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PubMed1976

Potassium losses in sweat under heat stress.

Six healthy, heat-acclimatized subjects were exposed to different hot and humid environments in a climatic chamber and sodium, potassium, and chloride concentrations in their sweat, urine, and blood were determined. The concentration of potassium in sweat was found to be considerably higher than that in the plasma, whereas that of sodium and chloride was very much lower. The concentration of potassium in urine was also 8-12 times higher than that in the plasma as compared to 0.5 to 1.5 times higher for sodium and chloride. The total daily computed losses of potassium in sweat and urine, of a person working in severe heat in the tropics, can be about 116 mEq as against a dietary intake of 97 mEq/d, thereby resulting in negative potassium balance. The potassium depletion in sweat, even in acclimatized Indians, is thus heavy and is likely to play an important role in the causation of heat-illness.

Acclimatization↗

PubMed2004

Sweat gland carcinoma.

Sweat gland carcinoma is a rare malignant tumor of the skin adnexa that can occur in a variety of locations. It is a slow-growing tumor that metastasizes early and often. The rarity of this tumor has led to a relative lack of adequate evidence with regard to treating this entity. Recent advances in immunohistochemical staining have better defined this tumor and have aided in diagnosing its subtypes though histologic grade and presence of regional lymph nodes at the time of diagnosis. These are the best indicators for prognosis and management currently available. Indications for sentinel node biopsy are currently not well defined. Because of the poor prognosis of high-grade sweat gland carcinoma, clinicians should be aware of this entity and be prepared to treat aggressively. Management of sweat gland carcinoma is difficult because extensive study into both surgical and nonsurgical treatment has not been done. We present a case of sweat gland carcinoma of the lower extremity and a review of the clinicopathologic literature of these rare neoplasms, including diagnosis and surgical management.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Sweating and tympanic temperature during warm water immersion compared between Vietnamese and Japanese living in Hanoi.

The present study compared between Japanese and Vietnamese subjects living in Hanoi, the local evaporation rate by sweating and the tympanic temperature during legs immersion in warm water. Seven Vietnamese and seven Japanese (who had lived in Hanoi for 1-2 years) participated in the experiments, which were performed in April, 2001 in Hanoi (Vietnam). It was found that the tympanic temperature at which subjects started to sweat in the forearm was significantly higher in Vietnamese than in Japanese. In addition, the local amount of evaporation was significantly lower in Vietnamese subjects. We discussed the physiological reason for such different thermoregulatory responses in terms of different levels of set-point in the core temperature between Vietnamese and Japanese. It was concluded that the Vietnamese inhabitant commenced the sweating at higher tympanic temperature to identical warm stimuli and had lower sweating rate and higher tympanic temperature during the 40 min immersion of both legs to warm water than the Japanese inhabiting Hanoi for 1-2 years.

Acclimatization↗

PubMed1992

[Nicotine excretion by the apocrine and eccrine sweat in smokers and passive smokers].

Specimens of apocrine and eccrine sweat collected without and after pilocarpine stimulation from smokers and non-smokers exposed to tobacco smoke were investigated for the presence of nicotine. The concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay, so that the values obtained represent the concentrations of nicotine plus its metabolites, e.g. cotinine. Measurable nicotine concentrations were found in all samples. The levels measured in apocrine sweat were higher than those in eccrine sweat. The presence of unchanged nicotine in sweat was revealed by GC/MS.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Ninhydrin sweat test in leprosy.

Loss of sensation is an important feature of leprosy. Loss of sweating over the affected site due to loss of autonomic function occurs in leprosy. We have studied a simple, non-invasive, rapid method, using 1% ninhydrin in acetone, to detect loss of sweat function. The test was effective in detecting and grading the sweat function in 84 cases of different types of leprosy. We were able to detect normal sweating in 16 patients with hypopigmented lesion due to causes other than Hansen's disease.

Autonomic Nervous System Diseases↗

PubMed1991

Developmental expression of muscarinic cholinergic receptors and coupling to phospholipase C in rat sweat glands are independent of innervation.

During development, the innervation of rat sweat glands undergoes a striking change from noradrenergic to cholinergic function. The acquisition of secretory responsiveness by the glands is temporally correlated with the appearance of cholinergic properties. In addition, responsiveness fails to appear in the absence of innervation. To investigate the basis of the onset of functional transmission and secretory responsiveness and its possible relationship to innervation, we analyzed the development of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in sweat glands, examined their expression in the glands of adult rats sympathectomized at birth, and assayed the ability of muscarinic agonists to increase phosphoinositide (PI) turnover. Autoradiographic and in situ hybridization analysis revealed that muscarinic ligand binding sites were first detectable as glands begin to form on postnatal day 4 (P4). Between P4 and P14, receptor concentration increased in parallel with mRNA for the m3 receptor subtype. On P14, the concentration of ligand binding sites approached adult levels, although only a small proportion of glands at this age secrete in response to nerve stimulation or cholinergic agonists. When the pharmacological properties of muscarinic receptors in sweat glands of adult rats sympathectomized at birth were compared to those of normal glands, the concentration and affinity determined with [N-methyl-3H]-scopolamine and the Ki values determined with the subtype-selective muscarinic antagonists 4-DAMP, pirenzepine, and AF DX-116 were similar. In addition, the molecular subtype was unchanged as was the level of m3 message. Studies of PI turnover in response to muscarinic stimulation indicated that the receptors expressed in sweat glands isolated from sympathectomized and acutely denervated, as well as control, rats were functionally coupled to phospholipase C. The absence of sympathetic innervation therefore does not appear to influence either the development of muscarinic receptors or their coupling to PI turnover. Our results suggest that functional sympathetic cholinergic innervation plays a central role in the development and maintenance of secretory function at a step distal to signal transduction across the cell membrane.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

[Sweat gland pathology in neurodegenerative disorders].

Ultrastructural pathology on sweat gland epithelium was studied in various neurodegenerative disorders; neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (NCL), Lafora disease, mucopolysaccharidosis, GM1 gangliosidosis, Nieman-Pick disease, Fabry disease, Krabbe disease and metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD). Every disease had its own characteristic inclusions in sweat gland epithelium. Curvilinear profiles and fingerprint patterns were seen in NCL, but there were no morphological differences among late infantile, early juvenile and juvenile types. On the other hand, the granular matrix was characteristic of the infantile type. The presence of specific inclusions in a 23-year-old female carrier with Fabry disease indicated that a skin biopsy was one of the useful methods to detect a female carrier. In MLD and Krabbe disease, there were disease specific inclusions in sweat gland epithelium. These results indicate that the sweat glands should be investigated when a skin biopsy is performed for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

[Enzyme immunoassay for secretory immunoglobulin A on skin surface and in sweat].

Recently secretory IgA (S-IgA) was found to be secreted from the eccrine gland. By using a sandwich enzyme immunoassay, we measured the concentration of S-IgA 1) in sweat (sweat S-IgA) and 2) in the extract buffer obtained by pipetting++ on the skin (skin surface S-IgA). Skin surface hydration and skin surface lipid were measured at the sites where the samples of skin surface S-IgA were collected. (These measurements were taken immediately after the buffer was pipetted). The quantity of both sweat S-IgA and skin surface S-IgA differed according to the sites where they were collected. Sites in order of decreasing sweat S-IgA level: face, chest, forearm. Sites in order of decreasing skin surface S-IgA level: face, chest, palm, forearm, sole. (Skin surface S-IgA levels on palm and forearm were approximately equal). Although the amount of skin surface S-IgA was not related to the skin surface hydration, there was a significant correlation between skin surface S-IgA and skin surface lipid.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Sweating in ectodermal dysplasia syndromes. A review.

Ectodermal dysplasia syndromes are currently classified based on constellations of clinical features, a major one of which is the presence or absence of normal sweating. The evaluation of sweating in these disorders has not been performed in a standardized manner, as is shown here in this literature review of a sampling of ectodermal dysplasia syndromes. Accurate evaluation of sweating is important not only in enabling more effective diagnosis and classification of patients with these syndromes, but also in aiding genetic counseling by potential detection of carrier states. A review of the variety of sweat tests currently in use is presented.

Ectodermal Dysplasia↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Possibility of conserving the heat balance of the human organism in an extremely rarefied atmosphere by vacuum evaporation of sweat from the surface of the body].

As a result of 64 experiments carried out on 24 test subjects, it has been shown that extreme overwarming due to moderate and heavy thermal loads can be prevented with the aid of heat release through sweat evaporation from the surface of the body under the action of a rarefied atmosphere (termed vacuum sweat evaporation). The test subjects wearing altitude suits remained in a thermal altitude chamber at 40 and 55 degrees C for 8 to 3 hours at rest and doing light work at altitudes of 7 to 25 km without marked signs of overwarming. The entire heat release occurred only through vacuum sweat evaporation from the surface of the body that was under the altitude suit during a gradual decrease of the chamber pressure to 20 mm Hg (equivalent to an altitude of 25 km). The findings give support to the hypothesis that heart release via vacuum sweat evaporation from the surface of the body can be used as a method of controlling thermal homeostasis during high altitude and space flights.

Altitude↗

PubMed1987

The relationship between the nasal cycle and axillary sweat production.

Mean inspiratory nasal resistances and mean axillary sweating rates were recorded bilaterally every 30 minutes for a 5-7 hour period in seven subjects. One subject performed the experiment twice. Nasal resistance was measured using either anterior (n = 5) or posterior (n = 2) rhinomanometry and sweating rate was determined using a filter paper technique. The results for seven of the experiments showed that both nasal resistance and axillary sweating rate exhibited periodic reversals in side dominance. The cyclic patterns for nasal resistance and sweating rate were synchronized in phase in two experiments and 180 degrees out of phase in five experiments. These results support the concept of a central governing cycle with peripheral expression effected by the autonomic nervous system.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Restoration of plantar sweat secretion in the feet of leprosy patients.

As part of the studies on nerve damage and its consequences in leprosy, the status of sweat gland function in the anaesthetic sole of the feet of leprosy patients was investigated qualitatively and semi-quantitatively, before and after surgical decompression of the posterior tibial neurovascular bundle. Sweat prints of the feet of the patients were obtained pre-operatively and postoperatively on Whatman's No. 1 filter paper. The paper was treated with one percent Ninhydrin and the intensities of the Ninhydrin positive areas were quantitated. Forty one feet of thirty six patients have been studied in this manner. Sweat print analysis of twenty normal people have also been done, and included for comparison. This operative procedure has been found to effect an improvement in the sweat gland function in the feet of more than fifty percent of leprosy patients studied so far.

Foot↗

PubMed1987

Sweat sodium levels in adults with nasal polyps.

Nasal polyps occur in 10% of children and 48% of adults with cystic fibrosis. The prevalence of abnormal sweat tests and cystic fibrosis in adults with nasal polyps has not been reported. We therefore performed sweat tests on 35 adults with nasal polyposis seen in two allergists' office practice. Sweat sodium levels ranged from 12 to 65 mEq/L (median = 34). These were considered within the normal range for adults. Abnormal sweat tests and cystic fibrosis were not found in this series of adults with nasal polyps.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Pilot studies of vapor transfer through breathable outerwear by simulating sweating in the cold.

Claims that rainproof films allow the unimpeded evaporation of sweat have been examined by modifying a heat transfer method to include evaporation of water. This physical study simulates a casual hiker (2 mets) in 4 degrees C (40 degrees F) dry weather wearing clothing of 1.5-2.0 clo and sweating at 40 g X h-1. Goose down, wool, polyester, and polyolefin fills were combined with no protective cover, Gore-Tex, and polyurethane covers. No significant differences in insulation between dry (control) and wet (stabilized evaporation) occurred. Neither cover nor fill had significant effects on heat transfer. Total water evaporated (sweat produced) was affected only by the wool filler. A significantly greater amount of water was trapped by the natural fibers and the polyurethane cover. These data indicate that breathable rainwear is likely to have little effect on heat transfer, even though it allowed 89% of sweat to evaporate compared to 51% for the polyurethane raincoat.

Clothing↗

PubMed1987

[Sweat glands in pseudohypoaldosteronism].

Pseudohypoaldosteronism is a rare syndrome occurring during early infancy, which is mainly characterized by salt-depletion crises. Sodium chloride is lost via the kidneys resulting in a reduced sodium level and raised potassium level in the serum, leading to life-threatening disturbances of water and acid-base concentration. The excessive sodium loss seems to be caused by an unresponsiveness of the renal tubules to endogenous and exogenous mineralocorticoids. The colon, salivary and sweat glands, which are also involved in sodium reabsorption, may likewise be affected by the disease. We describe skin changes in two siblings suffering from pseudohypoaldosteronism, who developed seborrheic dermatitis, folliculitis or miliaria rubra-like lesions during salt-depletion crises. Biochemical analysis revealed a highly increased sodium-chloride concentration in the sweat, saliva, urine and stool of both patients. Destructive inflammatory reactions could be demonstrated histologically within and around the dermal sweat glands, thus indicating the important role of the sweat system in the pathogenesis of skin lesions in pseudohypoaldosteronism.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1986

Use of a new sample-collection device (Macroduct) in anion analysis of human sweat.

We compared concentrations of chloride and sulfate in sweat obtained by use of the Macroduct capillary-coil collection device with results obtained by the conventional absorbent filter pad technique. Samples obtained with the device weighed less than those obtained conventionally, but sweat chloride concentrations were not significantly different. To assess analysis of trace anions, we used inorganic sulfate as a prototype. Background contamination, a problem with the filter pads, was negligible with the Macroduct collector. However, with the Macroduct device, sulfate concentrations were nominally higher than with the conventional pads (105 +/- 6 vs 88 +/- 5 mumol/L) and showed no dependence of sulfate concentration on sweat rate. Subtraction of the significant "background" SO4 concentration obtained with blanks (i.e., unused filter pads) is a likely source of error in the conventional method. We consider the Macroduct device useful for study of trace constituents of human sweat.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

[Results of the sweat test, carried out by 2 methods, for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis].

Un review the results of the sweat test for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis performed by 2 methods: Electric conductivity of the sweat (2,517 test in non-cystic fibrosis and 114 in 37 cystic fibrosis children) and skin chloride electrode (121 test in non-cystic fibrosis and 20 in cystic fibrosis children). A 1% rate of false positive results was obtained with the former along with 6,1% falsely negative results in cystic fibrosis patients. The skin chloride electrode method was much less specific and sensitive. The diagnosis of cystic fibrosis should only be made once repeatedly altered sweat chloride concentrations are obtained together with careful correlation with the clinical findings. We think that both the implications of the diagnosis and the thoroughness needed in the proper performance of the sweat test warrant that the diagnosis should always be confirmed in a centre with experience in the disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Liquid-chromatographic determination of chloride in sweat from cystic fibrosis patients and normal persons.

Chloride concentrations in sweat were measured by "vacancy liquid chromatography," a technique in which anions eluting from an ion-exchange column in the presence of an elution buffer which absorbs at 280 nm cause a decrease in absorbance proportional to the concentration of the anion. Less than 1 microL of sweat suffices for this analysis, which takes 5 min per sample. Results were comparable to those obtained by conventional titrimetric determination of chloride. Sweat from cystic fibrosis patients had higher (104 +/- 26 mmol/L) chloride concentrations than sweat from normal persons (16 +/- 7 mmol/L). This technique can be used in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.

Child, Preschool↗