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PubMed1995

[Formaldehyde determination in shampoos, bath preparations and dish washing liquids by colorimetric methods].

In the years 1992-1993 in cooperation with Province Sanitary-Epidemiological Stations 2415 samples of shampoos and bath preparations for adults and children as well as of dish washing liquids, imported and produced in Poland, were analysed. The colorimetric method either with the chromotropic acid or acetylacetone was used. Among polish preparations, only in 6% samples of cosmetic products for children the level of formaldehyde exceeded permitted level of 50 mg/kg. In all cosmetic products for adults as well as in all samples of dish washing liquids the content of formaldehyde was below permitted level 500 mg/kg. Among imported products, 40% of samples of cosmetics for children, 3%--for adults and 2% of dish washing liquids revealed formaldehyde level above permitted values. It is advisable to determine periodically formaldehyde content in particular cosmetic products, such as shampoos and bath preparations, mainly used by children.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of a hypoiodite mouth-wash on dental plaque formation in vivo.

This study describes an in vivo inhibition of dental plaque growth after peroxidase-generated hypoiodite (OI-) mouth-washes. After giving up all other usual hygiene procedures nine healthy volunteers washed their mouth using 10 ml of the mouth-wash [H2O2 (0.005%), KI (50 mM) and lactoperoxidase (0.04%)] three times a day for 1 minute for 3 days. The initial oxidation power of this mixture represented 430 +/- 11 microM oxidised cysteine (n = 6), dropping down to 87 +/- 6 microM after the solution was spat out (n = 5). A saline solution served as a negative control, and a 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate solution as a positive control. Proximal dental plaque between mandibular canine and lateral incisor (left and right) was collected after 3 days using standardized sterile toothpicks, then analysed for ATP and protein content. ATP concentrations dropped to 49% of the control values after OI- rinsing, and to 9% after chlorhexidine rinsing while the protein content dropped to 48% for OI- versus 31% for chlorhexidine. However, when considering the ATP content per protein micrograms, only the decrease to 6% of the initial value in the chlorhexidine testing was significant while the drop to 81% for the OI- testings was not significant. This study points out a negative effect of OI- on plaque growth in vivo.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Upper urinary tract washing in the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and calices. A comparison with voided urine.

There were cytologically studied 42 patients admitted with radiologically suspected tumors of the upper urinary tract. Samples of voided urine and washing of the upper urinary tract were taken, and dried smears were stained with blue polychrome-tanin method. In all cases, the diagnosis was evaluated intraoperatively and cytologic results were compared with pathological ones. In 42 patients, there were found 34 transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) of the calices, renal pelvis and ureter and lithiasis in 8 cases. Cytology from voided urine identified malignant cells in 76.4% of cases and in washing samples in 97.1%. There were 8 false negative results with voided urine and only one with the upper urinary tract washing; the only false positive result was induced by an epidermoid metaplasia of the pelvic urothelium. The diagnostic value, as a primary procedure, and the importance of cytological method in the follow-up of patients operated with TCC of the upper urinary tract are discussed.

Carcinoma, Transitional Cell↗

PubMed1977

Microaggregate counts in frozen-preserved erythrocytes: effects of washing in three blood processors and filtration.

Since microaggregates have been implicated in posttransfusion pulmonary insufficiency, their elimination has become an active concern in blood transfusion. Various types of filters, as well as frozen-preserved erythrocytes, have been used to provide blood relatively low in microaggregates. We have counted particles in frozen-stored blood before deglycerolization, after washing in each of three cell processing systems, and after filtration through a 40-micrometer filter. Washing frozen erythrocytes reduced the total particle counts by an average of 89%. Slight differences were found among the three blood processors with respect to particle removal. Passing washed blood through a 40-micrometer filter did not result in significant further reduction in particle counts. Hence, the use of such filters in a frozen-preserved blood system is not warranted.

Blood Preservation↗

PubMed1977

Screening for endometrial carcinoma using a negative pressure intra-uterine "jet wash".

Endometrial jet washings, which permit lavage of the uterine cavity by sterile isotonic saline under negative pressure, were performed as a screening technique in one hundred and one selected patients attending a gynaecological clinic. The material collected was assessed by both cytological and histological methods. A formal curettage was subsequently performed on all patients and the results of the two methods compared. Fifteen per cent of patients were diagnosed as having an endometrial carcinoma by jet washing and these results were confirmed by the histological reports from curettage. There were no false positive nor false negative results. It is suggested that endometrial jet washing is a simple and convenient method of screening women for endometrial carcinoma and gives diagnostic results comparable to those obtained by a conventional curettage.

Curettage↗

PubMed1997

Conventional bladder wash cytology performed by four experts versus quantitative image analysis.

Bladder wash cytology provides superior results for the detection of bladder malignancies than does voided urine analysis. Image analysis systems have been developed for quantification of cytologic features. In this study, routine bladder wash cytology is compared with an automated image analysis system (QUANTICYT). We studied a random set of 100 bladder wash samples from a population of 1614 patients in follow-up after bladder cancer. Four experienced pathologists interpreted the same 100 Papanicolaou-stained slides. Cytologic and image analysis results were compared for prediction of a cystoscopic lesion, histologic abnormalities, and tumor recurrence. After application of receiver operating characteristic curves, prediction of a cystoscopic lesion by cytology and image analysis was comparable. Both the image analysis system and the cytologic examination detected all of the high-grade lesions. Image analysis was superior to cytologic analysis for the prediction of tumor recurrence after normal findings at cystoscopic examination.

Cell Nucleus↗

PubMed1996

[The diagnostic value of flow cytometric DNA analysis of bronchial washing and lavage fluids in lung cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic value of flow cytometric DNA analysis of bronchial washing and lavage fluids in lung cancer. METHODS: The cellular DNA contents of bronchial washing and lavage fluids from 68 patients (43 with lung cancer and 25 with benign pulmonary disorder) were analyzed by flow cytometry, and the diagnostic value of this method in lung cancer was compared with that of fiberoptic bronchoscopic biopsy and brushing. RESULTS: The presence of aneuploidy was used as a diagnostic criterion, the sensitivity of DNA analysis was 81%, and the specificity was 92%. The positive rate of aneuploidy in central lung cancer (29) was 83%, and there was no statistical difference when compared with biopsy (90%) and brushing (69%). The positive rate of aneuploidy in peripheral lung cancer (14) was 79%, significantly higher than biopsy (29%) (P < 0.025) and brushing (29%) (P < 0.025). In a few patients from both central and peripheral lung cancer groups, biopsy and brushing appeared negative, but aneuploidy was obtained from cytometry. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that flow cytometric DNA analysis of bronchial washing and lavage fluids may be a valuable adjunctive method in the diagnosis of lung cancer, particularly in peripheral lung cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1998

The role of bronchial biopsy and washing in the diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.

The diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is usually established on the basis of clinical, serologic, and radiologic criteria, of which eight are commonly cited. Although histologic abnormalities are not usually considered, a study of lobectomy/lung biopsy specimens provided evidence that the combination of mucoid impaction of bronchi with "allergic" mucin and fungal hyphae is diagnostic of ABPA. We attempted to explore the use of surgical specimens in the diagnosis of ABPA by examining endobronchial biopsy specimens and washings. Bronchial biopsy specimens obtained from 1990 to 1995 that contained fungal hyphae were reviewed and assessed for the presence of "allergic" mucin and bronchial wall abnormalities. We also reviewed cytologic specimens and clinical, serologic, and radiologic findings of the corresponding patients. Five biopsy specimens had fungal hyphae and associated "allergic" mucin. In some patients, the mucin was small in amount and contained degenerated eosinophils that resembled macrophages. None of the patients was thought to have ABPA clinically. All of the five had bronchial mucoid impaction at bronchoscopy. After additional investigation, only one patient fulfilled all of the eight traditional criteria for ABPA; one other patient fulfilled six criteria. Although some tests were not completed in the remaining three patients, follow-up and/or response to steroids was consistent with ABPA in all of the three. Four patients had bronchial washing performed at the time of biopsy. Cytologic examination showed one to be normal except for inflammatory cells that did not include eosinophils; three others showed mucus containing eosinophils intermixed with Charcot-Leyden crystals and scattered hyphae. We conclude that patients with ABPA might have atypical manifestations of disease and not meet standard diagnostic criteria. Bronchoscopy with bronchial biopsy and washing plays a role in detecting these patients. The presence of "allergic" mucin might be overlooked in the small biopsy fragments obtained by bronchoscopy.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Role of perceived danger in the mediation of obsessive-compulsive washing.

The role of danger expectancies in sub-clinical Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) was examined in 18 undergraduate students who had displayed washing/contamination concerns. The perceived level of danger in a Behavioural Avoidance Test (BAT) involving a compound stimulus of potting soil, animal hair, food scraps, and raw meat was manipulated by varying the instructions participants were given at the commencement of the BAT. Participants were randomly allocated into a high-danger instruction condition or a low-danger instruction condition. Participants in the higher-danger instruction condition had higher mean ratings for anxiety and urge in wash, showed greater avoidance, and spent longer washing their hands at the completion of the task than participants in the low-danger instruction condition. However, only the differences in avoidance scores and post-BAT washing were statistically significant. These findings are discussed in relation to danger-based models of OCD.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Evaluation of Roche Amplicor PCR assay for Mycobacterium avium complex in bronchial washing.

SETTING: A commercially available polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test (Roche AmplicorTM Mycobacterium avium and M. intracellulare assay-MAC-PCR) designed to detect M. avium complex (MAC) in bronchial washing was evaluated. DESIGN: A total of 141 specimens from 127 patients with various pulmonary conditions were examined. Results were compared with acid-fast smears, cultures with Ogawa egg medium, as is still commonly used in Japan, and final diagnoses. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: A total of 14 bronchial washing specimens yielded MAC. Six smear- and culture-positive specimens were all MAC-PCR positive. In eight smear-negative and culture-positive specimens, six were MAC-PCR positive. The overall sensitivity versus culture was 85.7% (12/14). However, sensitivity might be over-estimated, as there is a lower recovery rate of MAC with egg-based medium compared with liquid media. In 127 patients, 15 were identified as having pulmonary MAC disease, of whom 13 had positive MAC-PCR in bronchial washing. In the remaining 112 patients, MAC-PCR was negative, which suggests that positive MAC-PCR was not a contaminated result. However, in terms of sensitivity and speed, we were unable to show any additional clinical benefit for using MAC-PCR as opposed to liquid media, in which MAC can frequently be detected in 7 to 14 days.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in bladder washes from bladder cancer patients predicts pathological stage and grade.

The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), in particular the gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) have been associated with tumor cell invasion and metastasis in many human cancers. Here we examined the expression of proMMP-2 (gelatinase A) and proMMP-9 (gelatinase B) proteins in the cellular component of bladder washes obtained from 65 patients. Twenty-six patients had active bladder cancer, 24 had a history of bladder cancer but no evidence of active disease at the time of cystoscopy (recurrence-free), and 15 patients had lesions other than bladder cancer (controls). The results were correlated with the cytological findings of the bladder wash and the histopathological results of the tumor resection when performed. In patients with active transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, 71 and 38% had expression and overexpression of the latent form of MMP-9 (proMMP-9), respectively. In contrast, neither latent nor active MMP-2 could be detected in any of the samples examined, regardless of tumor status. Overexpression of proMMP-9 correlated with higher grade (P = 0.003) and pathological stage (P = 0.04) of disease in the active bladder cancer group. No significant gelatinase expression was detected in the recurrence-free and control cases. Compared with urine cytology, proMMP-9 expression had an overall higher sensitivity for bladder cancer identification (71 versus 54%, P = 0.11). Detection of proMMP-9 in bladder washes may be a novel approach for the identification of patients with more aggressive forms of bladder cancer.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Prognostic value of cytologic examination of peritoneal washings in pancreatic cancer.

HYPOTHESIS: Findings from cytologic examination of peritoneal washings affect the staging, prognosis, and management of pancreatic cancer. DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: Tertiary care center. PATIENTS: A total of 151 patients with invasive ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and without distant metastases or ascites, as determined by preoperative radiologic examinations, underwent peritoneal washings. Based on intraoperative findings, patients were subdivided into 3 groups according to the extent of cancer spread: 65 were assigned to a resectable group, 53 to a locally advanced group, and 33 to a visible metastases group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Survival and peritoneal metastases-free survival. RESULTS: The incidence of positive cytologic findings was 23.8% (36/151). Positive rates increased significantly with disease progression (P<.001). In the resectable group, survival and peritoneal metastases-free survival were significantly shorter for patients with positive vs negative cytologic findings. In the remaining 2 groups, no differences were observed between patients with positive vs negative cytologic findings in survival or peritoneal metastases-free survival. In patients with positive cytologic findings without visible metastases, survival and peritoneal metastases-free survival were significantly better in the locally advanced group undergoing chemoradiotherapy than in the resectable group. CONCLUSIONS: Positive peritoneal cytologic findings are not independent factors that determine survival and peritoneal metastases-free survival; rather, they are associated with advanced disease. In patients with visible metastases, cytologic factors are not correlated with survival or peritoneal recurrence. In patients without visible metastases, chemoradiotherapy may be beneficial for those with positive cytologic findings.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1998

Utilization of core wash material in the diagnosis of breast lesions by stereotactic needle biopsy.

BACKGROUND: Several reports have compared the results of fine-needle aspiration and stereotactic core needle biopsy in nonpalpable breast lesions. In this study the authors describe a simple method to retrieve cytologic material from a core breast biopsy sample that provides the diagnosis within 1 hour of the procedure. METHODS: Two hundred and eleven nonpalpable breast lesions were biopsied. Each core needle biopsy sample was placed in a mesh bag, and the bag and needle notch were washed in Cytolyt solution to obtain a monolayer using a commercial ThinPrep processor. The cytologic diagnoses were divided into four categories: benign, suspicious, malignant, and unsatisfactory, which then were compared with core needle biopsy results. RESULTS: Cytology reports of 211 lesions were as follows: 169 lesions (80%) were benign, 16 lesions (7.6%) were suspicious, 11 lesions (5.2%) were malignant, and 15 lesions (7.1%) were unsatisfactory. Core needle biopsy showed 165 of 169 samples (98%) to be benign and 4 to be malignant. Of the 16 suspicious smears, 10 were invasive carcinoma, 2 were in situ lesions, 3 were hyperplasias, and 1 was fibrosis. Of the 11 malignant smears, 10 were confirmed on core needle biopsy and 1 was read as atypia on the first core needle biopsy sample and malignant on a second, separate, follow-up core needle biopsy. Of the 15 unsatisfactory samples, 14 were found to be benign and 1 was found to be malignant on a separate, follow-up core needle biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: The core wash technique was 85% sensitive and 98% specific for malignancy. Only 7% of specimens were insufficient for diagnosis, and 93% of these were proven to be benign. This technique is useful for immediate (within 1 hour) diagnosis of breast lesions, alleviating patient anxiety and supplementing the diagnostic yield of the core biopsy.

Biopsy, Needle↗

PubMed1989

Predictive value of DNA measurements in bladder washings. Comparison of flow cytometry, image cytophotometry, and cytology in patients with a past history of urothelial tumors.

Comparative DNA ploidy measurements were carried out by flow cytometry and by image analysis on cells in 71 bladder washing specimens from 50 patients with past histories of bladder tumors. Among the specimens classified as diploid or questionable by flow cytometry, 14 showed the presence of aneuploid DNA values documented by image analysis. In 18 of the 50 patients, recurrent tumors were observed during a relatively brief period of follow-up. In 15 of them the DNA pattern was aneuploid and in three it was questionable. In nine of the 15 patients, both methods of DNA analysis disclosed aneuploidy, but in six patients aneuploidy was detected by image analysis only. A combination of DNA aneuploidy, whether observed by flow cytometry, image analysis, or both, and of positive or suspicious urine cytology is highly predictive of recurrence of high grade bladder tumors. Image analysis of DNA content in bladder washings adds information of clinical value above and beyond that obtained by flow cytometry.

Aged↗

PubMed1991

Carcinoembryonic antigen levels in peritoneal washings can predict peritoneal recurrence after curative resection of gastric cancer.

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were determined in the peritoneal washings from 120 patients with gastric cancer and 9 patients with benign diseases. Elevated values (greater than 100 ng/g of protein) were observed in 20 of 25 patients with gastric cancer with visible dissemination and 16 of 25 patients with serosal invasion but no dissemination. The same elevation was found in only 9 of 70 patients with no serosal invasion and none of the patients with benign disease. The 2-year survival rates after curative operation for the patients with and without elevation of CEA levels were 21% (19 patients) and 100% (66 patients), respectively (P less than 0.001). A negative correlation was found between CEA levels and survival times after noncurative operation. These results indicate that the CEA level in peritoneal washings could be a sensitive detector of invisible peritoneal dissemination and a new predictor for the postoperative prognosis of gastric cancer.

Carcinoembryonic Antigen↗

PubMed1993

Gene amplification detected in carcinoma cells from human urinary bladder washings by the polymerase chain reaction method.

BACKGROUND: Urinary bladder carcinoma often is diagnosed from malignant cells in bladder washings obtained at cystoscopic examination. In some cases, there are difficulties distinguishing between cytologic Grades 1 and 2. Detection of genetic alterations in combination with morphologic analysis may facilitate the diagnosis. METHODS: The presence of amplified c-erb-B2 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) was examined in tumor cells present in bladder washings. The gene copy number was determined with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: The authors detected amplified c-erb-B2 and EGF-R in cancer cells of cytologic Grade 2 and 3 tumors. They did not detect amplification in cytologic Grade 1 tumor cells or in cells from bladders, without known malignant neoplasms. CONCLUSIONS: Examination of genetic alterations, in combination with morphologic analysis, facilitates the diagnosis of carcinoma.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Association between initial diagnostic procedure and hysteroscopy and abnormal peritoneal washings in patients with endometrial carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Hysteroscopy has been implicated in the finding of positive peritoneal washings (PW) in patients with endometrial carcinoma in several case reports. The current study was designed to evaluate whether there was an increased incidence rate of positive peritoneal washings in patients after hysteroscopy compared with patients who did not undergo hysteroscopy. METHODS: Two hundred eighty-four women with endometrial carcinoma were treated by hysterectomy with intraoperative PW at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center between 1995-1998. They were diagnosed by either endometrial biopsy (EMB) or dilatation and curretage (D & C) with or without hysteroscopy during the same period. RESULTS: Of 173 patients diagnosed by EMB, 16 had abnormal PW (9.2%). Of 111 patients diagnosed by D & C, 11 had abnormal PW (9.9%). There was no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.85). Of 23 patients who were diagnosed by D & C with hysteroscopy, 3 had abnormal PW (13.0%). Of 177 patients who did not undergo hysteroscopy, 17 had abnormal PW (9.6%). Of 84 patients for whom information regarding hysteroscopy was not available, 7 had abnormal PW (8.3%). The incidence rates among the three groups were not significantly different (P = 0.79). CONCLUSIONS: The initial diagnostic procedure, including hysteroscopy, does not appear to be associated with a high incidence rate of abnormal PW in patients with endometrial carcinoma.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Prognostic value of positive cytology findings from abdominal washings in patients with gastric cancer.

The poor prognosis of patients with gastric cancer with free abdominal tumour cells on cytological examination has been described in Japan. In a randomized trial in the Netherlands comparing D1 and D2 lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer, patients were subjected to cytological examination of abdominal washings on an optional basis; findings were of no consequence for scheduled treatment. Cytology results in 535 patients were obtained, in 457 (85.4 per cent) after curative resection and in 78 (14.6 per cent) after palliative operation. There was a clear association of positive cytology results with serosal invasion (12 per cent positive cytology) and lymph node infiltration (7.5 per cent positive cytology). Survival of those with positive cytology results was significantly lower than that of those with negative findings, irrespective of the procedure employed (curative or palliative). Cytological examination of abdominal washings increases the accuracy of staging and improves the selection of patients suitable for curative or palliative resection.

Aged↗