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PubMed1996

Adaptation to cognitive deficit? An exploration of apparent dissociations between everyday memory and test performance late after stroke.

It is widely believed that spontaneous improvements in functioning late after brain damage are due to processes of adaptation to permanent cognitive deficits. Reports of everyday memory and the pattern of performance on memory tests were investigated in 70 patients more than a year after a stroke. Contrary to the adaptation hypothesis, performance on simulations of everyday tasks (Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test) correlated strongly with performance on a test where there was little scope for compensatory strategies (forced-choice recognition memory for words). In 12 cases, initial assessment with the EMQ20 questionnaire suggested few cognitive failures in everyday life despite poor test performance. However, where further investigation was possible, it seemed that unreliability of measures or subtle everyday effects of non-verbal memory impairment could explain the apparent discrepancies. In addition, patients who did poorly on tests were not reported to make frequent use of memory aids. Adaptation to deficit does not therefore appear to be a major influence on everyday memory performance late after stroke, but it may have subtle effects or may be important in other areas of functioning. Implications for clinical memory assessment are discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1981

Environmental reduplication associated with right frontal and parietal lobe injury.

Four patients with environmental reduplication, a specific form of spatial disorientation and confabulation are described. The patients maintained that their hospital rooms were located in their homes. Each patients had evidence of right frontal or right parietal injury based upon computed tomography, neurosurgery, and neuropsychological testing. The factors associated with environmental reduplication were: impaired spatial perception and visual memory, inability of the patients to recognise the inconsistency between their believed location and their actual location, confusion soon after admission to hospital, and a strong desire to be at home.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Left of what? The role of egocentric coordinates in neglect.

OBJECTIVES: Egocentric coordinate systems centred on the trunk, head, and gaze have been investigated in a patient who displays severe extrapersonal neglect and in five control subjects. METHODS: The subjects were tested with a blind tactile exploration task in five different experimental conditions in which the role of the three distinct frames of reference was individually controlled. RESULTS: Only the trunk centred coordinates significantly influenced the performance of the patient, therefore proving of paramount importance in determining the boundaries of the neglected field. Similar results emerged from a single word reading task, in which the patient's performance improved when the stimuli were presented to the right of his body's midline. CONCLUSION: These findings point to the importance of the body centred coordinate system in determining the area of extrapersonal spatial neglect.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

From AMP to AMDP.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Feeding and Eating Disorders↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Visual and language processing deficits in compensated and uncompensated college students with dyslexia.

In seven experiments, we investigated whether compensated and uncompensated adults with dyslexia show different patterns of deficits in magnocellular visual processing and in language processing tasks. In four visual tasks, we failed to find evidence of magnocellular deficits in either group. However, both groups of adults with dyslexia showed deficits in component language skills, and the degree of reading impairment predicted the nature and extent of these deficits. Uncompensated readers showed deficits in orthographic and especially phonological coding and awareness and were slower on rapid naming. Compensated readers showed word and nonword performance below controls but better than the uncompensated readers. The compensated group was not significantly less accurate than controls on phonological awareness, nor significantly worse overall on rapid naming.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Neuropsychological functioning in adults with Asperger syndrome.

There is some consensus in the literature regarding the cognitive profile of people with Asperger syndrome (AS). Findings to date suggest that a proportion of people with AS have higher verbal than performance IQ, a non-verbal learning disability (NVLD) and impairments in some aspects of executive function (EF). However, there are few published studies on adults with AS and many have compared the AS group to an autistic control group alone. We compared cognitive functioning in 27 AS adults without a history of language delay and 20 normal controls who did not differ significantly in age, gender and IQ. People with AS had significant impairments on a test of visual memory and on EF tasks measuring flexibility and generativity, but not inhibition. There was no significant difference between verbal and performance IQ. Our results suggest that impairments on tests requiring flexibility of thought and generation occur at all ages and across a range of autistic disorders including AS.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Remote memory and neglect syndrome.

Three patients with right cerebral infarctions and neglect syndrome failed to recall left hemispatial remote memories, even when the imagined orientation was reversed by 180 degrees. One patient was retested 4 months later and, although improved, continued to consistently recall more right-sided items. He was tested at east and west mental orientations with his head/eyes oriented physically to each side. Recall for items imagined in left hemispace improved 26% when his head/eye orientation was physically shifted from right to left hemispace. Findings suggest that the engrams for left-sided visuospatial memories in neglect syndrome are not destroyed, but rather fail to be activated.

Attention↗
PubMed2001

A visual learning and memory test for preoperative evaluation of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.

We used a modified version of the visual DCS (mDCS) test to study patterns of learning, free recall, and recognition capacity in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) (N = 24) and controls (N = 38). The patients were under consideration for epilepsy surgery. The mDCS differentiated left from right TLE patients in all aspects of visuospatial learning and delayed recall. The mDCS revealed lower performance for TLE patients as compared with controls. The present results indicate that the mDCS may be a preoperative tool to differentiate left from right TLE.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cognitive deterioration in Parkinson's disease].

INTRODUCTION: Whether there are mental changes in Parkinson s disease (EP) or not, has been a confused and contradictory subject since the earliest studies and semiological definition of the disorder. James Parkinson himself, in his study An essay on the shaking palsy (1817), stated that in the condition he described, the sense and intellect were not damaged. DEVELOPMENT: Thanks to the development of cognitive neuropsychology, at the present time there are rather more precise concepts regarding this fascinating area of neurology. We give a summary, as schematic as possible, of theory relating to the known data. 1. The presence or absence of cognitive deterioration in EP 2. The neuropsychological characteristics of cognitive involvement in EP, cognitive defects in incipient EP and in established EP. 3. The risk factor involved in the occurrence of cognitive deterioration. CONCLUSIONS: This knowledge should be used for better understanding of the patient s mental state at every stage of the disease, during follow up studies and for the neuro conductual therapeutic and socio familial approach in each case.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

[Psychopathological aspects of a child with Klinefelter's syndrome].

The description of a 9 year old boy introduces the discussion about psychopathology and Klinefelter syndrome. This child's profile is not typical. He presents several visuo-spatial impairments and important behaviour deviance. We discuss the connections between biological, psychological and environmental variables in the emergence of such a trouble.

Child↗
PubMed1999

[Neuropsychological study of dementia severity in Alzheimer's disease].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the neuropsychological pattern of different dementia severity in Alzheimer Disease (AD). METHODS: Probable AD patients who were examined with NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for clinical diagnosis of AD were further examined with several neuropsychological tests and the dementia severity was determined with clinical dementia rating (CDR). RESULTS: There was impairement of visuospatial function in mild AD (CDR = 1). Evident decline was found in moderately severe AD (CDR = 2) and severe AD (CDR = 3). There was impairment of cognition function in mild AD and the decline continued in moderately severe and severe AD. Memory function declined apparently in the early stage of AD, but the decline was not apparent in moderately severe AD. However, the decline became very quick and memory function was completely lost in severe AD. The trend of decline of daily living activity and ability was the same as memory. Alteration in personality appeared in the mild AD and became most evident in severe AD. CONCLUSION: Neuropsychological test is useful in diagnosis of AD in the early stage, and neuropsychological pattern in each stage is useful in differential diagnosis.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Behavioral characteristics of auditory processing disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: predominantly inattentive type.

Auditory processing disorder (APD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) present overlapping symptomatology. Previous research has demonstrated that professionals use different behavioral descriptors to characterize APD and ADHD combined and predominantly hyperactive-impulsive subtypes, which present with hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention. The present study extends this research by comparing audiologists' and pediatricians' rankings of 58 behavioral symptoms associated with APD and ADHD predominantly inattentive (PI) subtype, the ADHD subtype that presents without hyperactivity and impulsivity. Audiologists ranked the degree to which each symptom pertained to individuals with APD, and pediatricians ranked the same symptom as it relates to ADHD-PI. Item analysis revealed that respondents identified a reasonably exclusive set of behaviors characterizing APD and ADHD-PI. None of the four behaviors ranked 2 SD above the grand means (i.e., inattention, academic difficulties, asking for things to be repeated, and poor listening skills) was ranked in common.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The possibilities of neurocognitive rehabilitation in schizophrenia].

INTRODUCTION: Schizophrenia is a severely disability causing syndrome, what tend to chronically alter living project of great number of young people and its families. It is affected multiple cognitive functions, as executive capacity, explicit memory, working memory or perceptive integration. In the last years, neurocognitive rehabilitation techniques of this functions coming from the experience with brain damage patients has been applied to schizophrenia. DEVELOPMENT: Present work revised: a). cognitive deficits that can be considered as nuclear in the genesis of schizophrenia symptoms and b). recovery or substitution strategies of that deficits, that can be generalized to a better psychosocial functioning of the patient. It is proposed that attention control deficit (ACD), defined as the inadequate assignation of attention recourses during cognitive processing, results in attention processing of redundant information and a lack of attention recourses to process new information. Some explaining models are presented for subjective and perceptive symptoms, language disorders and executive disorders in schizophrenia. Possibilities of neurocognitive rehabilitation in schizophrenia are discussed, especially by the utilisation of implicit learning methods, that don't need attention processing. Some recommendations are made for the implementation of cognitive rehabilitation in the general framework of psychosocial and occupational rehabilitation.

Attention↗