIPkin C also contributes to the observed stimulation. Two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping of immunoprecipitated PIPkin C revealed that the enzyme is multiply phosphorylated and that, whereas some phosphopeptides are indeed lost on stimulation, consistent with the net dephosphorylation of the enzyme, at least two novel sites become phosphorylated. This suggests that thrombin causes complex changes in the phosphorylation state of PIPkin C, one consequence of which is its activation.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗

PubMed1998

Identification of the regulatory autophosphorylation site of autophosphorylation-dependent protein kinase (auto-kinase). Evidence that auto-kinase belongs to a member of the p21-activated kinase family.

Autophosphorylation-dependent protein kinase (auto-kinase) was identified from pig brain and liver on the basis of its unique autophosphorylation/activation property [Yang, Fong, Yu and Liu (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 7034-7040; Yang, Chang and Soderling (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 9421-9427]. Its substrate consensus sequence motif was determined as being -R-X-(X)-S*/T*-X3-S/T-. To characterize auto-kinase further, we partly sequenced the kinase purified from pig liver. The N-terminal sequence (VDGGAKTSDKQKKKAXMTDE) and two internal peptide sequences (EKLRTIV and LQNPEK/ILTP/FI) of auto-kinase were obtained. These sequences identify auto-kinase as a C-terminal catalytic fragment of p21-activated protein kinase 2 (PAK2 or gamma-PAK) lacking its N-terminal regulatory region. Auto-kinase can be recognized by an antibody raised against the C-terminal peptide of human PAK2 by immunoblotting. Furthermore the autophosphorylation site sequence of auto-kinase was successfully predicted on the basis of its substrate consensus sequence motif and the known PAK2 sequence, and was further demonstrated to be RST(P)MVGTPYWMAPEVVTR by phosphoamino acid analysis, manual Edman degradation and phosphopeptide mapping via the help of phosphorylation site analysis of a synthetic peptide corresponding to the sequence of PAK2 from residues 396 to 418. During the activation process, auto-kinase autophosphorylates mainly on a single threonine residue Thr402 (according to the sequence numbering of human PAK2). In addition, a phospho-specific antibody against a synthetic phosphopeptide containing this identified sequence was generated and shown to be able to differentially recognize the activated auto-kinase autophosphorylated at Thr402 but not the non-phosphorylated/inactive auto-kinase. Immunoblot analysis with this phospho-specific antibody further revealed that the change in phosphorylation level of Thr402 of auto-kinase was well correlated with the activity change of the kinase during both autophosphorylation/activation and protein phosphatase-mediated dephosphorylation/inactivation processes. Taken together, our results identify Thr402 as the regulatory autophosphorylation site of auto-kinase, which is a C-terminal catalytic fragment of PAK2.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2000

The major site of the pti1 kinase phosphorylated by the pto kinase is located in the activation domain and is required for pto-pti1 physical interaction.

The Pto and Pti1 serine/threonine protein kinases are key components of the signaling pathway leading to speck disease resistance in tomato. The two kinases physically interact in the yeast two-hybrid system, and Pto specifically phosphorylates Pti1 in vitro. In this study, we identified and characterized the major Pti1 site phosphorylated by Pto. Pto was expressed in Escherichia coli as a maltose-binding fusion protein (MBP-Pto), and used to phosphorylate in vitro a kinase deficient Pti1 protein fused to glutathione S-transferase (GST-Pti1[K96N]). The major phosphopeptide derived from trypsin digestion of phosphorylated GST-Pti1(K96N) was partially purified by reverse-phase HPLC and analyzed by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Its mass corresponded to phosphopeptide LHSTR, which lies in the Pti1 kinase activation domain at amino acid position 230-234. By phosphoamino acid analysis, Thr233 was determined to be the phosphorylation site of peptide LHSTR. Mutations of Thr233 reduced dramatically Pti1 phosphorylation by MBP-Pto and Pti1 autophosphorylation, providing evidence that the same Pti1 site is involved in the two reactions. Moreover, phosphorylation of Thr233 appeared to be required for Pto-Pti1 physical interaction, as a mutation of this site to alanine, but not to aspartate, abolished the interaction between Pto and Pti1 in the yeast two-hybrid system.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2006

Quantitative phosphoproteomics of vasopressin-sensitive renal cells: regulation of aquaporin-2 phosphorylation at two sites.

Protein phosphorylation plays a key role in vasopressin signaling in the renal-collecting duct. Large-scale identification and quantification of phosphorylation events triggered by vasopressin is desirable to gain a comprehensive systems-level understanding of this process. We carried out phosphoproteomic analysis of rat inner medullary collecting duct cells by using a combination of phosphopeptide enrichment by immobilized metal affinity chromatography and phosphorylation site identification by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(n) neutral loss scanning. A total of 714 phosphorylation sites on 223 unique phosphoproteins were identified from inner medullary collecting duct samples treated short-term with either calyculin A or vasopressin. A number of proteins involved in cytoskeletal reorganization, vesicle trafficking, and transcriptional regulation were identified. Previously unidentified phosphorylation sites were found for membrane proteins essential to collecting duct physiology, including eight sites among aquaporin-2 (AQP2), aquaporin-4, and urea transporter isoforms A1 and A3. Through label-free quantification of phosphopeptides, we identified a number of proteins that significantly changed phosphorylation state in response to short-term vasopressin treatment: AQP2, Bclaf1, LRRC47, Rgl3, and SAFB2. In the presence of vasopressin, AQP2 monophosphorylated at S256 and diphosphorylated AQP2 (pS256/261) increased in abundance, whereas AQP2 monophosphorylated at S261 decreased, raising the possibility that both sites are involved in vasopressin-dependent AQP2 trafficking. This study reveals the practicality of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(n) neutral loss scanning for large-scale identification and quantification of protein phosphorylation in the analysis of cell signaling in a native mammalian system.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1988

Identification of phosphorylated 422(aP2) protein as pp15, the 15-kilodalton target of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

[32P]pp15, the [32P]phosphorylated form of a specific cytosolic substrate of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase, was purified to homogeneity from mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes incubated with 32Pi. Evidence presented here and previously indicates that pp15 contains a single phosphotyrosine residue. Alkylated [32P]pp15 was subjected to limited digestion with trypsin, after which three incompletely digested tryptic [32P]phosphopeptides were purified for analysis. Amino acid and radiochemical sequence analysis of the [32P]phosphopeptides revealed that pp15 is the phosphorylation product of 422(aP2) protein, a 15-kDa adipocyte protein previously sequenced in this laboratory from the corresponding cDNA.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1990

Tumor necrosis factor alpha modifies agonist-dependent responses in human neutrophils by inducing the synthesis and myristoylation of a specific protein kinase C substrate.

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induce the synthesis and cotranslational myristoylation of an 82-kDa specific protein kinase C substrate in human neutrophils. The myristic acid is covalently bound via a hydroxylamine-resistant amide linkage to the N-terminal glycine of the protein. The isoelectric point of the protein is at pH 4.6. The protein is rapidly phosphorylated when neutrophils are stimulated with chemotactic agonists or with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, an activator of protein kinase C, and displays two characteristic phosphopeptides in one- and two-dimensional separation systems. Identical phosphopeptides were detected when the 82-kDa protein was phosphorylated in vitro with purified kinase C. The 82-kDa protein was immunoprecipitated by a polyclonal antiserum raised against the 87-kDa specific protein kinase C substrate from bovine brain. From these biochemical and immunological criteria it is concluded that the 82-kDa protein is the human neutrophil homolog of MARCKS, the myristoylated, alanine-rich C kinase substrate previously described in bovine and rat brain and in murine fibroblasts and macrophages. TNF-alpha and LPS prime human neutrophils for potentiated protein kinase C-dependent responses such as the respiratory burst and exocytosis. Consistent with this, these mediators do not induce the phosphorylation of MARCKS but prime the neutrophils for enhanced phosphorylation of this protein when the cells subsequently encounter activators of protein kinase C. This increase in MARCKS phosphorylation can be explained by the elevated levels of the protein observed in TNF-alpha- or LPS-treated neutrophils. Indeed, MARCKS constitutes 90% of all proteins synthesized in response to TNF-alpha or LPS. These data strongly suggest that MARCKS acts as a critical effector molecule in the transduction pathway of these important inflammatory mediators.

Colony-Stimulating Factors↗

PubMed1992

The phorbol ester-dependent activator of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p42mapk is a kinase with specificity for the threonine and tyrosine regulatory sites.

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP kinases) are activated by dual tyrosine and threonine phosphorylations in response to various stimuli, including phorbol esters. To define the mechanism of activation, recombinant wild-type 42-kDa MAP kinase (p42mapk) and a kinase-defective mutant of p42mapk (K52R) were used to assay both activator activity for p42mapk and kinase activity toward K52R in stimulated EL4.I12 mouse thymoma cells. Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (10 min, 650 nM) stimulated a single peak of MAP kinase activator that was coeluted from Mono Q at pH 7.5 and 8.9 with K52R kinase activity. Both activities were inactivated by the serine/threonine-specific phosphatase 2A but not by the tyrosine-specific phosphatase CD45. Phosphorylation of K52R occurred specifically on Thr-183 and Tyr-185, as determined by tryptic phosphopeptide mapping in comparison with synthetic marker phosphopeptides. These findings indicate that phorbol ester-stimulated MAP kinase kinase can activate p42mapk by threonine and tyrosine phosphorylations, and that p42mapk thus does not require an autophosphorylation reaction.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1995

Modulation of c-Myb-induced transcription activation by a phosphorylation site near the negative regulatory domain.

The c-myb protooncogene encodes a highly conserved transcription factor that functions as both an activator and a repressor of transcription. The v-myb oncogenes of E26 leukemia virus and avian myeloblastosis virus encode proteins that are truncated at both the amino and the carboxyl terminus, deleting portions of the c-Myb DNA-binding and negative regulatory domains. This has led to speculation that the deleted regions contain important regulatory sequences. We previously reported that the 42-kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase (p42mapk) phosphorylates chicken and murine c-Myb at multiple sites in the negative regulatory domain in vitro, suggesting that phosphorylation might provide a mechanism to regulate c-Myb function. We now report that three tryptic phosphopeptides derived from in vitro phosphorylated c-Myb comigrate with three tryptic phosphopeptides derived from metabolically labeled c-Myb immunoprecipitated from murine erythroleukemia cells. At least two of these peptides are phosphorylated on serine-528. Replacement of serine-528 with alanine results in a 2- to 7-fold increase in the ability of c-Myb to transactivate a Myb-responsive promoter/reporter gene construct. These findings suggest that phosphorylation serves to regulate c-Myb activity and that loss of this phosphorylation site from the v-Myb proteins may contribute to their transforming potential.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1996

Identification of residues that control specific binding of the Shc phosphotyrosine-binding domain to phosphotyrosine sites.

The Shc adaptor protein contains two phosphotyrosine [Tyr(P)]binding modules--an N-terminal Tyr(P) binding (PTB) domain and a C-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domain. We have compared the ability of the Shc PTB domain to bind the receptors for nerve growth factor and insulin, both of which contain juxtamembrane Asn-Pro-Xaa-Tyr(P) motifs implicated in PTB binding. The Shc PTB domain binds with high affinity to a phosphopeptide corresponding to the nerve growth factor receptor Tyr-490 autophosphorylation site. Analysis of individual residues within this motif indicates that the Asn at position -3 [with respect to Tyr(P)], in addition to Tyr(P), is critical for PTB binding, while the Pro at position -2 plays a less significant role. A hydrophobic amino acid 5 residues N-terminal to the Tyr(P) is also essential for high-affinity binding. In contrast, the Shc PTB domain does not bind stably to the Asn-Pro-Xaa-Tyr(P) site at Tyr-960 in the activated insulin receptor, which has a polar residue (Ser) at position -5. Substitution of this Ser at position -5 with Ile markedly increased binding of the insulin receptor Tyr-960 phosphopeptide to the PTB domain. These results suggest that while the Shc PTB domain recognizes a core sequence of Asn-Pro-Xaa-Tyr(P), its binding affinity is modulated by more N-terminal residues in the ligand, which therefore contribute to the specificity of PTB-receptor interactions. An analysis of residues in the Shc PTB domain required for binding to Tyr(P) sites identified a specific and evolutionarily conserved Arg (Arg-175) that is uniquely important for ligand binding and is potentially involved in Tyr(P) recognition.

3T3 Cells↗

PubMed1995

Syk protein-tyrosine kinase is regulated by tyrosine-phosphorylated Ig alpha/Ig beta immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motif binding and autophosphorylation.

Syk is a cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase containing two amino-terminal Src homology 2 domains that is activated following ligation of the B cell antigen receptor. Syk activation in B cells correlates with Syk tyrosine phosphorylation as well as with Syk SH2-mediated association with the tyrosine-phosphorylated Ig alpha and Ig beta B cell antigen receptor subunits. Tyrosine-phosphorylated peptide 20-mers representing Ig alpha and Ig beta immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motifs were synthesized and found to stimulate the specific activity of Syk by as much as 10-fold in vitro. Maximal phosphopeptide-induced Syk activation required both Syk SH2 domains and phosphorylation of both tyrosine residues present in the immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motif. The biochemical mechanism responsible for the phosphopeptide-induced Syk enzyme activation appears to be a function of Syk autophosphorylation. Our observations suggest the association of Syk tandem SH2 domains with the tyrosine-phosphorylated Ig alpha and/or Ig beta immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motifs in B cells stimulates Syk autophosphorylation leading to Syk enzyme activation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1995

Phosphorylation of CTP synthetase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by protein kinase C.

Phosphorylation of CTP synthetase (EC 6.3.4.2, UTP:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein kinase C was examined. Using pure CTP by synthetase as a substrate, protein kinase C activity was dose- and time-dependent and required calcium, diacylglycerol, and phosphatidylserine for full activation. Protein kinase C activity was also dependent on the concentration of CTP synthetase. Protein kinase C phosphorylated CTP synthetase on serine and threonine residues in vitro whereas the enzyme was primarily phosphorylated on serine residues in vivo. Phosphopeptide mapping analysis of CTP synthetase phosphorylated in vitro and in vivo indicated that the enzyme was phosphorylated on more than one site. Most of the phosphopeptides derived from CTP synthetase phosphorylated in vivo were the same as those derived from CTP synthetase phosphorylated by protein kinase C in vitro. The stoichiometry of the phosphorylation of native CTP synthetase was 0.4 mol of phosphate/mol of enzyme whereas the stoichiometry of the phosphorylation of alkaline phosphatase-treated CTP synthetase was 2.2 mol of phosphate/mol of enzyme. This indicated that CTP synthetase was purified in a phosphorylated state. Phosphorylation of CTP synthetase resulted in a 3-fold activation in enzyme activity whereas alkaline phosphatase treatment of CTP synthetase resulted in a 5-fold decrease in enzyme activity. Overall, the results reported here were consistent with the conclusion that CTP synthetase was regulated by protein kinase C phosphorylation.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed1995

A single point mutation switches the specificity of group III Src homology (SH) 2 domains to that of group I SH2 domains.

Src homology 2 (SH2) domains recognize phosphotyrosine-containing sequences, and thereby mediate the association of specific signaling proteins in response to tyrosine phosphorylation (Pawson, T., and Schlessinger, J. (1993) Curr. Biol. 3, 434-442). We have shown that specific binding of SH2 domains to tyrosine-phosphorylated sites is determined by sequences adjacent to the phosphotyrosine. Based on the phosphopeptide specificity and crystal structures, SH2 domains were classified into four different groups (Songyang, Z., Shoelson, S. E., Chaudhuri, M., Gish, G., Pawson, T., Haser, W. G., King, F., Roberts, T., Ratnofsky, S., Lechleider, R. J., Neel, B. G., R. B. B., Fajardo, J. E., Chou, M. M., Hanafusa, H., Schaffhausen, B., and Cantley, L. C. (1993) Cell 72, 767-778). The beta D5 residues of SH2 domains were predicted to be critical in distinguishing these groups (Songyang, Z., Shoelson, S. E., Chaudhuri, M., Gish, G., Pawson, T., Haser, W. G., King, F., Roberts, T., Ratnofsky, S., Lechleider, R. J., Neel, B. G., R. B. B., Fajardo, J. E., Chou, M. M., Hanafusa, H., Schaffhausen, B., and Cantley, L. C. (1993) Cell 72, 767-778; Eck, M. J., Shoelson, S. E., and Harrison, S. C. (1993) Nature 362, 87-91). We report here that replacing the aliphatic residues at the beta D5 positions of two Group III SH2 domains (phosphoinositide 3-kinase N-terminal SH2 domain and phospholipase C-gamma C-terminal SH2 domain) with Tyr (as found in Group I SH2 domains) results in a switch in phosphopeptide selectivity, consistent with the specificities of Group I SH2 domains. These results establish the importance of the beta D5 residue in determining specificities of SH2 domains.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1995

PTB domains of IRS-1 and Shc have distinct but overlapping binding specificities.

PTB domains are non-Src homology 2 (SH2) phosphotyrosine binding domains originally described in the receptor tyrosine kinase substrate, Shc. By serial truncation, we show that a 174-residue region of Shc p52 (33-206) has full PTB activity. We also show that a 173-residue region of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1; residues 144-316) has related PTB activity. In vitro both domains bind directly to activated insulin receptors. Binding is abrogated by substitution of Tyr-960 and selectively inhibited by phosphopeptides containing NPXY sequences. Phosphopeptide assays developed to compare PTB domain specificities show that the Shc PTB domain binds with highest affinity to psi XN beta 1 beta 2 pY motifs derived from middle T (mT), TrkA, ErbB4, or epidermal growth factor receptors (psi = hydrophobic, beta = beta-turn forming); the IRS-1 PTB domain does not bind with this motif. In contrast, both the Shc and IRS-1 PTB domains bind psi psi psi XXN beta 1 beta 2pY sequences derived from insulin and interleukin 4 receptors, although specificities vary in detail. Shc and IRS-1 are phosphorylated by distinct but overlapping sets of receptor-linked tyrosine kinases. These differences may be accounted for by the inherent specificities of their respective PTB domains.

3T3 Cells↗