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PubMed1978

Dietary cholesterol influences fasting serum free amino acids in rats fed diets containing different sugars.

Fasting serum aminograms were studied in rats fed a commercial stock diet or purified diets supplemented with or without 1% cholesterol and 0.25% sodium cholate. Sucrose, glucose or fructose served as a carbohydrate source for each purified diet. Accompanied by marked rises in serum cholesterol, the serum amino acid profile of rats fed glucose or fructose diets was modified significantly by dietary cholesterol. On feeding a glucose diet, dietary cholesterol caused decreases in Trp, Thr and Tyr and increase in Pro and Met. However, the concentration of total essential amino acids remained unchanged. Feeding a fructose diet resulted in a significant reduction of the amino acid level in comparison with that observed with glucose. This decrease was routinely compensated by the inclusion of cholesterol in the diet with the concentration of a number of amino acids being increased. Only Trp was decreased by this dietary manipulation. The serum aminogram of rats fed either a commercial stock diet or a sucrose diet was inconsiderably modified by dietary cholesterol. These data denote that dietary cholesterol influences the metabolic process of amino acids and that the response to cholesterol is modified by the carbohydrate source of the diet.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1985

Effect of dietary taurine on cholesterol gallstone formation and tissue cholesterol contents in mice.

The inhibitory effect of dietary taurine on cholesterol gallstone formation was studied using male mice of Jcl:ICR strain. Mice were provided three kinds of semi-purified diet; a cholesterol-free diet (standard), a lithogenic diet containing 0.5% cholesterol and 0.25% sodium cholate (C-CA), and a lithogenic diet supplemented with 5% taurine. The changes of total cholesterol in serum, cholesterol mass in the liver and the gall bladder, and gallstone incidence were studied as a function of time. Gallstone formation was observed only in the mice fed on the C-CA diet for more than 3 weeks. The changes of serum cholesterol concentration were not consistent with gallstone formation. The cholesterol mass of the liver in taurine-supplemented mice decreased after the 3rd week. Cholesterol content of the gall bladder increased with cholesterol gallstone formation. Therefore, the inhibitory effect of dietary taurine on cholesterol gallstone formation may be related to the decrease in cholesterol content of the liver.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Stimulation of chenodeoxycholic acid excretion in hypercholesterolemic mice by dietary taurine.

The effects of dietary taurine on fecal steroid excretion and bile acid pool size were investigated in Jcl: ICR strain mice. The mice were fed on semi-purified diets for five weeks: a cholesterol-free diet (Standard), a lithogenic diet containing 0.5% cholesterol and 0.25% sodium cholate (C-CA) and a lithogenic diet supplemented with 5% taurine (C-CA + 5% taurine). The changes in fecal steroid excretion were studied as a function of time and the bile acid pool size was estimated. Dietary taurine affected fecal bile acid excretion both quantitatively and qualitatively. No change in bile acid pool size was observed. The fecal excretion of bile acids increased in taurine-supplemented mice. The increase in the fecal neutral steroid excretion was less than that in C-CA fed mice. The proportion of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and the related bile acids to total bile acids increased both in the fecal bile acids and in the bile acid pool. Therefore, the protective effect of dietary taurine against cholesterol gallstone formation may be related to the stimulation of bile acid synthesis, especially of CDCA and related compounds.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1987

Effect of dietary taurine on cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity in the liver of mice fed a lithogenic diet.

The effect of dietary taurine on hepatic cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity was investigated in mice. At first, male ICR strain mice were fed a commercial non-purified diet for 4 weeks and killed at 01:00 h (midnight) or 13:00 h (daytime) and the cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity in the hepatic microsomal fraction was measured. The enzyme activity was 5.9-fold higher at midnight than in the daytime. Next, to investigate the effect of dietary taurine on the activity of this enzyme, male ICR strain mice were fed semi-purified diets for 5 weeks: a cholesterol-free diet (standard), a lithogenic diet containing 0.5% cholesterol and 0.25% sodium cholate (C-CA), and a lithogenic diet supplemented with 5% taurine (C-CA + 5% taurine). All mice were killed at midnight and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity was measured. The enzyme activity of the mice fed the lithogenic diet was about 20% that of mice fed the standard diet. Dietary taurine increased the activity by 1.9-fold. Therefore, it was concluded that the inhibitory effect of dietary taurine on cholesterol gallstone formation was related to increased bile acid synthesis as reflected by stimulation of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Isolation of plasma cholesterol-lowering components from ningyotake (Polyporus confluens) mushroom.

The present study was undertaken to isolate component(s) which contributes to the hypocholesterolemic action of Ningyotake (Polyporus confluens) mushroom. The mushroom powder was extracted with 80% ethanol, and the extract and residue were fractionated into five fractions according to the solubility to solvents. When each fraction was added to a diet containing 1% cholesterol and 0.25% sodium cholate and fed to rats, the plasma cholesterol level was significantly decreased only by ethyl acetate-soluble fraction. Therefore, ethyl acetate-soluble fraction was further fractionated by silica gel column chromatography. Two major compounds, which comprised 45.0% and 28.5% of the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction, were obtained in a pure form by the chromatography, and the compounds were identified as grifolin (2-trans, trans-farnesyl-5-methylresorcinol) and neogrifolin (4-trans, trans-farnesyl-5-methylresorcinol), respectively. The addition of grifolin and neogrifolin to the high cholesterol diet was found to lower plasma cholesterol level significantly.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

The effect of various phospholipids on plasma lipoproteins and liver lipids in hypercholesterolemic rats.

Rats were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet (5% lard, 0.5% cholesterol, and 0.25% sodium cholate) containing 5% of dietary phospholipid as safflower phospholipid (SAP), soybean phospholipid (SOP), or egg yolk phospholipid (EGP), or 5% of soybean oil (SO) as a control for 4 weeks. The concentrations of plasma cholesterol were significantly higher in rats fed the EGP diet than those of the other diets. Similarly, the concentrations of chylomicron plus very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol were higher in rats fed the EGP diet. The phospholipid diets induced a significant increase of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in comparison with the SO diet. The concentrations of liver cholesterol were significantly lower in rats fed the phospholipid diets than those of the SO diet. Among phospholipid-fed rats, the SAP and SOP diets decreased the concentrations of liver cholesterol compared with the EGP diet. The activity of plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) was significantly increased in rats fed the phospholipid diets. The phospholipid diets caused an enhanced excretion of neutral steroids into feces. Among phospholipid-fed rats, the SAP and SOP diets increased the excretion of fecal neutral steroids compared with the EGP diet. The fatty acid composition of HDL phospholipid was slightly reflected by the major dietary fat source. These results suggest that SAP and SOP inhibit markedly the absorption of dietary cholesterol in the small intestine of hypercholesterolemic rats and that the effect of SAP and SOP on plasma cholesterol metabolism may be different from that of EGP.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Occurrence of dermatitis in rats fed a cholesterol diet containing field horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.).

The effects of dietary field horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) powder on lipid components were studied in rats fed a 20% casein diet with or without cholesterol (0.5% cholesterol and 0.15% sodium cholate) for 14 days. The ingestion of 0.4% or 4% Equisetum arvense L. powder did not influence food intake or growth. However, a cholesterol diet with Equisetum arvense L. at 4% caused dermatitis at the neck, head and back in about 20-65% of the rats. This dermatitis was reversed when the diet was changed to commercial pellets. There were no apparent effects on serum or liver lipids in the rats fed Equisetum arvense L. irrespective of dietary cholesterol. Serum IgE levels measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay revealed that the induction of IgE may not necessarily be involved in the dermatitis caused by the intake of Equisetum arvense L. These results suggest that the ingestion of large amounts of Equisetum arvense L. as cooking material is not recommended for those with a cholesterol-rich diet.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Hypocholesterolemic effect of indigestible fraction of Chlorella regularis in cholesterol-fed rats.

The effects of Chlorella regularis powder (CP) and Chlorella regularis indigestible fraction (CIF) on serum and liver lipid concentrations and on fecal steroid excretion were estimated in rats fed diets containing 5 g/kg cholesterol and 2.5 g/kg sodium cholate. The ingestion of 12.7% CP or 5.3% CIF did not influence food intake or growth. CP and CIF decreased the levels of serum cholesterol, but had no effect on the levels of serum triacylglycerol and phospholipid. Liver cholesterol contents were lower in the CP and CIF groups than in the control group, but CP and CIF did not affect liver triacylglycerol content. CP and CIF increased the total amount of fecal neutral steroids excreted, but did not modify the total bile acid excretion. However, the soluble bile acid concentrations of reconstituted fecal water in the rats fed CP and CIF diets were lower than the control value. Moreover, CP and CIF had a high bile acid binding capacity in vitro. These results indicated that CIF had a hypocholesterolemic effect and enhanced fecal neutral steroid excretion while decreasing the soluble fecal bile acid concentration.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

The effect of taurine on plasma cholesterol concentration in genetic type 2 diabetic GK rats.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of taurine on the plasma cholesterol concentration in genetic type 2 diabetic rats fed cholesterol-free or high-cholesterol diets. Diabetic rats (GK male rats) and normal rats (Wistar male rats) were fed either a cholesterol-free or cholesterol-enriched (1% cholesterol + 0.25% sodium cholate) diet supplemented with or without 3% taurine for 21 or 14 d. Compared to the normal rats, diabetic rats showed a high glucose concentration in their blood and plasma, but it was not affected by taurine feeding. The plasma insulin concentration was higher in the diabetic rats than in the normal rats. At the start of the experiment, the plasma cholesterol concentration was significantly higher in the diabetic rats than in the normal rats. Taurine did not affect the plasma cholesterol level in rats fed the cholesterol-free diet. However, taurine feeding significantly increased the plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration in the diabetic rats fed the cholesterol-free diet. In both the diabetic and normal rats fed the cholesterol diet, the plasma cholesterol concentration was significantly lower in rats fed the diet supplemented with taurine than in the rats fed the control diet. It was concluded that taurine has a hypocholesterolemic effect in both diabetic and normal rats fed diets containing cholesterol. Moreover, these results suggest that taurine seems to affect the HDL-cholesterol metabolism in diabetic rats fed a cholesterol-free diet.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Dietary lectin lowers serum cholesterol and raises fecal neutral sterols in cholesterol-fed rats.

This study examined the influence of a low level of dietary lectin (0.34%), at a dose that did not affect body weight or food intake, on the concentration of serum cholesterol and fecal excretion of neutral sterols in rats fed a diet containing 0.50% cholesterol and 0.13% sodium cholate for 12 d. In experiment 1, rats fed a diet with 0.34% lectin, concanavalin A, had significantly lower concentrations of serum total cholesterol and hepatic cholesterol, a higher ratio of HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol, enhanced excretion of fecal neutral sterols and reduced apparent cholesterol absorption or digestibility as compared with rats fed a diet without lectin. Fecal excretion of acidic sterols was unaffected by dietary lectin. In contrast, dietary 0.34% lectin had no significant effect on concentrations of serum total protein or glucose. In experiment 2, we examined whether the cholesterol-lowering activity of the lectin was responsibility for its carbohydrate-binding activity. The effect of dietary lectin on concentrations of serum and hepatic cholesterol and excretion of fecal neutral sterols was prevented by simultaneous administration of methyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside with specific affinity for the carbohydrate-binding sites of the lectin. These results suggest that dietary lectins might reduce concentrations of serum and hepatic cholesterol by a mechanism involving higher excretion of neutral sterols and that these alterations might be associated with the carbohydrate-binding activity of lectin.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Inhibition of expression of P-selectin by antioxidant in cholesterol-fed rats.

Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) can inhibit experimental atherosclerosis in animals. Although the agent is an antioxidant, the exact mechanism of the reaction in atherosclerosis is still unknown. To investigate the effects of BHT on expression of P-selectin (PADGEM, GMP-140), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and class II MHC (Ia) antigen, we proposed an experiment on rats. Male rats (n=18 per group) were fed either a normal cholesterol control diet, a normal cholesterol diet containing 0.5% BHT (BD), a high cholesterol diet containing 1.5% cholesterol and 0.1% sodium cholate (CD), or the CD diet containing 0.5% BHT (BCD). Rats were sacrificed after 3 days, and after 1, 2, 4, 10, and 17 weeks of dietary treatment. Although there was no gross or light microscopic atherosclerotic lesions, scanning electron microscopy revealed monocytic adhesion to aortic endothelium and mild endothelial injuries in CD and BCD groups. Immunohistochemically, the addition of BHT to a high cholesterol diet inhibited P-selectin expression but not in ICAM-1 and Ia antigen. These findings suggest that in rats, high cholesterol diets induce expression of ICAM-1, P-selectin and Ia antigen. In addition, the antiatherogenic effect of BHT may play a role in the inhibition of P-selectin.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Lethality of shock pressures to a marine Vibrio sp. isolated from a ship's ballast water.

The lethal effects of shock pressure treatment on suspended Vibrio sp. cells were examined. Lethality of shock pressures to the Vibrio sp. cells increased with the increase in the values of maximum shock pressures generated in the cell suspension. When the value was around 114 MPa, the total number of colony-forming cells was reduced from 10(8.5+/-0.1) colony-forming units (CFU) to 10(3.3) - 10(3.4) CFU/ml, and complete loss of colony-forming ability was seen at the maximum value of 282 MPa. Almost all the cells could survive after the exposure to shock pressures including the maximum value of around 189 MPa in the presence of 2% sodium ascorbate (VitC-Na), whereas the total number of colony-forming cells was reduced to 10(1.6)-10(2.1) CFU/ml in the absence of VitC-Na. The surviving cells, however, showed sensitivity to 0.8% sodium cholate, a strong detergent. About 11% of cell-associated proteins had leaked out when the cells were exposed to lethal shock pressures including the maximum value of around 290 MPa in the absence of VitC-Na. These results indicate that the radicals generated in the cell suspension may be closely related to the loss of colony-forming ability of the Vibrio sp. cells. Damage to the outer membrane structure also seems to have occurred by the exposure to shock pressures.

Biodiversity↗

PubMed2001

A double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Salmonella using biotinylated monoclonal antibodies.

A double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) as a rapid, economical alternative to culture isolation procedures for detection of Salmonella. Four MAbs previously shown to react with Salmonella strains representing 18 different serogroups were evaluated as capture antibodies and, after biotinylation, as detection antibodies. One MAb (M183) was selected for use in the ELISA to capture and detect Salmonella antigens. The detection limit of the ELISA was evaluated using Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium and various selective and nonselective Salmonella enrichment media. The highest detection limit (ca. 10(4) CFU/ml) was achieved using an enrichment broth containing brain heart infusion, yeast extract, sodium hydrogen selenite, and sodium cholate (BYSC) after preenrichment in buffered peptone water. The ELISA detected all Salmonella serovars tested, which included representative serovars of serogroups B, C, D, and E and gave negative results for all non-Salmonella species tested. Samples (106) from various sources, including fecal samples from humans and pigeons, chicken carcass rinses, chicken parts, feed, and the environment, were used to evaluate the performance of the ELISA. The ELISA had a specificity and sensitivity of 100 and 91%, respectively, and a kappa value of 0.93 relative to the culture methods. Such an ELISA has the potential to be used in the implementation of the pathogen reduction and hazard analysis critical control point systems as well as in clinical laboratories.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Formulation of interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha containing ultradeformable carriers for potential transdermal application.

INTRODUCTION: Transfersomes (TF) are new highly deformable hydrophilic lipid vesicles, which are able to spontaneously penetrate the skin barrier because of their characteristics. Transfersomes are able to transport non-invasively low as well as high molecular weight molecules into the body. We describe the formulation and several biological characteristics of Interleukin-2 and Interferon-a containing TF. MATERIAL AND METHODS: TF contain natural phosphatidylcholine and sodium cholate. Recombinant human IL-2 and human hybrid interferon-alpha A/D were added to TF and incubated for 24 hours at 4 degrees C. Immunotransfersomes were isolated from free IL-2 and IFN by filtration (Centrisart, Sartorius). Biological activity of immunotransfersomes was measured by CTLL-cell-assay for IL-2 and by A549--EMCV-assay for IFN, concentrations of proteins by ELISA. RESULTS: It has been possible to incorporate a high amount of IL-2 and IFN in TF (75-80%). Incorporated IL-2 and IFN were biological active. The increase of the proportion of lipid to protein to 90.9/1 led to growing probability of association. CONCLUSION: We were able to show, that IL-2 as well as IFN is trapped by transfersomes in biological active form and in sufficient concentrations for immunotherapy. In upcoming experiments these IL-2 and IFN-containing TF are used for a transdermal approach in the murine RENCA cell line model.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Protein-lipid interactions during lipid peroxidation in photoreceptor membranes].

It has been shown that chemical modification of hydrophobic lipid phase (lipoperoxidation) of outer segments membrane discs of frog retina rods brings about weakening protein-lipid interactions in the photoreceptor membrane. As a result of this extraction of rhodopsin with anion detergent (sodium cholate) in the concentrations not exceeding the critical concentration of micelloformation increases, and spontaneous release of rhodopsin into water phase is observed. At the same time the number of phospholipid molecules extracted in lipoprotein rhodopsin complex from the membranes of outer segments decreases 3-4-fold.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Comparison of capillary electrophoresis with HPLC for diagnosis of factitious hypoglycemia.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of "factitious hypoglycemia" is essentially based on the disclosure of hypoglycemic agents in blood or urine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of capillary electrophoresis (CE) as a quantitative method for determination of chlorpropamide, tolbutamide, glipizide, gliclazide, and glibenclamide in serum. METHODS: Serum samples (1 mL), with internal standard added, were purified by solid-phase extraction on OASIS(TM) HLB cartridges (Waters), dried under reduced pressure, and reconstituted with 30-60 microL of acetonitrile:H(2)O. Analysis was carried out by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography in 5 mmol/L borate, 5 mmol/L phosphate, 75 mmol/L sodium cholate, pH 8.5, containing 25 mL/L methanol. Separation was accomplished in a 20 cm x 50 microm (i.d.) silica capillary at 25 degrees C and a constant voltage of +10 kV. Pharmacokinetics of gliclazide (80-mg tablet) in a diabetic patient were assayed by both HPLC and CE. Two hypoglycemic patients positive by HPLC analysis for unreported gliclazide and tolbutamide overdose were also screened by CE. RESULTS: Separation of six drugs (including the internal standard) was accomplished in 5 min plus 5 min rinsing. The between-day CV of the ratio of the areas of the sulfonylurea drugs to internal standard was <1% (n = 10). Linearity (r(2) > or =0.998) and recovery (> or =80%) were good for all sulfonylurea drugs tested. Pharmacokinetic curves for gliclazide by CE and HPLC were superimposable. CE analysis confirmed the HPLC diagnosis of surreptitious abuse of gliclazide and tolbutamide. CONCLUSION: CE is a useful tool in the clinical chemistry and toxicology laboratory for drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic investigations.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

The dipyridamole effect on the photoactive bacteriochlorophyll interaction with quinone acceptors in reaction centers of purple bacteria.

The effect of Dipyridamole (10(-6)-10(-3) M) on the photomobilized electron transport in the system of quinone acceptors Q(A)-Q(B) of isolated photosynthetic reaction centers of Rhodobacter sphaeroides and on its temporary stabilization on Q(B) was studied. Depending on the type of the detergent present in the reaction center (lauryl dimethylamine oxide, Triton X-100, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and sodium cholate), dipyridamole could increase the time of the electron transfer to Q(B). The dipyridamole effect on the efficiency of the electron stabilization on Q(B) for reaction centers with different detergents was revealed in slowing down the process of dark reduction of photoactive bacteriochlorophyll from Q(B) at initial concentrations of added dipyridamole (10(-6)-10(-5) M) with following acceleration of the process at the dipyridamole concentrations of 10(-4)-10(-3) M. The pH lowering from 6.8-7.0 to 5.9-6.0 increased the dipyridamole effect. The possibility of the dipyridamole effect on the structural-dynamic state of the reaction center complex, including its hydrogen bond system, which influences the studied parameters of functional activity, is suggested.

Bacteriochlorophylls↗

PubMed2000

Determination of the enantiomerization barrier of oxazepam by dynamic micellar electrokinetic chromatography--comparison of experiment and simulation with ChromWin 99.

The pH-dependent and temperature-controlled enantiomerization of oxazepam has been studied by dynamic micellar electrokinetic chromatography in an aqueous buffer system with sodium cholate as the chiral surfactant. Experimental interconversion profiles featuring plateau formation were simulated by the new program ChromWin 99. Peak form analysis yielded rate constants and kinetic activation parameters of the enantiomerization of oxazepam between 5 degrees C and 25 degrees C.

Chromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary↗