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PubMed2005

[Physical exercise in old age].

For the prevention of diseases and especially functional deficits in old age, physical activity is a simple, practicable and successful method. With increasing age and frailty or in rehabilitation training, these activities have to be more and more individualized and medically supervised. The paper defines from today's viewpoint suitable activities and the amount of training necessary. Finally, the need for research about physical training in geriatric medicine is pointed out.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Effects of physical exercise on clinic and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in young subjects with mild hypertension.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to assess the effect of physical activity on 24-hr ambulatory blood pressure (ABPM) and office blood pressure (BP) in 572 male subjects with borderline to mild hypertension from the HARVEST study. METHODS: Subjects were 18 to 45 years old with diastolic BP of 90-99 mmHg and/or systolic BP of 140-159 mmHg. They never took any anti-hypertensive therapy. All subjects underwent physical examination, office BP measurement and two 24-hr ambulatory BP monitorings performed three months apart. Subjects were classified as non exercisers, group 1 (n=331), mild exercisers, group 2 (n=192) and heavy exercisers, group 3 (n=49). During the three months of follow-up subjects maintained the same physical activity habits. There was no difference in smoking and alcohol consumption between the 3 groups. As the groups differed significantly in age and body mass index data were adjusted for these confounders. RESULTS: At baseline office and ambulatory systolic BP were similar in the 3 groups, while diastolic BP was proportional to the level of physical activity although the difference was significant only between the group of non-exercisers and mild exercisers. Heart rate (HR) was always inversely related to the intensity of exercise. After three months follow-up office systolic BP was similar among the three groups and diastolic BP slightly decreased in the exercisers (group 1 vs group 3 p=0.02, group 2 vs group 3 p=0.04). At ABPM the group of heavy exercisers showed a significant decrease in daytime systolic BP (135.4plus minus0.6 vs 134plus minus0.8 vs 132.2plus minus1.6 mmHg; group 1 vs group 3 p<0.05) and the difference between systolic ambulatory BP at the 3rd month and at baseline, showed an additional significant decrease according to exercise intensity (24-hr systolic BP group 1 vs group 3 p=0.001, group 2 vs group 3 p=0.004; daytime systolic BP group 1 vs group 3 p=0.0009, group 2 vs group 3 p=0.004; night-time systolic BP group 1 vs group 3 p=0.02, group 2 vs group 3 p=0.02). No changes in ambulatory diastolic BP were observed. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, physical activity has a positive effect in lowering BP attenuating the risk of hypertension in young subjects with borderline hypertension. The anti-hypertensive effect of physical activity persisted after three months and the group of exercisers had an additional reduction in systolic BP detected by ABPM. To obtain accurate information on chronic levels of arterial pressure over time 24-hr ambulatory BP should be preferred to traditional casual readings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Aptitude for physical exercise in a population of female hospital workers.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of physical capacity in a female hospital population of Paris and its suburbs. A total of 1505 women working in the selected departments filled in a questionnaire concerning their working conditions, life habits and health and also attended a medical examination. The effort test performed consisted in flexing the legs 20 times with the chest held straight, in 40 s. The heart rates were measured for the first, the second and the third minutes of recovery (first 15 s multiplied by 4). The blood pressure was measured just after the heart rate, for the first and the third minute. Recovery indices have been constituted from the results. The respective weights of anthropometric and sociodemographic risk factors for recovery indices were studied in multiple logistic regression models. The classification enables us to consider about 25%-30% of our population as having a satisfactory physical capacity, about 26%-27% as having an acceptable capacity, and about 24%-27% as having a weak capacity. About 21% of the population presented an excessive pressure reaction and 44% a questionable pressure reaction. Our results concerning the level of physical capacity of the female nursing staff should be taken into account especially in the future planning of work loads and architectural choices, which must avoid excessive physical burdens in relation to this level. An improvement in the level of physical capacity could be envisaged as well.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Reduction of the individual cancer risk by physical exercise.

The great variety of different types of human malignancies and the equally variable individual history of physical activity militate against finding any simple relationship between the risk of developing cancer and physical activity. Due to an obvious lack of prospective randomized trials, any evidence for a correlation is currently based on cohort and case control studies. Furthermore, the study results are sometimes inconsistent, and only for selected cancers, the available data are sufficient to draw any conclusions, resulting in a level of evidence of 2-3 (level of recommendation 'B'). Thus, a convincing risk reduction was found for colon cancer (40-50%) and estrogen-dependent malignancies such as breast (40-50%) and endometrial cancer (35-40%). Risk reduction is likely for some others, e. g. ovarian, lung or prostate cancer; but no definite conclusions can be drawn for hematological malignancies. Plausible explanations for reduction of the individual's cancer risk by increased physical activity are currently available for estrogen dependent cancers (breast, ovarian, endometrial) and colon cancers. The currently available data allow the recommendation of adopting a 'healthy life style' including physical activity for prevention of certain cancers.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1985

Biochemical variables in plasma and urine before and after prolonged physical exercise.

Nine normal young male students were studied during 2 days of relative rest, during 2 days of physical training and again during the succeeding 2 days of relative rest. 24-hour urine collections showed that the creatinine, creatine, uric acid, urea, calcium and magnesium excretion were similar during the resting and exercise days. The 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium and potassium was decreased during the exercise days, while the aldosterone excretion was increased. The hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit and red cell counts were decreased 14, as well as 42 h after exercise. The serum uric acid, creatine phosphokinase-MM (skeletal muscles) subfraction, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and myoglobin levels were increased 14 h after exercise, but returned to baseline 42 h after this type of exercise. The mechanisms of these alterations were discussed and the data show that one should take into account previous exercise when interpreting the results of certain of these tests.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

A study of the enzyme inducing effect of physical exercise after partial hepatectomy in the rat.

Relationships among muscular exercise, enzyme induction and liver regeneration were studied. Exercized and control groups of rats showed no appreciable difference in liver regeneration rate expressed in liver weight increase. The enzyme-inducing effect of muscular exercise manifested itself also in the regenerating liver. The shortening of hexobarbital sleeping time occurred earlier in the group which had been trained already before partial hepatectomy than in the other group in which exercise training started only after the intervention. This was explained by a higher physical working capacity achieved by previous training, which was retained also after partial hepatectomy. This finding provides further indirect support for the relationship between enhanced biotransformation rate and muscular exercise, the latter being the agent in the induction process.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Cardiac diastolic function in children and adolescents during prompt and long-term adaptation to physical exercise].

To study the natural changes in cardiac diastolic function in ontogenesis at various stages of exercise adaptation, 65 males aged 10-17 years who go in for various kinds of sports developing primarily physical fitness have been examined. Long-term adaptation to cyclic muscular activity has been shown to result in a reduction in cardiovascular lability, an optimization of inclusion of myocardial functional reserves, and an increase in efficiency of using cardiac cycle time in response to myocardial restorative processes. High stages of exercise adaptation formed an additional mechanism responsible for diastolic filling at the expense of an atrial systole (an atrial mechanism of diastolic regulation).

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1986

Stereology of myocardial hypertrophy induced by physical exercise.

Twenty young female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 2 groups. Ten animals served as sedentary controls, the 10 experimental animals were subjected to a training program with gradually increasing intensity of 18 weeks duration on a motor-driven treadmill. The rats were fixed by retrograde vascular perfusion via the abdominal aorta under anesthesia. Two transverse and 2 longitudinal sections per animal were selected at random from the left ventricular papillary muscles for light and electron microscopic stereological investigation. Length density and surface density of myocardial cells and capillaries were estimated with correction for partial anisotropy and curvature by means of the mathematical model of a Dimroth Watson orientation distribution. Left and right ventricular weight increased by 20% in the exercise group (P less than 0.001), whereas body weight remained unchanged. Physical training led to a significant increase of heart muscle fiber cross-sectional area by 17% (P less than 0.01). The ultrastructural volumetric composition of the myocardial cell cytoplasm by myofibrils, mitochondria, and sarcoplasmic matrix remained unchanged. Volume density, length density and surface density of capillaries, as well as capillary cross-sectional area and capillary anisotropy parameters were not significantly altered by training. From the data one concludes an increase of the 3-dimensional capillary-fiber ratio by 19% (P less than 0.001). Thus physical training induces mild absolute biventricular cardiac hypertrophy in young female rats, in which capillary proliferation compensates for the increase of mean oxygen diffusion distance resulting from fiber thickening, by supplying each unit of fiber length by more units of capillary length.

Animals↗