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PubMedDate not supplied

Electromyographic analysis of the trunk in golfers.

Golf is a popular sport for both men and women. The trunk is the most common area of injury during the golf swing. The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the muscle firing patterns in the trunk during the golf swing. Twenty-three golfers with handicaps of five or below volunteered for this study. Surface electromyographic electrodes were placed on the abdominal oblique and erector spinae muscles bilaterally. High-speed cinematography was used in conjunction with the electromyographic electrodes. The results demonstrated relatively low activity in all muscles during takeaway (below 30% of maximal muscle test), and relatively high and constant activity throughout the rest of the swing (above 30% maximal muscle test, with the exception of the contralateral erector spinae during late follow-through, which was 28% maximal muscle test). This high and constant activity demonstrated the importance of the trunk muscles during a golf swing. These results indicate the need for an effective preventive and rehabilitative exercise program for the golfer.

Abdominal Muscles↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Dynamic electromyographic analysis of trunk musculature in professional golfers.

Using dynamic surface electrode electromyography, we evaluated muscle activity in 13 male professional golfers during the golf swing. Surface electrodes were used to record the level of muscle activity in the right abdominal oblique, left abdominal oblique, right gluteus maximus, left gluteus maximus, right erector spinae, left erector spinae, upper rectus abdominis, and lower rectus abdominis muscles during the golfer's swing. These signals were synchronized electronically with photographic images of the various phases of the golf swing; the images were recorded in slow motion through motion picture photography. The golf swing was divided into five phases: take away, forward swing, acceleration, early follow-through, and late follow-through. Despite individual differences among the subjects' swings, we observed reproducible patterns of trunk muscle activity throughout all phases of the golf swing. Our findings demonstrate the importance of the trunk muscles in stabilizing and controlling the loading response for maximal power and accuracy in the golfer's swing. This study provides a basis for developing a rehabilitation program for golfers that stresses strengthening of the trunk muscles and coordination exercises.

Back↗

PubMed2000

Nitrogen dioxide and particle pollution near trunk roads and in towns of the south Midlands in England.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate emissions play an important role in atmospheric pollution and might be a major cause of human respiratory problems in urban areas. This report provides an overview of traffic-related emissions monitored on several trunk roads and towns of the South Midlands of England between 1996 and 1999. NO2 pollution on major trunk roads frequently exceeded British and European Union air quality standards, while particle pollution was lower. The possible effects of traffic diversion activities in the research area are discussed. Bypasses of busy trunk roads might reduce NO2 pollution between 30 and 40% in urban centres and improve air quality for inhabitants in those areas.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed2006

Trunk muscle activity in healthy subjects during bridging stabilization exercises.

BACKGROUND: Trunk bridging exercises are often used as therapeutic exercises for lumbopelvic stabilization. These exercises focus on the retraining of muscle coordination patterns in which optimal ratios between local segmental stabilizing and global torque producing muscle activity are assumed to be essential. However, a description of such ratios is lacking. The purpose of this study was to investigate both relative (as a percentage of maximal voluntary isometric contraction) muscle activity levels and ratios of local to global muscle activity, during bridging stabilization exercises. METHODS: Thirty healthy university students (15 men, 15 women) with a mean age of 19.6 year volunteered to perform 3 bridging exercises (single bridging, ball bridge and unilateral bridging). The surface electromyographic activity of different trunk muscles was evaluated on both sides. RESULTS: During all bridging exercises, the ratio of the internal oblique to the rectus abdominis was very high due to minimal relative activity of the rectus abdominis. In general, the ratio of the internal/external abdominal oblique activity was about 1. However, during the unilateral bridging exercise, the ipsilateral internal/external abdominal oblique activity ratio was 2.79 as a consequence of the significant higher relative activity of the internal oblique compared to the external oblique. The relative muscle activity and the ratios of the back muscles demonstrated similar activity levels for all back muscles, resulting in ratios about 1. CONCLUSION: Both the minimal relative activity of the rectus abdominis and the high internal oblique to the rectus abdominis activity ratio reported in the present study are in accordance with results of other trunk stabilization exercises. The relative muscle activity and the ratio of the abdominal obliques seem to alter depending on the task and the presumable need for stability. The findings concerning the relative muscle activity and the ratios of the back muscles support the assumption that during these bridging exercises, all back muscles contribute in a similar way to control spine positions and movements in a healthy population.

Abdominal Muscles↗

PubMed1994

A prospective randomized trial of adjuvant brachytherapy in the management of low-grade soft tissue sarcomas of the extremity and superficial trunk.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to evaluate the impact of adjuvant brachytherapy (BRT) on local and systemic recurrence rates in patients with low-grade sarcoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-five patients with histologic low-grade, completely resected soft tissue sarcomas of the extremity or superficial trunk were entered onto this trial. Following resection of all gross disease, patients were randomized to the BRT arm (n = 22) or to the no-BRT arm (n = 23). On the fifth or sixth postoperative day, catheters were loaded with iridium 192 to deliver a dose of 45 Gy to the tumor bed over 4 to 6 days. RESULTS: The two groups were evenly distributed with respect to the distribution of presentation status (primary v recurrent), tumor site (trunk v extremity, proximal v distal extremity), tumor size (< 5 cm v > or = 5 cm), tumor depth (superficial v deep), and microscopic tumor margins (positive v negative). The predominant histopathologic diagnosis in each group was liposarcoma (BRT, 13 of 22 [59%]; no BRT, 14 of 23 [61%]) with other histopathologic subtypes evenly distributed between the two groups. The median follow-up duration among the ongoing survivors is 67 months. One patient in the BRT group developed systemic disease and died of progressive disease. Local recurrence occurred in five of 23 patients (22%) in the no-BRT group and six of 22 patients (27%) in the BRT group (P = .60). CONCLUSION: Adjuvant radiation in the form of BRT does not appear to decrease local recurrence rates following complete resection of low-grade extremity and superficial trunk soft tissue sarcomas. Other adjuvant approaches, such as external-beam radiotherapy, are required to have a significant impact on local recurrence rates in this group of patients.

Brachytherapy↗

PubMed1988

A sensory level on the trunk in lower lateral brainstem lesions.

We report nine cases of vascular lesions in the lateral aspect of the lower brainstem. Five patients showed a sensory defect involving one side of the face and the contralateral leg, trunk, or both (crossed pattern). This contralateral defect involved the foot and extended upwards to end in a sensory level. Three other patients had a continuous hemisensory defect of the face, arm, and trunk (unilateral pattern), with the lower border demarcated at a sensory level. One patient had a combined pattern of both crossed and unilateral defects with sensory loss of the bilateral face and the unilateral limbs and trunk. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed lesions in the lateral pons and medulla in six cases. Far-lateral lesions were responsible for the crossed sensory defects, and mediolateral lesions resulted in the unilateral sensory defects.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Three putative murine Teashirt orthologues specify trunk structures in Drosophila in the same way as the Drosophila teashirt gene.

Drosophila teashirt (tsh) functions as a region-specific homeotic gene that specifies trunk identity during embryogenesis. Based on sequence homology, three tsh-like (Tsh) genes have been identified in the mouse. Their expression patterns in specific regions of the trunk, limbs and gut raise the possibility that they may play similar roles to tsh in flies. By expressing the putative mouse Tsh genes in flies, we provide evidence that they behave in a very similar way to the fly tsh gene. First, ectopic expression of any of the three mouse Tsh genes, like that of tsh, induces head to trunk homeotic transformation. Second, mouse Tsh proteins can rescue both the homeotic and the segment polarity phenotypes of a tsh null mutant. Third, following ectopic expression, the three mouse Tsh genes affect the expression of the same target genes as tsh in the Drosophila embryo. Fourth, mouse Tsh genes, like tsh, are able to induce ectopic eyes in adult flies. Finally, all Tsh proteins contain a motif that recruits the C-terminal binding protein and contributes to their repression function. As no other vertebrate or fly protein has been shown to induce such effects upon ectopic expression, these results are consistent with the idea that the three mouse Tsh genes are functionally equivalent to the Drosophila tsh gene when expressed in developing Drosophila embryos.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

The differing effects of occipital and trunk somites on neural development in the chick embryo.

In all higher vertebrate embryos the sensory ganglia of the trunk develop adjacent to the neural tube, in the cranial halves of the somite-derived sclerotomes. It has been known for many years that ganglia do not develop in the most cranial (occipital) sclerotomes, caudal to the first somite. Here we have investigated whether this is due to craniocaudal variation in the neural tube or crest, or to an unusual property of the sclerotomes at occipital levels. Using the monoclonal antibody HNK-1 as a marker for neural crest cells in the chick embryo, we find that the crest does enter the cranial halves of the occipital sclerotomes. Furthermore, staining with zinc iodide/osmium tetroxide shows that some of these crest-derived cells sprout axons within these sclerotomes. By stage 23, however, no dorsal root ganglia are present within the five occipital sclerotomes, as assessed both by haematoxylin/eosin and zinc iodide/osmium tetroxide staining. Moreover, despite this loss of sensory cells, motor axons grow out in these segments, many of them later fasciculating to form the hypoglossal nerve. The sclerotomes remain visible until stages 27/28, when they dissociate to form the base of the skull and the atlas and axis vertebrae. After grafting occipital neural tube from quail donor embryos in place of trunk neural tube in host chick embryos, quail-derived ganglia do develop in the trunk sclerotomes. This shows that the failure of occipital ganglion development is not the result of some fixed local property of the neural crest or neural tube at occipital levels. We therefore suggest that in the chick embryo the cranial halves of the five occipital sclerotomes lack factors essential for normal sensory ganglion development, and that these factors are correspondingly present in all the more caudal sclerotomes.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Restriction of neural crest cell fate in the trunk of the embryonic zebrafish.

To learn when cell fate differences first arise in the zebrafish trunk neural crest, individual premigratory crest cells were labeled intracellularly with fluorescent vital dyes, followed in living embryos and complete lineages recorded. Although some of the earliest cells to migrate produced derivatives of multiple phenotypes, most zebrafish trunk neural crest cells appear to be lineage-restricted, generating type-restricted precursors that produce single kinds of derivatives. Further, cells that produce derivatives of multiple phenotypes appear to do so by first generating type-restricted precursors. Among the various types of derivatives, sensory and sympathetic cells arise only from early migrating crest cells. Some type-restricted precursors display cell-type-specific characteristics while still migrating. Taken together, these observations suggest that some trunk neural crest cells are specified before reaching their final locations.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Distinct regulatory cascades for head and trunk myogenesis.

Most head muscles arise from the pre-otic axial and paraxial head mesoderm. This tissue does not form somites, yet expresses the somitic markers Lbx1, Pax7 and Paraxis in a regionalised fashion. The domain set aside by these markers provides the lateral rectus muscle, the most caudal of the extrinsic eye muscles. In contrast to somitic cells that express Lbx1, lateral rectus precursors are non-migratory. Moreover, the set of markers characteristic for the lateral rectus precursors differs from the marker sets indicative of somitic muscle precursors. This suggests distinct roles for Lbx1/Pax7/Paraxis in the development of head and trunk muscles. When grafted to the trunk, the pre-otic head mesoderm fails to activate Lbx1, Pax7 or PARAXIS: Likewise, somites grafted into the region of the lateral rectus precursors fail to activate the lateral rectus marker set. This suggests that distinct regulatory cascades act in the development of trunk and head muscles, possibly reflecting their distinct function and evolution.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Sweeping and striking: a kinematic study of the trunk during prey capture in three thamnophiine snakes.

The trunk plays an obvious and important role in the prey capture behavior of many species of snake, yet trunk function during predatory strikes is poorly understood. Axial kinematics of three thamnophiine snakes (Thamnophis couchii, Thamnophis elegans and Nerodia rhombifer) were studied to quantify differences between sideways-directed and forward-directed attacks and to investigate strike diversity at relatively low phylogenetic levels. Feeding strikes were filmed at 60 Hz, and 13 points along the head and body were digitized. These points were used to calculate body segment displacement, rotation and velocity during predatory strikes. Kinematic analysis revealed significant differences in the foraging modes of these aquatic-feeding species. T. couchii displayed a stereotypical pre-strike posture in which the entire body was arranged in a series of loops directed towards the prey. Forward displacement of body segments sometimes occurred over the entire body in T. couchii but was restricted to the anterior one-third of the trunk in T. elegans and N. rhombifer. T. couchii and N. rhombifer both struck rapidly compared with T. elegans, although N. rhombifer typically had a short strike distance. N. rhombifer struck significantly faster than T. elegans. Aquatic prey capture diversity appears to reflect ecological diversity in thamnophiine snakes.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

In vivo performance of trunk muscles in tree frogs during calling.

We used high-speed video and electromyography (EMG) to measure in vivo performance of the trunk muscles (external obliques) in two related species of North American gray tree frogs, Hyla versicolor and Hyla chrysoscelis. Both species produce trilled calls with high sound intensity, but the sound pulse frequency within calls in H. chrysoscelis is twice that in H. versicolor. In both species, sound pulse frequency is directly correlated with the active contractions of the trunk muscles. The length trajectory during contraction and relaxation displays a saw-tooth pattern with a longer shortening phase compared with the lengthening phase. The longer time spent shortening may enhance power production, because the shortening phase is the active part of the cycle during which the muscle produces positive work. A similar total strain (approximately 21 % and approximately 19 % in H. versicolor and H. chrysoscelis respectively) is achieved in the first few pulses, and during subsequent pulses the muscle cycles with a reduced pulse strain (approximately 12 % and approximately 7.3 % in H. versicolor and H. chrysoscelis respectively). The higher pulse frequencies of H. chrysoscelis are thus associated with lower pulse strains. The EMG pattern is different in the two species. A single EMG stimulus occurs for each cycle in H. chrysoscelis, but two stimuli per cycle are found in H. versicolor. Indirect evidence suggests that the initial phase of shortening during a pulse is partly due to elastic recoil of the trunk.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Isolated coronary ostial stenosis compared with left main trunk disease.

Isolated coronary ostial stenosis (OS) is a rare disease of unknown etiology. Five cases of OS were observed amongst 700 elective coronary bypass patients, and were compared with 111 cases of atherosclerotic left main trunk disease (LMTD) to clarify clinical characteristics. Mean age for LMTD patients was 61.2 years, while, it was 43.0 years for OS patients. 4 patients out of the 5 cases (80%) in the OS group were female, but there were only 10 females (9%) in the LMTD group. 60% of the OS group presented unstable angina without any episodes of myocardial infarction. 69.4% of the LMTD group presented stable angina, and 42% had a previous myocardial infarction. Left ventricular function was well preserved in the OS group compared to the LMTD group. Aorto-coronary bypass grafting was the only surgical method of our choice in both groups. The average number of grafts were 2.2 for the OS group, and 2.4 for LMTD group. Operative mortality was 0% for the OS group and 0.9% for the LMTD group. Clinical and angiographic profiles of ostial stenosis suggest that this group may represent a distinct entity, different from the more common atherosclerotic left main trunk stenosis. Coronary bypass grafting can provide good operative prognosis in ostial stenosis as well as in left main trunk stenosis.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Magnetic resonance imaging of Bland-White-Garland syndrome--a case of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk in a 22-year-old woman.

Selective right coronary angiography in a 22-year-old woman demonstrated an enormous right coronary artery, with the contrast medium opacifying to the left coronary artery through a well-developed collateral circulation and draining into the pulmonary artery. The diagnosis of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk [also known as Bland-White-Garland (BWG) syndrome] was thus established. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a dilated right coronary artery arising from the aorta, the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk but not from the aorta, and well-developed channels in the interventricular septum. MRI could be a useful tool for diagnosing anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk.

Coronary Vessel Anomalies↗

PubMed2004

A quantitative trait locus on 13q14.2 for trunk strength.

Previous findings show strong evidence for the role of retinoblastoma (Rb) in myoblast proliferation and differentiation. However, it is not known whether variation in the retinoblastoma gene (RB1 ) is responsible for normal variation in human muscle strength. Therefore, a linkage analysis for quantitative traits was performed on 329 young male siblings from 146 families with muscle strength, using a polymorphic marker in RB1 (D13S153 on 13q14.2). Trunk strength, a general strength indicator that requires activation of large muscle groups, was measured on a Cybex TEF isokinetic dynamometer. We found evidence for linkage between locus D13S153 at 13q14.2 and several measurements of trunk flexion with LOD scores between 1.62 and 2.78 (.002< p <.0002). No evidence for linkage was found with trunk extension. This first exploration of the relationship between RB1 and human muscle strength through linkage analysis warrants efforts for further fine mapping of this region.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Assessment of the relationship between box weight and trunk kinematics: does a reduction in box weight necessarily correspond to a decrease in spinal loading?

Typically, the simplest and most cost-efficient ergonomic solution to offset the rising costs of low back injuries is to reduce the box weight that is lifted. However, there is limited research on how a worker interacts with the box. In the present study, we quantify the utility of reducing the weight that is lifted - specifically, how changes in the box weight affect trunk kinematics, trunk moments, and ultimately, spinal loads. In the experiment, 15 participants lifted a variety of box weights (from 9.1 to 41.7 kg) from knee height, carried it a distance of 5 feet (1.5 m), and placed it on a shelf at elbow height. For the lower weights, small increases in box weight (3-9 kg) were offset by the trunk dynamics (sagittal velocity), resulting in no difference in spinal loads. At the same time, spinal loads were found to be significantly higher for weights above 25 kg. Thus, when making ergonomic changes (reduction of box weight), it is important to consider how workers will interact with the box. These results indicate that purely weight-based ergonomic controls might not sufficiently reduce the risk of low back disorders. Furthermore, this study provides additional evidence of the utility of using more complex spinal load models (dynamic, multiple muscle models) when evaluating highly dynamic and complex tasks.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Effect of lifting belts on trunk muscle activation during a suddenly applied load.

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health suggests there is insufficient biomechanical or epidemiological evidence to recommend the use of back belts in industry. From a biomechanical perspective, previous work suggests that lifting belts stiffen the torso, particularly in the frontal and transverse planes. To determine whether lifting belts stiffen the torso and alter the trunk muscle response during a sudden loading event, we tested the hypotheses that (a) lifting belts alter peak muscle activity recorded with electromyography (EMG) during sudden loading and (b) lifting belts have a larger impact on trunk muscle response when sudden loads are applied asymmetric to the torso's midsagittal plane. A sudden load was delivered to 10 men and 10 women without history of low back disorder via a cable attached to a thoracic harness; motion was restricted to the lumbar spine. Results indicate that gender was not a significant factor in this study. The lifting belt reduced the peak normalized EMG of the erector spinae muscles on average by 3% during asymmetric loading, though peak normalized EMG was increased by 2% during symmetric loading. Lifting belts have been shown to slightly reduce peak erector spinae activity during asymmetric sudden loading events in a constrained paradigm; however, the effects of lifting belts are too small to provide effective protection of workers. Actual or potential applications include the assessment of lifting belts as protective devices in workers based on the effects of lifting belts on the trunk muscle activity.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Endovascular repair of concomitant celiac trunk and abdominal aortic aneurysms in a patient with Behçet's disease.

PURPOSE: To report endovascular repair of dual aneurysms in a patient with Behçet's disease. CASE REPORT: A 37-year-old man diagnosed 6 months prior with Behçet's disease presented with a pulsating abdominal mass. Computed tomography revealed a 70-mm-diameter pseudoaneurysm in the abdominal aorta and another (20 mm) in the celiac trunk 5 mm from the aorta. Staged endovascular repair began with the aortic aneurysm, which was excluded with a bifurcated 23 x 140-mm Excluder stent-graft. Three days later, 2 Jostent stent-grafts were placed in the celiac trunk, successfully excluding the lesion. Fifteen days later, the patient was discharged on a regimen of clopidogrel, cyclosporine, and warfarin. At 6 months, the CT scan showed good perfusion of the stent-grafts. CONCLUSIONS: Aneurysmal involvement of the celiac trunk in a patient with Behçet's disease is a rare pathology that appears amenable to stent-graft repair.

Adult↗