Variability of antigenicity of Aspergillus fumigatus.
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Antigens, Fungal↗
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Results for “Radioallergosorbent Test”
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Effect of preservatives and conditions of storage on the potency of allergy extracts.
The effect of several preservatives and conditions of storage on the potency of allergy extracts in dilutions of 1:100 to 1:10,000 was measured by radioallergosorbent test (RAST) inhibition. Accelerated loss of extract potency occurred with intermittent exposure to room temperature. Additional extracts helped maintain the potency of the others in a mixture, especially at greater dilutions. No increased loss of potency could be demonstrated with partial filling of vials. Of paramount importance in the maintenance of extract potency was the preservative employed. There was marked loss of potency in phenol saline, no demonstrable loss in 50% glycerine, and intermediate loss with 10% glycerin or 0.03% human serum albumin (HSA). The preservative effects of 10% glycerin and 0.03% HSA were additive.
Allergens↗
Isolation and characterization of Russian thistle (Salsola pestifer) pollen allergens.
The radioallergosorbent test (RAST) was utilized to identify allergenically active molecules in an extract of Russian thistle (Salsola pestifer) pollen. Two glycoproteins (RT1 and RT2) were isolated by ion-exchange chromatography, preparative flat-bed electrofocusing, and gel filtration chromatography. These highly purified proteins were similar as judged by discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), by PAGE in urea-acetate, and by immunodiffusion analysis. In Ouchterlony double-diffusion, rabbit antiserum to crude pollen extract showed a line of identity between RT1 and RT2. Each allergen possessed a single polypeptide chain, with molecular weight of 39,00 and 42,00 for RT1 and RT2 respectively. Both allergens contained 9.0% +/- 0.5% carbohydrate and 10.6% +/-0.2% nitrogen. Both RT1 and RT2 eluted from a calibrated Sephadex G-100 column near the ovalbumin marker, but the elution volume of RT1 was slightly greater than that of RT2. Amino acid analysis of RT1 and RT2 showed that there was no difference in composition between the two proteins. The proteins showed different isoelectric points (RT1 = 6.7; RT2 6.2). They had similar skin reactivity by Prausnitz-Kustner testing, showed similar potency and identical allergenic qualities as inhibitors in the RAST, and were more potent on a mass basis than crude extract in the inhibition of the reaction between solid-phase crude extract and IgE antibodies in the RAST. RT1 and RT2 represent 0.014% and 0.010% by mass, respectively, of the pollen. These results suggest that RT1 and RT2 are important allergens in Russian thistle pollen. These results suggest that RT1 and RT2 are important allergens in Russian thistle pollen and that these proteins are immunologically identical.
Allergens↗
Antigenic and allergenic changes during storage of a pollen extract.
The changes that occur in the antigens and allergens of a timothy grass pollen extract during storage were measured by radioallergosorbent test (RAST) inhibition, isoelectric focusing, (IEF), crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) and a dye-binding protein assay. Storage intervals varied from 7 to 92 days at temperatures of 4 degrees, 22 degrees, and 35 degrees C and the freeze-dried extract was rehydrated and stored in either phosphate-buffered saline with 50% glycerol (PBSG) or Coca's solution (CS). For extracts stored in CS at 35 degrees C, allergenic activity as measured by RAST inhibition dropped by almost one half at 7 days and certain of the IEF, CIE, ad CRIE bands were no longer visible, showing that these properties correlated with allergenic activity. After 65 dys, no IEF bands were visible but three CIE bands could be visualized. At 22 degrees the changes were slower and at 4 degrees C no changes were observed for the 92-day storage time. Extracts stored in PBSG showed some of the same changes but were much more stable at all temperatures. During storage, the protein content as measured by dye binding was also reduced, showing tha proteins were fragmenting. Because some of the allergenic proteins disappeared more rapidly than others, there was not only a loss in total allergenic activity but also a change in specificity. This raises serious questions concerning the use of such extracts, especially for diagnosis.
Allergens↗
Clinical and immunologic evaluations of reactive dye-exposed workers.
To evaluate type 1 hypersensitivity to reactive dyes, its prevalence, and its relationship to respiratory dysfunction, we studied clinical and immunologic features, including skin prick tests. RAST, and bronchoprovocation tests, of 309 employees working in a reactive-dye industry. Our survey revealed that 78 (25.2%) employees had work-related lower respiratory symptoms associated with or without nasal, skin, or eye symptoms. Among these employees, 38 (48.7%) had nonspecific bronchial reactivity. Thirteen demonstrated immediate (6), dual (6), or late only (1) asthmatic responses after inhalation of four kinds of reactive-dye solutions. Twenty-five employees demonstrated immediate skin responses to black GR dye, and 21 reacted to orange 3R. Fifty-three employees (17%) had specific serum IgE antibody against black GR and orange 3R-human serum albumin conjugate. Specific IgE was detected more frequently in symptomatic employees (30%) and smokers (100%). No association was found between atopy and specific IgE binding. The RAST-inhibition tests of black GR revealed significant inhibitions by black GR-human serum albumin conjugate and minimal inhibitions by unconjugated black GR. Orange 3R RAST-inhibition tests revealed significant inhibitions by conjugated forms of black GR and orange 3R and some inhibitions by two unconjugated dyes, suggesting an immunologic cross-reactivity between these dyes. These findings suggested that reactive dyes could induce immunologic responses, most likely IgE-mediated.
Adult↗
Allergenicity of the mite, Blomia tropicalis.
BACKGROUND: Blomia tropicalis (BT) occurs in a significant percentage of homes in tropical and subtropical geographic regions of the United States and Europe and in countries in South America and Asia along with the pyroglyphid mites, Euroglyphus maynei (EM), Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, and D. farinae. Blomia species may be major sources of allergens in house dust in addition to Dermatophagoides species and E. maynei. METHODS: Crossed immunoelectrophoresis and crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis were used to identify the antigens and allergens of BT and to determine the cross-reactivity between BT and the house dust mites, D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus, and the stored product mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae. RESULTS: Homologous crossed immunoelectrophoresis of BT resulted in 27 antigen-antibody complexes. Crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis of these gels showed 21 different immunoglobulin E binding antigens when they were incubated in the sera from 14 patients with asthma whose radioallergosorbent test and skin test results were positive. Heterologous crossed immunoelectrophoresis reactions with BT and rabbit D. farinae body and feces, D. pteronyssinus body and feces, and T. putrescentiae body and feces antisera resulted in one to four precipitin lines. BT extract, reacted with rabbit antisera produced against the bodies of D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus, and T. putrescentiae, produced 3, 2, and 4 antigenic peaks, respectively; whereas crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis of these gels with the sera of the 14 patients with asthma resulted in immunoglobulin E binding to 2, 2, and 4 peaks, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicated that BT contained multiple allergens of which most were species-specific. There was a limited amount of cross-reactivity between BT and the two common house dust mite species and the stored product mite. The amount of cross-reactivity appears to parallel the phylogenetic relatedness.
Allergens↗
Risk assessment in determining systemic reactivity to honeybee stings in sting-threatened individuals.
We evaluated the diagnostic parameters (sting rate, venom-specific RAST IgE, venom-specific RAST IgG, venom-specific IgG4, venom-specific skin test) of 224 individuals at risk of honeybee sting, assigned them a level of risk on the basis of a hypothetical risk model, and then sting challenged each subject with a live honeybee. Of the 70 subjects at the lowest risk level, only three (4.3%) experienced equivocal or mild systemic reactions, whereas eight (72.7%) of the 11 at the highest risk level experienced systemic reactions, of which five (45.5%) were severe. Increase in risk level was associated with an increased proportion of systemic reactions (p < 0.001). Of the individual diagnostic parameters, venom-specific RAST IgE was the best single predictor of reactivity (likelihood ratio = 0.759, p < 0.01). Venom-specific skin testing at a concentration of 0.1 microgram/ml was a better discriminator than a concentration of 1.0 microgram/ml but did not predict one severe systemic reaction. Three methods of prediction of risk and severity of reaction were examined; the one that assessed risk in the most clinically useful manner was similar to the hypothetical risk model. This model compared well with classical methods of risk assessment and may be used to assess high-risk individuals exposed to honeybees when management could include prophylactic immunotherapy.
Adolescent↗
Characterization of the immunological cross reactivity of fragments TM 1 and TM 2 of allergen M from cod.
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Allergens↗
IgE antibodies to insulin and related peptides, a result of insulin treatment?
Anti-insulin immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in sera of insulin-treated diabetic patients were characterized by affinity and concentration, and by binding to proinsulin and insulin A and B chains. The affinities of IgE to insulin scattered between less than 10(7) and 0.6 x 10(9) l/mol, the concentrations between 0.3 and 3.5 ng/ml. All positive sera of type 1 and few of type 2 patients recognized proinsulin, A chain, and B chain with comparable affinities and concentrations. Elevated concentrations of total serum IgE in 12 of the 16 anti-insulin IgE-positive sera from insulin-treated patients indicate that these patients are predisposed to allergies. The incidence of elevated levels of total serum IgE in type 1 (17.7%) and in type 2 (7.8%) diabetic patients did not differ from the general population. Reagins to insulin and related antigens were also observed in sera of non-diabetic allergic persons without previous contact with exogenous insulin. The natural occurrence of insulin-specific reagins makes the use of IgE as a marker of antigenicity of insulin questionable. Discrepancies between the insulin-positive radioallergosorbent test (RAST) or skin test and clinical manifestations of insulin allergy exist, because IgE antibodies with low affinities require high concentrations of insulin for binding. Such amounts of insulin may occur at the injection site, but not in the circulation.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1↗
Tests for immune reactivity in allergy.
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Humans↗
Latex allergy in the operating room: case report and a brief review of the literature.
A patient with a history of spina bifida and cerebral palsy was anesthetized for an ileal conduit. The procedure was uneventful until penetration of the abdominal cavity, immediately after which the patient suffered severe hypotension and her peak inspiratory pressure doubled. The patient's skin became flushed and the capnogram tracing was consistent with bronchospasm. The patient was treated with phenylephrine hydrochloride (Neo-Synephrine), and then epinephrine. This was followed with an epinephrine infusion, intravenous (i.v.) methylprednisolone sodium succinate (Solu-Medrol), inhaled albuterol sulfate, and diphenhydramine hydrochloride (Benadryl) i.v.. The patient responded to these interventions and the procedure was completed without further incident. A diagnosis of latex allergy was made based on the patient's clinical status, underlying diseases, and positive postoperative radioallergosorbent test (RAST). Anesthesiologists must be able to diagnose the signs and symptoms of allergic reactions in patients under anesthesia. This article will review the types of hypersensitivity reactions involved, define the risk groups, and examine the treatment protocols available for latex allergy.
Adult↗
Severe latex allergy after a vaginal examination during labor: a case report.
There has been an alarming increase in latex allergy, which can be a potential cause of occupational atopic disease. Physicians should be aware of this entity in high-risk groups and in patients with other allergies. A 32-year-old pregnant woman, with an allergy to orange juice, was first seen with a 39-week pregnancy in the labor room, where she had on two occasions a severe atopic reaction when examined with a latex glove. A latex allergy was suspected, and management with hydrocortisone resulted in remission of symptoms. Two hours later a vaginal delivery was performed with nonlatex, nonvinyl gloves. A week later immunoglobulin E antilatex antibodies determined by radioallergosorbent test were still positive at 585 IU. It is concluded that symptoms of latex allergy may develop in high-risk groups or in those with other known allergies. Because of the increasing frequency of this entity, physicians should take greater care and give more attention to the clinical history, as well as be aware of this possibility in these groups of patients.
Adult↗
Immunoglobulin e-mediated severe allergy to human seminal plasma.
Two women with allergy to human seminal plasma are described. Both patients had generalized and local allergic symptoms, i.e., hypotension, asthmatic dyspnea, urticaria, and vaginal swelling, beginning within a few minutes of intercourse. The antigen causing the reaction in these patients was common to all seminal plasmas examined. Most of the antigenic activity was shown to be present in one protein band detected by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The seminal plasma reaction was mediated through an immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody. Passive transfer of the hypersensitivity with the serum of both patients was successful, and the radioallergosorbent test showed that the serum of the first patient contained IgE specific to seminal plasma.
Adult↗
Long-term prospective study in children after respiratory syncytial virus infection.
We have prospectively evaluated for the past 8 years 29 children who were hospitalized during infancy with acute lower respiratory tract illness caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). No differences in the prevalence of a family history of atopy or breast-feeding in these infants compared with controls were noted. However, a history of parental smoking was significantly associated with hospital admission for RSV lower respiratory tract disease. Evidence of atopy, as defined by serum IgE levels and radioallergosorbent testing, have developed in only three (10%) of 29 children. Six children (21%) continue to have recurrent lower respiratory tract disease. Fifty-five percent of these children had abnormally low oxyhemoglobin levels (SaO2) measured by ear oximetry for the first 3 to 4 years after the acute illness. Twenty-one percent have persistently low SaO2 levels during the eighth year of follow-up. Spirometric values indicate evidence of peripheral airway obstruction. These studies suggest that an association between RSV lower respiratory tract infections and chronic abnormalities of pulmonary function may be detected sequentially through the first 8 years of life. These abnormalities are not limited to those children developing an atopic state during that same time period.
Breast Feeding↗
Immunotherapy of atopic disorders. Present state of the art and future perspectives.
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Allergens↗
Alternatives in the diagnosis and treatment of food allergies.
The diagnosis of food allergy remains a difficult and often inexact proposition, with the treatment being equally cumbersome and complex. For this reason a variety of approaches have been developed, varying in acceptance and approval. Although many approaches represent alternative medicine, today's alternative may be tomorrow's standard.
Administration, Oral↗
IL-4 production by PBMCs on stimulation with mite allergen is correlated with the level of serum IgE antibody against mite in children with bronchial asthma.
BACKGROUND: Although IL-4, IL-13, and IFN-gamma are known to affect IgE synthesis, it remains unclear which one plays the most important role in in vivo IgE synthesis in atopic patients. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to clarify the difference in importance among these cytokines in up-regulation of IgE synthesis in atopic patients. METHODS: We measured IL-4, IL-13, and IFN-gamma production by PBMCs on stimulation with house dust mite (HDM) in 23 children, 3 to 15 years old, with bronchial asthma (BA) and analyzed the correlation with HDM-specific IgE antibody levels expressed as HDM IgE radioallergosorbent test (RAST) results. RESULTS: The production of IL-4 and IL-13 by PBMCs on stimulation with HDM was significantly higher in children with BA than in nonatopic control subjects (IL-4, 752.9 +/- 365.9 vs 312.3 +/- 230.0 fg/mL, P <.001; IL-13, 21.9 pg/ml [<12.0-77.6] vs <12.0, P <.01). IL-4 production showed a close positive correlation with HDM IgE RAST (r = 0.71, P <.001), which was distinctly stronger than that between IL-13 production and HDM IgE RAST (r = 0.46, P <.05). IFN-gamma production was neither different between children with BA and nonatopic control subjects (7. 24 [1.54-33.90] pg/mL vs 11.2 [1.66-75.9] pg/mL) nor correlated with HDM IgE RAST levels. Essentially the same result was obtained by stimulation of PBMCs with a purified HDM major allergen Der f 1. CONCLUSION: IL-4 is likely to be the most important cytokine in up-regulation of in vivo IgE synthesis against HDM in children with BA.
Adolescent↗
Hypersensitivity reaction to desipramine.
Adverse reactions to the tricyclic antidepressant drugs imipramine and desipramine have been described and include eosinophilia, pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia, and elevated total serum IgE levels. The immunologic mechanism accounting for these adverse reactions has not been elucidated. This article describes a patient manifesting bronchospasm, profound eosinophilia, and elevated serum IgE levels after therapy with desipramine that resolved rapidly after withdrawal of the drug. Immunologic investigations failed to demonstrate specific IgE directed against a protein conjugate of desipramine but demonstrated the ability of desipramine to induce mast cell degranulation with direct intradermal skin challenges.
Desipramine↗