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PubMed1995

Differentiation of dextran-producing Leuconostoc strains from fermented rice cake (puto) using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.

Lactic acid bacteria were isolated from puto, a fermented rice cake consumed as a breakfast and snack food in the Philippines. The microflora was dominated by dextran-producing leuconostocs, and these were differentiated into four groups using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of restriction enzyme digested chromosomal DNA, in conjunction with taxonomic tests. The four groups corresponded to the species Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, Leuconostoc citreum and Leuconostoc fallax. Several strains showed an unusual clumping phenotype, and two of these were capable of inhibiting other strains of lactic acid bacteria.

Bacteriocins↗

PubMed1989

Perception of appetite and weight change during treatment for depression.

As part of the Pittsburgh Appetite Test, 50 depressed outpatients reported their perceptions of appetite and weight change prior to and during chronic treatment with imipramine and psychotherapy. At the end of 4 months, as a group, patients were significantly more conscious of what they were eating, and reported a significant change in the frequency of regular meal consumption. No group changes were noted in frequency of snacking or late night eating, although weight change during treatment and obesity status modified these responses. Clinical response was unrelated to eating behavior. Perception of weight change varied with treatment: a 5 pound weight gain became highly problematic during recovery compared to the depressive episode. The interaction of these factors and antidepressant-induced weight gain are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Differences in food-choice frequencies between restrained and unrestrained eaters.

Reported frequency of consumption for certain food items was studied in young normal-weight women, classified into 19 unrestrained and 20 restrained eaters by the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire of Stunkard & Messick (1985). Neither group differed in the consumption of basic foods and snacks but restrained eaters showed a strong tendency to avoid fat. A large percentage of this group was used to consuming artificial sweeteners and other calorie-reduced foodstuffs. These qualitative alterations in the everyday eating behavior of restrained eaters may be one of the links between dietary restraint and binge eating.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

The effects of d-amphetamine on food intake of humans living in a residential laboratory.

Two groups, each consisting of three normal weight, male research volunteers, lived continuously in a residential laboratory for 15 days. All contact with the experimenters was through a networked computer system and subjects' behaviors, including food intake, were continuously recorded. During the first part of the day, subjects remained in their private rooms doing work activities. During the remainder of the day, they had the option to socialize with each other. A wide variety of food items were continuously available. Subjects controlled their own patterns of food intake, and could consume any item, or number of items, at any time during the day. Beverages containing d-amphetamine (10 mg per 70 kg) or placebo were consumed daily at 0930 and 1630 hrs. Amphetamine significantly reduced total daily caloric intake to about 70% of placebo levels. The reduction in intake was a consequence of a decrease in number of eating occasions per day; no changes in mean intake per occasion were observed. Amphetamine produced similar decreases in the daily number of snack and meal items, and in protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake. These results demonstrate that amphetamine has significant effects on human food intake, and the study of human feeding behavior under similar naturalistic conditions should provide important information about the behavioral actions of drugs affecting food intake.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Effects of varying recall periods on reported food intakes.

A 32-item food frequency questionnaire was administered with different time periods over which intake frequencies were to be recalled. In replicate Studies 1 and 2, 154 students were randomly allocated to six recall periods, ranging from the "the past 3 days" through to "the past year" and "usual intake". Perceived "oftenness" of intake was estimated on seven-point ratings. In Study 3, 78 students were randomly allocated to five short recall periods, e.g. last weekend, the past 5 days. In addition to rating "oftenness", they estimated their frequencies of intake numerically. In the first two studies, recall period was related to "oftenness" ratings in three ways. Responses for some foods (mainly snacks) were unaffected by recall period; others (mainly staples) were monotonically related to the requested duration of the recall; and, for a third set of foods, periods greater than one month (including "usual intake") yielded equivalent ratings but these were greater frequencies than those associated with shorter recall periods. In Study 3, marked differences were seen between frequency ratings over "average" durations and those over recent periods of similar duration. Correlations between numerical frequency estimates and "oftenness" ratings were high. The implications of the results for uses of food frequency methodology in nutritional epidemiology are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Migration, cash cropping and subsistence agriculture: relationships to household food expenditures in rural Mexico.

The relationship between income and food expenditure patterns is influenced by a number of factors, including personal tastes, source and frequency of income, male/female control over income, home food production, and other demographic factors. In this study, the relationship of household resource allocation to each of the following is examined: (1) source of income (i.e. wage labor, cash cropping, migrant remittances, and other private sources); (2) women's contribution to income; and (3) subsistence production level. The overall study design involved a cross-sectional survey of 178 households in three rural Mexican communities on two occasions spanning both agricultural seasons. On each occasion, data were collected on the following: (1) income by source and by earner; (2) migrant remittances; (3) gifts and loans; (4) subsistence and cash crop production, expenses, and earnings; (5) major nonfood purchases; (6) household composition; and (7) household food use (during the previous week). Stepwise multiple regression was used to determine the factors associated with the percentage of income allocated to food (PFX) and the percentage of the food budget allocated to (1) maize, beans, and chile (TRAD); (2) meat, milk, and fruit (LUX); and (3) bread, pasta, and snack foods (PROC). All regressions were run controlling for income. The proportion of income from migrant remittances was negatively associated with PFX (winter). Subsistence score was positively related to PFX (summer). Migrant remittances (winter) and subsistence score (both seasons) were negatively associated with TRAD. Subsistence score was positively related to LUX (both seasons). Father's absence (both seasons), store ownership (winter), and private source of income (summer) were all positively linked to PROC. Mother's contribution to total income and cash cropping income were not significantly related to any of the dependent variables. The findings support the idea that resource allocation patterns are influenced not only by income level but also by the household economic strategies through which income is generated.

Agriculture↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Technological necessity of antioxidants in the food industry.

Antioxidants are one of the principal lines of defence in protecting quality as food or ingredients move from the farm through processing and distribution to the consumer. The urbanization of society and the resultant need to process complex, higher-quality foods have required that products survive a longer transportation time and an extended shelf-life. Consumers are also becoming more quality oriented and health conscious in their food selections. The food manufacturer, therefore, is faced with the challenge of supplying wholesome high-quality foods to the consumer. One of the major sources of change that occurs during processing, distribution and final preparation of foods is oxidation. Among the major food quality issues influenced by lipid oxidation are nutritional quality, toxicity, flavour, texture and colour. Antioxidants significantly extend the shelf-life of foods containing oxidizable lipids such as vegetable oils, animal fats, flavourings, spices, nuts, processed meats and snack products. It is important to note that oxidation and the need for antioxidants is not limited to high-fat foods, but includes cereals and other items that contain only small amounts of lipids.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed1975

The increase in dental disease in the northern states of Nigeria and its manpower implications.

An epidemiological survey of dental decay was carried out in the six northern states of Nigeria on a population sample of 1396. The average number of decayed, missing and filled (DMF) teeth per person for the whole sample was 2-7. The percentage of caries-free persons was 47-1. Dental decay was more severe and widespread in the cities, where the mean DMF value was 2-8 and 42 per cent were caries-free, than in the villages, where the mean DMF value was 2-0 and 66-9 per cent were caries-free. The mean DMF index for the age group 10-19 years (which formed nearly 60 per cent of the sample) was 3-1, and untreated dental decay alone almost entirely accounted for this figure. This amount of untreated dental disease is an indication of the lack of dental treatment available as a consequence of the shortage of dental manpower, since only 15 dentists are available for a population of 28 800 000 in this area. Examination of the dietary habits of the population studied showed a remarkable level of consumption of sweets and sweet foods both in villages and cities. Overall, no fewer than 87 per cent of the people admitted to taking these cariogenic foods as snacks between meals. These habits are sufficient to explain the alarmingly increased incidence of dental decay and the decline in the number of caries-free persons when compared with earlier studies. This is an unhappy augury for the future dental health of Nigeria. The evidence of deterioration of dental health makes a national programme of dental health education and preventive dental treatment a matter of urgency. This necessitates a considerable increase in dental manpower if the population is to receive the maximum benefit.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

The topography of binge eating.

The present study investigated the topography of binge eating by comparing characteristics of eating episodes recorded by individuals who engage in binge eating (n = 29) with those who do not (n = 27), and characteristics of binge and non-binge episodes recorded by individuals who binge eat. For 2 weeks, subjects continuously recorded the type and quantity of food eaten during each eating episode, time and place of consumption, number of persons present, mood while eating, and whether the food eaten was part of a meal or snack. Results indicated binge eaters experienced negative moods during a significantly greater proportion of their eating episodes than non-binge eaters. Within the group of binge eaters, negative moods were experienced during a significantly greater proportion of binge episodes than non-binge episodes. Furthermore, binge episodes occurred significantly more often than non-binge episodes from 6:00 to 12:00 p.m. and significantly less often at appropriate places. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

Emotions↗

PubMed1989

A study of factors associated with weight change in women who attempt smoking cessation.

This study investigated behavioral and attitudinal relationships over a 12-week time period in 48 women enrolled in a commercial smoking cessation program who were categorized as non-recidivists (NR), early recidivists (ER) and late recidivists (LR) to cigarette smoking. NR had significantly higher weight gains (F = 6.70), significantly higher levels of physical activity (F = 6.42), and significantly less concern of postsmoking cessation weight gain (F = 5.08) than either two groups of recidivists, (p less than or equal to .05). Other findings, although not significant, were that NR exhibited lower caloric intake and more frequent snacking behaviors than either ER or LR. These results indicate an overall stronger commitment to more positive health behaviors in the NR than those who returned to cigarette smoking.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Naltrexone and human eating behavior: a dose-ranging inpatient trial in moderately obese men.

To investigate the effects of the long-acting opiate antagonist naltrexone on spontaneous human eating behavior, eight moderately obese male paid volunteers were housed in a hospital metabolic unit for 28 days and offered palatable foods ad lib by a platter service method. Under double-blind conditions, equally divided doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg naltrexone, or an acetaminophen placebo, were administered twice daily in tablet form for 3-day periods each, according to a Latin Square design. The doses of naltrexone resulted in decreases of daily caloric intake from placebo level, but these reductions were neither statistically significant nor dose-related. When the averaged effects of the doses were compared to placebo, five subjects showed intake reductions but the overall intake reduction of 301.5 +/- 198.1 kcal/day (mean +/- SEM) was not statistically significant. Naltrexone administration failed to selectively alter intakes of individual meals and snacks or macronutrient consumption patterns. During active drug periods, subjects lost 0.62 +/- 0.22 lb over 3 days, while during the placebo period, subjects gained 0.46 +/- 0.68 lb. However, there was no reliable change of basal metabolic rate as a function of naltrexone administration. The present results, which indicate that naltrexone administration is relatively ineffective in reducing food intake and inducing body weight loss in obese humans, are thus in contrast with reports that administration of opiate antagonist agents promote significant reductions of food intake and attenuations of body weight gain in experimental animals.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Sugar, opioids and binge eating.

There is evidence that endogenous opiates are involved in the control of feeding in experimental animals. Several types of experimental obesity are associated with increased opiate production and/or increased numbers and sensitivity of opiate receptors. Research with experimental animals suggests that nutrients, particularly sugar, have an effect on feeding behavior that is mediated by opiates. For instance, the obesity-producing effect of a palatable diet in rodents is blocked by opiate antagonists. Stress induced feeding in rodents leads to preferential sucrose ingestion and is blocked by opiate antagonists and beta-endorphin. The effect of nutrients on the endogenous opiate system of humans is less clear. Clinical experience suggest that carbohydrates (sugar in particular) play a role in binge eating and obesity. Many binge eaters preferentially eat sweets during a binge. Many obese individuals consume more than half of their total daily calories as carbohydrates. Sweet snacking is a frequent behavior at times of stress. Recent evidence suggests that sugar can lead to increased beta-endorphin production in obese subjects.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Attitude, knowledge and habits of high school pupils in Israel regarding oral health.

The purpose of this project was to study the habits, knowledge and attitudes of 132 high school students in regards to their teeth and oral health. An inflated amount of consumption of snack food and sweet beverages between meals was reported. Seventy-two point seven percent claimed to brush their teeth at least twice daily. Forty-nine point three percent claimed to visit their dentist annually. The results also demonstrated a poor general knowledge and misconceptions concerning teeth, food and oral health throughout the years of high school studies. Knowledge levels correlated with with age. More than half of the pupils attributed esthetical importance to the teeth appearance. The students' knowledge concerning prevention stemmed mainly from their dentist, parents, and the media and only 2.6% learned anything from formal school teaching. In the light of the students' poor knowledge, it would appear that resources should be invested in schools at the elementary and high school level for oral hygiene and caries prevention education in the hope of improving bad habits and perpetuating improved oral health and hygiene.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A smoke-free chemical dependency unit. The Cleveland Clinic experience.

An attempt to eliminate smoking from the CCF chemical dependency unit resulted from an institutional mandate that the campus be smoke-free. Initially, patients were given the option of either not smoking or smoking outside with staff supervision. Those who opted for smoking cessation received no specific treatment for nicotine addiction, but were only given snacks, therapeutic activities, and stress management techniques to aid in their effort. The initiative failed. Patient and staff resistance, hazardous conditions due to surreptitious smoking, and interference with other treatment components led to suspension of the policy. A second attempt, thought to be a superior design, included therapeutic interventions similar to traditional addiction treatment; however, it also failed to produce nicotine recovery in most patients. It was noted that patients with such adverse consequences from nicotine as emphysema or cancer could be motivated to recover from nicotine addiction and were helpful in motivating those without consequences to stop smoking. Significantly, despite several patients' refusal to enter or continue in treatment due to the no smoking policy, unit census actually increased.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Moderate alcohol consumption and platelet aggregation in healthy middle-aged men.

Changes in platelet aggregation have often been proposed as an explanation for the protective effect of moderate alcohol consumption on the development of coronary heart disease, observed in epidemiological studies. To test the tenability of this assumption, the acute effect of moderate alcohol consumption on platelet aggregation was studied in eight healthy middle-aged men in a controlled study. The intake of alcohol consisted of two glasses of red wine at dinner and two glasses of distilled liquor (Hollands gin), combined with a snack, before bedtime. No acute effects of moderate alcohol consumption on platelet aggregation were observed.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1987

Teaching interactive signing in a dialogue situation to mentally retarded individuals.

Verbal prompts, modeling, physical guidance, positive reinforcement, fading, and chaining procedures were used to teach two nonverbal individuals, one severely and one moderately mentally retarded, an interactive signing dialogue in a naturalistic snack time setting. Both were required to initiate signed communication and to respond to signed communication with either action or manual signing. Using a multiple probe design across three dialogue situations, each client was successively taught his role in each dialogue with a staff member serving as his partner. After both trainees had mastered a dialogue role, signing competency was formally probed as they interacted with their staff partner in a maintenance situation and with the other trainee in a generalization situation. Results showed that clients could learn to use signed communication in each dialogue situation but that extensive training was required. Data also indicated that only partial generalization to the client-client situation occurred.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Role relations between children who are mentally retarded and their older siblings: observations in three in-home contexts.

Older nonhandicapped siblings and same-sex younger mentally retarded siblings (n = 16 sibling pairs) were observed in their homes during toy play, snack, and television-viewing, as were an equal number of comparison sibling pairs, matched for age, gender, and family characteristics. Role relationships between mentally retarded children and older siblings were asymmetrical, with older siblings assuming frequent teacher, manager, and helper roles. Older sisters, in particular, participated in frequent teaching. Amount of interaction between siblings was directly related to the contexts in which they were observed. Nonhandicapped siblings engaged each other more as playmates. Interactional correlates of language and adaptive competencies of the mentally retarded children are presented, as are correlations between the age of the siblings and the roles they assume with each other.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1996

[Nutritional habits of adolescents in the Paris suburbs].

BACKGROUND: Physical and psychological disorders in adolescence may lead to specific food behaviours. The aim of this work was to make a group of adolescents full actors of the conception and realization of a study on their food consumption and attitudes. POPULATION AND METHODS: Seventeen self-selected adolescents (age: 12 to 18 years) were enrolled in the study. They interviewed 186 peers (24% of the adolescents of the district) during March 1994. RESULTS: 5.9% of adolescents never had breakfast; only 57.7% had the three main meals every day during the last week, but 14% had these three main meals and three snacks the preceding day. During a week, 22% (12-14 years old) and 32% (15-18 years old) had had at least one lunch outside their home or school canteen. Fast-food attraction was very strong, mainly among the youngest, the boys and the foreign students. However, family meals were appreciated by 87% of them. CONCLUSION: Even though absence of representation of the sample gave doubts on the most marginal forms of food behavior, the interest manifested by adolescents for this research program and the results favor a food educational program that should be planned with them.

Adolescent↗