SEARCH · PubMed Health
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
In this paper, a chromometer was used to measure the color of Flos Sophorae and a chromaticity chart was drawn up. Using the rutin content as the criterion, it is concluded that Flos Sophorae having a yellowish green color has the best quality.
Warfarin overdose leads to hypoprothrombinemia and bleeding diathesis. We report here the case of a 47 year old woman who ingested an overdose of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, sold in Mexico under the name of Wobenzym (R), and containing, according to the manufacturer: pancreatin, bromelin, papain, lipase, amylase, trypsin, alpha chymotrypsin and rutin. She developed skin, urinary and gastrointestinal bleeding and was found to be apparently under the effect of a coumadin overdose, i.e. prolonged prothrombin time, prolonged activated thromboplastin time, and low functional and antigenic levels of prothrombin. A platelet count, and the thrombin, reptilase and bleeding times were normal. All laboratory and clinical abnormalities reverted to normal by using fresh frozen plasma and parenteral vitamin K. In addition, we were able to show that the commercial preparation could prolong the prothrombin time in rabbits and, by high-performance liquid chromatography, a pike consonant with purified coumadin was found in the drug. It is concluded that this drug is probably contaminated by coumadin, and that physicians must be aware of its potential side effects.
The administration of a vasodilator substance is followed by the development of a higher contrast gradient in a given film in comparison with a reference X-ray carried out in the same subject under comparable technical conditions. Comparative densitometric measurement of the contrast gradient in the two successive arteriographic series, one with and one without the injection, arterial or venous, of a vasodilator substance (Couramine-Rutine) represents a valuable method for the study in man of the action of the substance in a visceral territory. The present study was limited to the kedney (79 cases), ans the territory of the superior mesenteric (46 cases). The absence of any densitometric difference between the two renal series at too low doses of vasodilator substance leads to the supposition of the possibility of a threshold dose of pharmacological activity.
When no anaesthetic is used, even 3-5 short-term disturbances of the myocardium supply with blood (during a few days) are enough for its initial necrosis and for damage of its vascular bed. In acute experiments on rats rutin discovers the ability to resist such damages, but on the chronic model of stenocardia in dogs its therapeutic effect can be found only under conditions of limitation of the ischemic effect by purposefully chosen complex medicinal therapy.
To elucidate the mechanism of action of various antioxidants, we studied the kinetics of chemiluminescence which accompanies the peroxidation of phospholipid liposomes as induced by divalent iron ions in the presence of C-525, a chemiluminescence activator. EDTA and desferal reduced the chemiluminescence latent period, probably, due to the chelation of Fe2+ ions which, thus, dropped out of chain oxidation reactions in the lipid phase. In contrast, ascorbate increased the chemiluminescence latent period, apparently, as a result of regeneration of divalent iron oxidized during lipid peroxidation. alpha-Tocopherol and rutin reduced the amplitude of the chemiluminescence slow flash and increased the duration of the latent period. beta-Carotene displayed its effect only at rather high concentrations, when the decrease in chemiluminescence intensity could be due (at least partially) to the reabsorption of chemiluminescence by this compound. The latent period remained invariable in this case.
The combination of capillary isotachophoresis (ITP) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) in the column coupling configuration was optimized in a mode where the electrolyte for the CZE step is different from the leading and terminating ITP electrolytes. Two colored markers, picric acid and 1-nitroso-2-naphthol, were used for exact timing of the transfer of isotachophoretically stacked analyte zones into the CZE column and for the control of the residual amount of the leading and terminating ITP electrolytes entering the CZE capillary together with the analytes, thus controlling the duration of transient ITP migration in the CZE capillary and ensuring good separation of the analytes and reproducibility of the migration times (relative standard deviations 1%). ITP-CZE was applied to the simultaneous assay of several cinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoids in methanolic extracts of Sambucus flowers and Crataegus leaves and flowers. The preconcentrating and cleansing effect of the ITP step allowed injection of relatively large sample volumes (30 microL). The limits of detection were approximately 20-50 ng x mL(-1) and 100 ng x mL(-1) for the acids and flavonoids, respectively ( thick similar 200-times lower compared to conventional CE) with spectrophotometric detection at 254 nm. The ITP-CZE exhibited satisfactory linearity and precision when using CZE buffer of pseudo "pH" 9.0; 1-nitroso-2-naphthol was employed as the internal standard. The separation took approximately 35 min. The ITP-CZE results for rutin, hyperoside, and vitexin-2-O"-rhamnoside were in good accordance with those obtained previously by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Oxidation products of com allelochemicals generated by peroxidases or tyrosinases were tested in 10% sucrose solutions for effects on the corn leafhopper Dalbulus maidis. Some reduction in feeding was noted with hydrogen peroxide (a cofactor for peroxidase). Significant reduction in feeding was noted with chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and 6-methoxybenzoxazolinone (MBOA), but not rutin at 400 ppm in solution. Oxidation products of these compounds all caused significantly less feeding by the leafhoppers compared to the original compound. Oxidation products generated by peroxidase from ferulic acid and 6-methoxybenzoxazolinone caused significant mortality to the leafhoppers within 5 days. Thus, provided conditions are such that oxidizing enzymes and allelochemicals can interact due to damage by insects, resistance may be significantly enhanced by the oxidized products as opposed to the effects of the allelochemicals alone.
From sabal fruits the beta-sitosterolderivates beta-sitosterolpalmitate, -myristate,-laurate, -6-0-myristyl-beta-D-glucoside, -6-0-lauryl-beta-D-glucoside, -6-0-caprinoyl-beta-D-glucoside, -beta-D- -diglucoside and free beta-sitosterol as well as the flavonoids rutin, rhoifolin, isoquercitrin and kaempferol-3-0-glucoside were isolated. The pharmacological experiments showed that the polysaccharides, beta-sitosterol-derivatives and flavonoids were not involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of the perorally given drug.
The objective of the present study was to characterize the action of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) and its sub-fractions on glutathione homeostasis in a human keratinocyte cell culture model. Cells were incubated with EGb761, its purified flavonoid (quercetin, kaempferol, rutin) or terpenoids (gingkolides A, B, C, J, bilobalide) constituents or the vehicle for up to 72 hours. Incubation of keratinocytes with the purified flavonoids or terpenoids did not affect cellular GSH levels. However, EGb761 treatment (up to 200 microg/ml) resulted in a dose-dependent increase of cellular GSH. Western blot analysis of extracts from cells treated with EGb761 revealed increased levels of the catalytic subunit of gamma-glutamylcysteinyl synthetase (gamma-GCS), the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis. The abundance of mRNA for the catalytic subunit (assayed by RT-PCR) was also increased by the treatment with EGb761. Increased levels of cellular GSH by EGb761 were also observed in other cell lines including those from human bladder and liver as well as in murine macrophages indicating that the induction of gamma-GCS mRNA, protein and GSH may be an ubiquitous effect of EGb761 in mammalian cells.
A screening of 16 different fungal strains was performed under different cultivation conditions, using L-rhamnose or L-rhamnose-containing flavonoid glycosides (rutin, hesperidin, and naringin) as specific inducers. No significant constitutive production of alpha-L-rhamnosidases was detected in noninduced cultures, while high levels of these glycosidase activities were obtained using different inducers. New species, so far unknown for the production of alpha-L-rhamnosidases, were identified. More than 30 different alpha-L-rhamnosidase samples were prepared by ammonium sulfate precipitation. Substrate specificity of this alpha-L-rhamnosidase library was tested with various L-rhamnose-containing natural compounds (flavonoids, terpenoids, and saponins). Most of the enzymatic preparations showed broad substrate specificity, and some of them were also acting on sterically hindered substrates (e.g., quercitrin). The screening of the library under different reaction conditions showed the coexistence, in the same preparation, of more than one alpha-L-rhamnosidase activities with different substrate specificity and different stability towards organic cosolvents. To exploit this enzymatic library for synthetic applications, the presence of contaminating alpha-L-arabinosidases and beta-D-glucosidases was investigated. The latter enzymes were observed in several preparations, while alpha-L-arabinosidase content was generally quite low. The selective derhamnosylation of the saponin desglucoruscin was performed on a preparative scale. The enzyme obtained by rhamnose induction of the Aspergillus niger K2 CCIM strain showed high activity towards this substrate and negligible alpha-L-arabinosidase contamination. Therefore, it was chosen as a catalyst for the selective derhamnosylation reaction, which provided the desired product in 70% yield.
The simultaneous determination of 20-hydroxy ecdysone (1), 3,7-dimethoxy-quercetin (2), acteoside (3) and rutin (4) in the mixture of leaf and stem, and the flower of Lamium maculatum has been investigated by capillary zone electrophoresis for the first time. With an electrolyte containing 30 mmol/L borate, at pH 9.47 and 20 kV applied voltage, the four active compounds were completely separated within 5 min with satisfactory results. The effects of concentration of borate and electrolyte pH on electrophoretic behavior and separation were studied. Regression equations revealed linear relationships (correlation coefficients 0.9998-0.9999) between the peak area of each analyte and the concentration. The levels of analytes in the different parts of Lamium maculatum were easily determined with recoveries ranging from 98.3 to 105.0%.
A sensitive and reliable HPLC method that allows simultaneous quantification of phytoestrogens extracted from kudzu-root and soy preparations, and serum samples has been developed. Kudzu-root and soy preparations were mixed with 5 microg flavone and 15 microg rutin (internal standards) and the phytoestrogens were extracted by using solid-phase (C18) extraction cartridges. Blank or spiked serum samples were extracted by using either C18 cartridges or trichloroacetic acid-methanol extraction. The extracts were analyzed by the HPLC equipped with a reverse-phase (250 x 4 mm, C18) column and UV, diode-array or MS detector. A linear gradient of acetic acid and acetonitrile provided excellent separation of glycoside and aglycone-phytoestrogens from kudzu root and soy preparations. The C18 cartridge extraction of serum yielded excellent recovery of both glycoside- and aglycone-phytoestrogens, while the trichloroacetic acid-methanol extraction yielded excellent recovery of glycoside but poor recovery of aglycone compounds. UV and MS detectors were suitable for phytoestrogen analysis in plant and serum samples, while the diode-array detector was suitable for generating the UV absorbance curve for phytoestrogens.
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography assay for mangiferin in rat plasma and urine was developed. Rutin was employed as an internal standard. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-water (16:84, v/v) containing 3% acetic acid at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Detection was at 257 and 365 nm for mangiferin in plasma and urine, respectively. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) of mangiferin was 0.6 microg/mL in plasma, and 0.48 microg/mL in urine. The standard curve was linear from 0.6 to 24 microg/mL in plasma, and 0.48 to 24 microg/mL in urine, both intra- and inter-day precision of the mangiferin were determined and their RSD did not exceed 10%. The method provides a technique for rapid analysis of mangiferin in rat plasma and urine, which can be used in pharmacokinetic studies.
A central role in the oxidative development of atherosclerotic lesions has been ascribed to the peroxidation of plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Dietary supplementation with virgin olive oils increases the total plasma antioxidant status and the resistance of low-density lipoprotein to ex vivo oxidation. We have studied the effects of some dietary non-flavonoid phenols from Olea europaea L., both in purified form or in complex mixtures obtained by biotransformation of olive leaf extracts, on the LDL oxidation induced by Cu2+ ions. Cu2+-Induced LDL oxidation is inhibited by oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol in the initiation phase of the reaction at concentrations of phenols higher than that of Cu2+ ions. Interestingly, at lower concentration, both phenols anticipated the initiation process of LDL oxidation, thus exerting prooxidant capacities. Although similar effects are already described for flavonoids, such as quercetin, rutin, and apigenin, it is the first time that a prooxidant effect of dietary non-flavonoid phenols, such as oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, on the LDL oxidation is reported. Our results show that a net effect of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol on Cu2+-induced LDL peroxidation is determined by a balance of their pro- and antioxidant capacities. It is worth to underline that, during Cu2+-induced LDL oxidation in the presence of bioreactor eluates, we have evidence of a synergistic effect among phenolic compounds that enhance their antioxidant capacities so avoiding the prooxidant effects.
A new quinonemethide triterpene named as salacin, has been isolated from the root bark of Salacia campestris in addition to the known pristimerin, maytenin, 20alpha-hydroxymaytenin, and netzahualcoyene. Salacin was identified on the basis of NMR-spectral and mass spectrometric analysis. The free-radical scavenging activities of the quinonemethide triterpenes salacin (1), pristimerin (2), maytenin (3), 20alpha-hydroxymaytenin (4), and netzahualcoyene (5) towards DPPH have been evaluated and showed absorbance variation (deltaA) of 19, 20, 39, 28, 55, and 10%, respectively, having rutin (74% at 50 microM) and BHT (7% at 50 microM) as standard compounds.
Quercetin is a common antioxidant flavonoid found in vegetables, which is usually present in glycosylated forms, such as quercitrin (3-rhamnosylquercetin). Previous in vitro experiments have shown that quercetin exerts a bigger effect than quercitrin in the down-regulation of the inflammatory response. However, such results have not been reproduced in in vivo experimental models of intestinal inflammation, in which quercetin did not show beneficial effects while its glycosides, quercitrin or rutin, have demonstrated their effectiveness. In this study, we have reported that the in vivo effects of quercitrin in the experimental model of rat colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium can be mediated by the release of quercetin generated after glycoside's cleavage by the intestinal microbiota. This is supported by the fact that quercetin, but not quercitrin, is able to down-regulate the inflammatory response of bone marrow-derived macrophages in vitro. Moreover, we have demonstrated that quercetin inhibits cytokine and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression through inhibition of the NF-kappaB pathway without modification of c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity (both in vitro and in vivo). As a conclusion, our report suggests that quercitrin releases quercetin in order to perform its anti-inflammatory effect which is mediated through the inhibition of the NF-kappaB pathway.
The simultaneous determination of twelve different flavonoids, pinocembrin, acacetin, chrysin, rutin, catechin, naringenin, galangin, luteolin, kaempferol, apigenin, myricetin, and quercetin, two phenolic acids, cinnamic acid and caffeic acid, and one stilbene derivative, resveratrol, in propolis extracts used in medicine has been investigated by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). With a buffer constituted by sodium tetraborate 30 mM, pH 9.0, and 15 kV applied voltage, the 15 polyphenols were separated on an uncoated fused-silica capillary within 40 min using normal polarity. Under the experimental conditions used, a linear relationship was calculated between the CZE migration times and the molecular weight of polyphenols' expression of the increasing amount of their hydroxyl groups and polarity. Regression equations revealed a linear relationship (correlation coefficients > 0.97) between the peak area of each polyphenol species and their concentration, from 6 to 120 ng. The levels of analytes in three different propolis extracts, ethanolic, aqueous-ethanolic and aqueous-glycolic, used to prepare various commercial medicinal products, were determined. The aqueous-ethanolic propolis extract showed a great percentage of caffeic acid, galangin, quercetin, and chrysin, whilst the ethanolic preparation was composed of a great amount of resveratrol, chrysin, and caffeic acid. On the contrary, the aqueous-glycolic propolis preparation was composed of approx. 11% of caffeic acid and a low amount of the other identified flavonoids due to the presence of approx. 85% of nonidentified compounds. CZE represents a valuable method for the qualitative and quantitative assay of the most relevant polyphenol components of propolis, representing an alternative to obtain typical fingerprints of propolis and a reliable identification of a large number of propolis polyphenolic species.
An on-column capillary electrophoretic procedure for the determination of the antioxidative potential of various bioactive phenols, found in plant, fruit, and vegetable extracts, is described. The assay is based on a rapid mixing of phenols or phenolic extracts before the capillary, followed by pressurized injection of the reaction mixture into the capillary. After incubation of the reaction mixture inside the capillary, high voltage is switched on and separation of reactants and products is performed. Using hydrogen peroxide as a stressor, the kinetics of the oxidation of various bioactive phenols was studied (rutin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, caffeic acid, gallic acid, and combinations of these) and compared with the oxidation rate of L-ascorbic acid as a reference. The concept was demonstrated for the determination of the antioxidative potential of various polyphenol mixtures and of the methanol extract of the sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.). In most cases quercetin has the highest rate constant of oxidation among the tested phenolic compounds. However, in the mixture L-ascorbic acid/quercetin, the oxidation rate of L-ascorbic acid was enhanced and oxidation of quercetin was strongly inhibited compared with the other combinations of tested polyphenols.