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PubMed2006

The role of effort in moderating the anxiety-performance relationship: Testing the prediction of processing efficiency theory in simulated rally driving.

We tested some of the key predictions of processing efficiency theory using a simulated rally driving task. Two groups of participants were classified as either dispositionally high or low anxious based on trait anxiety scores and trained on a simulated driving task. Participants then raced individually on two similar courses under counterbalanced experimental conditions designed to manipulate the level of anxiety experienced. The effort exerted on the driving tasks was assessed though self-report (RSME), psychophysiological measures (pupil dilation) and visual gaze data. Efficiency was measured in terms of efficiency of visual processing (search rate) and driving control (variability of wheel and accelerator pedal) indices. Driving performance was measured as the time taken to complete the course. As predicted, increased anxiety had a negative effect on processing efficiency as indexed by the self-report, pupillary response and variability of gaze data. Predicted differences due to dispositional levels of anxiety were also found in the driving control and effort data. Although both groups of drivers performed worse under the threatening condition, the performance of the high trait anxious individuals was affected to a greater extent by the anxiety manipulation than the performance of the low trait anxious drivers. The findings suggest that processing efficiency theory holds promise as a theoretical framework for examining the relationship between anxiety and performance in sport.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Symmetry driven irreversibilities at ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic interfaces.

The coupling between a ferromagnet and an antiferromagnet can establish a directional anisotropy called exchange bias. In many systems this exchange bias is reduced upon subsequent field cycling, which is referred to as training effects. Numerical simulations of a simple coherent rotation model suggest that the symmetry of the anisotropy in the antiferromagnet is crucial for the understanding of training effects in exchange bias systems. Namely, the existence of multiple antiferromagnetic easy anisotropy axes can initially stabilize a noncollinear arrangement of the antiferromagnetic spins, which relaxes into a collinear arrangement after the first magnetization reversal of the ferromagnet.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

Altered zinc status of soldiers under field conditions.

Thirty men were studied during a 34-day intensive training exercise conducted by the U.S. Army. All soldiers were followed to determine the effect of such training, designed to simulate wartime operations, on selected zinc parameters. The soldiers consumed a nutritionally adequate diet made from fresh foods (A rations) prepared at the training site. Dietary intake, weight change, serum zinc, alkaline phosphatase activity, and urinary zinc excretion were measured. The 34-day intensive training exercise was associated with weight loss, depressed serum zinc levels, and elevated urinary zinc excretion. Alkaline phosphatase activity was not altered by the training exercise. The depressed serum zinc concentration could not be explained by the parameters measured. Weight loss was positively correlated with urinary zinc excretion. The functional significance of a depressed serum zinc concentration on performance deserves further study.

Diet↗
PubMed1998

The use of an anesthesia simulator in graduate and undergraduate education.

The use of simulation for educational training is common in many industries but is a new advancement in student instruction in anesthesia, medicine, or allied health. The Human Patient Simulator (HPS) allows students and clinicians to learn and practice a variety of technical skills as well as manage basic and complex clinical situations in a modifiable and reproducible environment. The HPS has been extensively integrated in many graduate and undergraduate Nursing and Allied Health courses at the Medical College of Georgia. Use of the HPS stems from the theory of situated cognition, which states that students best learn "what to do" and "how to do" in a real world environment. The HPS provides a real world environment for student learning in various fields. The theory of situated cognition is discussed in conjunction with the implementation of the HPS into various classes.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1999

Objective assessment of surgical dexterity using simulators.

Surgical skill, like training for any craft, has traditionally been learnt as an apprenticeship. However, whereas carpenters learn on wood that is never displayed, operative training is done on real clinical cases. Over recent years surgical skills training laboratories have in part, replaced the apprenticeship. This article discusses some of the tools used within such laboratories to ensure optimal surgical performance.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2006

Endoscopy simulators: lessons from the aviation and automobile industries.

Individuals who are interested in using technology to promote education and quality assurance in endoscopy may turn to aviation and driver's test simulation for guidance. Of course the forces driving the innovation and the regulation governing these fields are entirely different from the ones faced in endoscopy. However, some of the general principles of how simulators can enhance training and how their strengths can be put to optimal use are quite pertinent to those individuals interested in the ongoing evolution of endoscopy simulation.

Automobile Driver Examination↗
PubMed2002

An introductory course for training in endoscopy.

Endoscopy practice must respect the ethical aspects of medicine, and the principles of humanism must be reinforced when teaching endoscopy. A well-organized, structured training is essential if we are to ensure that procedures are performed in a safe and effective manner. The most difficult period of training is with the novice endoscopist, so we recommend the introduction of a structured pre-endoscopy training curriculum. This should ideally include introductory lectures and courses, the use of didactic videotapes and training in endoscopy on a computer-based simulator. We also advocate 'train the trainers' international courses to encourage a uniform approach to the teaching of endoscopy. Their aim will be to educate skilled endoscopists in the principles of teaching, which should be thoroughly grounded in the ethics of our profession.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2006

Monitoring metal-fill in a lost foam casting process.

The lost foam casting (LFC) process is emerging as a reliable casting method. The metal-fill profile in LFC plays an important role among several factors that affect casting quality. The metal-fill profile is in turn affected by several factors. Several casting defects may result due to an improper metal-fill process. Hence, it becomes essential to characterize and control, if possible, the metal-fill process in LFC. This research presents instrumentation and a technique to monitor and characterize the metal-fill process. The characterization included the determination of the position of the metal front and the profile in which the metal fills up the foam pattern. The instrumentation included capacitive sensors. Each sensor is comprised of two electrodes whose capacitive coupling changes as the metal fills the foam pattern. Foundry tests were conducted to obtain the sensors' responses to the metal fill. Two such sensors were used in the foundry tests. Data representing the responses of these sensors during the metal-fill process were collected using a data acquisition system. A number of finite element electrostatic simulations were carried out to study the metal-fill process under conditions similar to those experienced in foundry tests. An artificial neural network was trained using the simulation data as inputs and the corresponding metal-fill profiles as outputs. The neural network was then used to infer the profile of the metal-fill during foundry tests. The results were verified by comparing the metal-fill profile inferred from the neural network to the actual metal-fill profile captured by an infrared camera used during the foundry tests. The match up between the inferred profiles and the infrared camera measurements was satisfactory, indicating that the developed technique provides a reliable and cost effective method to monitor the metal-fill profile in LFC.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Tele-education: the virtual medical laboratory.

The virtual medical laboratory (VML) was conceived to provide an Internet-accessible resource, offering access for clinicians and scientists to an invaluable data archive at the institute of Laryngology and Otology, London. The Institute is home to the largest collection of temporal bone, laryngeal, skull and sinus sections in Europe. The skull and sinus collections include an extensive section consisting of animal material. These were contributions from zoos around the world. Over the last 50 years, samples have been carefully sectioned and stained by specialized technicians to produce histology slices of most regions of the head and neck. The aim of the project is to create a virtual medical laboratory, which will provide access to archived histological material as well as computerized tomography and magnetic resonance data. Central to this aim is the reconstruction of the internal anatomy of the temporal bone from two-dimensional histology slices, to create three-dimensional views that can be used for anatomical simulation and surgical training in otolaryngology. State-of-the-art three-dimensional reconstruction and rendering technology allows us to develop such a model. Computer-generated simulation could be made available to all hospitals in which otolaryngology is practised, via digital communication networks. We aim to develop core technology in our own specialty that is applicable to other fields of higher education, which have not been exposed to such modern teaching modalities. This has the potential to become an invaluable teaching resource for anatomists, surgeons and other scientists.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1992

Can artificial neural networks provide an "expert's" view of medical students performances on computer based simulations?

Artificial neural networks were trained to recognize the test selection patterns of students' successful solutions to seven immunology computer based simulations. When new student's test selections were presented to the trained neural network, their problem solutions were correctly classified as successful or non-successful > 90% of the time. Examination of the neural networks output weights after each test selection revealed a progressive increase for the relevant problem suggesting that a successful solution was represented by the neural network as the accumulation of relevant tests. Unsuccessful problem solutions revealed two patterns of students performances. The first pattern was characterized by low neural network output weights for all seven problems reflecting extensive searching and lack of recognition of relevant information. In the second pattern, the output weights from the neural network were biased towards one of the remaining six incorrect problems suggesting that the student mis-represented the current problem as an instance of a previous problem.

Allergy and Immunology↗
PubMed2006

[Anesthesiologist-resuscitator: problems of training and maintenance of professional work].

The problems of psychological disturbances and insufficient profeccional skills amongst anaesthesiologists and intensive care specialists are discussed. The authors emphasized the need for special psychological education during refreshing courses and training period in residency. The official education in clinical residency should be updated in accordance with current view of speciality. It is necessary to use special simulators for better training of manual skill's and evaluation of knowledge more widely. The proper organization of the workplace is very important for successful performance and psychological condition of the personnel. The lack of profeccional Russian-language journals makes necessity for creation of a new textbook and periodical issue in paper and electronic format.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed2001

The design and evaluation of a simulated-patient teaching programme to develop the consultation skills of undergraduate pharmacy students.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to identify the key skills and knowledge required for the delivery of an ideal patient consultation in order to develop a training programme (using simulated-patients) to teach consultation skills to undergraduate pharmacy students. METHODS: Participants included all third year undergraduate Pharmacy students (MPharm, level III) at the School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton (from October 1999 to March 2000). Working in groups of 12, students participated in two 4 hour seminars. A structured questionnaire was designed to assess students' perceptions of the difficulty of conducting a consultation and their confidence in delivering a structured consultation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Questionnaires were administered before and after delivery of the teaching programme to assess changes in students' confidence and ability to consult with patients. RESULTS: Twelve volunteers satisfied the criteria set to serve as simulated patients and then received appropriate training. Six scenarios were developed which focused on the key skills and knowledge identified from the adherence and consultation skills literature. A total of 91 students participated in the programme (mean age = 23 years, SD = 4.5). Following participation in the programme students' perceived 'confidence' for conducting an effective consultation significantly increased (t = -5.9, p < 0.01) while a statistically significant decrease was seen in students' perceived level of 'difficulty' when conducting a consultation (t = 4.0, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: This study has shown that the use of a structured teaching programme improves students' perceptions of their ability and confidence in conducting an effective consultation. Providing skills training around the consultation process, using simulated patients, provides pharmacists with a good framework around which to practice pharmaceutical care.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Learning gains derived from a high-fidelity mannequin-based simulation in the pediatric emergency department.

There are limited data on the effectiveness of mannequin-based simulations in pediatrics. This study developed a training program using a high-fidelity child mannequin to simulate critical cases in an emergency department, and examined the learning gains derived from this simulation. Eighteen pediatric residents, as pairs, participated in a high-fidelity simulation pretest, training session and a posttest. The training session, developed based on participants' pretest performance, included videotape review, feedback, and hands-on practice, and focused on the improvement of management skills for shock and tachydyspnea. The pre- and posttest performances were scored for task-specific technical skills and behaviors. The learning gains between the pre- and posttests were significant (p < 0.001) for task-specific technical skills (from 64 +/- 15% to 93 +/- 4%) and behaviors (from 65 +/- 18% to 85 +/- 12%). This study suggests that high-fidelity simulation can enhance learning about how to manage critical cases in the pediatric emergency department.

Dyspnea↗
PubMed2000

An investigation of the validity of 'simulated' work related tasks in relation to 'real-life' situations in the fire service training environment.

Many researchers have developed work simulated tasks that can successfully predict fitness for work. In the fire service there are few tests available to make such predictions. This study was designed to evaluate the validity of four simulated fire-fighting tasks developed by Manchester Fire Service. Twenty-seven subjects each performed, in random order, three repeats of four simulated and four real-life tasks: under-running a 9 m ladder, dead lift, placing a 13.5 m ladder on an appliance and hauling an extended line. Comparisons between real and simulated tasks were assessed by measuring total time and amount of muscle activity. Recommendations were made to reduce the weight and to revise the lifting and grip positions for the 13.5 m ladder and dead lift, respectively, whereas the simulated 9 m ladder and hauling an extended line simulated tasks were sufficiently similar to the real-life activities to not warrant any change.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Teaching invasive perinatal procedures: assessment of a high fidelity simulator-based curriculum.

OBJECTIVE: Learning curves pose a difficult problem in the teaching of technical skills: how do you teach procedural skills without compromising patients' health? A simulator-based curriculum has been designed to minimize the risks to patients undergoing amniocentesis by shifting the learning curve away from patients and into the laboratory. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a high-fidelity simulator-based curriculum in improving the performance of amniocentesis by obstetric trainees. DESIGN: Thirty trainees received a course on the practice of amniocentesis. The curriculum consisted of a lecture, a syllabus, and a hands-on training session with the simulator. Pre- and post-training performance were evaluated with two rating scales. Training and performance evaluation were completed using the same simulator. The effectiveness of the simulator-based workshop and the effect of year of training were assessed using a two-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: Performance scores improved from a mean score of 55% to 94% using checklist scoring and from 57% to 88% using global ratings. The two-way analysis of variance revealed a significant effect of training (F1,60 = 43.57; P < 0.001) accounting for 45% of the variance in scores, and a significant effect of experience level (F2,60 = 9.16; P < 0.001) accounting for 25% of the variance in scores. CONCLUSIONS: A comprehensive curriculum based on a high-fidelity simulator was effective at improving skills demonstrated on the simulator. The challenge remains to establish that skills acquired on a simulator are transferable to the clinical setting.

Amniocentesis↗
PubMed1999

Maximal strength training improves work economy in trained female cross-country skiers.

PURPOSE: The present study examines the hypothesis that maximal strength training improves work economy and anaerobic threshold in trained female cross-country skiers while working on a ski ergometer. METHODS: Fifteen female cross-country skiers (17.9 +/- 0.3 yr, 166.7 +/- 1.3 cm, 60.1 +/- 1.9 kg, and 55.3 +/- 1.3 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)) participated in the study. Eight skiers made up the high-intensity strength-trained group, and seven served as the control group. Endurance performance was tested on a specially instrumented ski ergometer. Strength training and testing simulated double poling in cross-country skiing. RESULTS: A significant (P < 0.001) improvement in double-poling economy on the ski ergometer was observed among the strength-trained group. Anaerobic threshold did not change during the experimental period for either group. After a 9-wk training period, time to exhaustion increased from 5.2 (+/-0.9) to 12.3 (+/-1.6) min (P < 0.001) and from 4.0 (+/-0.9) to 6.3 (+/-0.9) min (P < 0.01) for the strength and control group, respectively. Time to exhaustion was significantly higher (P < 0.001) for the strength group compared with the control group after training. One repetition maximum increased 14.5% (1.8) (P < 0.001) in the strength group but was unchanged in the control group. Expressed in relation to peak force at one repetition maximum, strength training resulted in a significant reduction in the relative available force employed working on the ski ergometer (P < 0.01). Time to peak force at maximal aerobic velocity on the ski ergometer was significantly reduced in the strength-training group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that maximal strength training in the upper-body improved the double-poling performance by improved work economy. Work economy was improved by a reduction in relative workload and time to peak force while double poling.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Influence of simulated microgravity on the VO2 max of nontrained and trained rats.

Head-down suspension (HDS) of rats has evolved as a useful model for the simulation of a microgravity environment. Previous HDS experiments with rats have shown an impaired capacity to perform aerobic exercise as demonstrated by reductions in maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max), treadmill run time (RT), and mechanical efficiency (ME) of treadmill running at submaximal conditions. To determine whether endurance training (TR) before HDS would modify exercise performance, male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to nontrained (NT) or TR groups for 6 wk and exposed to HDS or cage control (CC) conditions for 29 days. The rats were tested for VO2 max, RT, and ME before treatment and on days 7, 14, 21, and 28. In addition, water and electrolyte excretion was measured on days 1 and 21 of the experimental period. Before HDS, the TR rats had significantly higher measures of VO2 max (15%) and RT (22%) than the NT rats. On day 28, HDS was associated with significant reductions in absolute VO2 max (ml/min) in TR (-30%) and NT (-14%) rats. Relative VO2 max (ml.min-1.kg-1) was significantly reduced in TR (-15%) but not NT rats. Similar reductions in RT occurred in TR (-37%) and NT (-35%) rats by day 28. ME was reduced 22% in both TR and NT rats after 28 days of suspension. HDS elicited diuresis, natriuresis, and kaliuresis in TR rats after 21 days but not after 24 h. In contrast, HDS-NT rats exhibited no diuretic, natriuretic, or kaliuretic responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗