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PubMed1989

Prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea by Saccharomyces boulardii: a prospective study.

Saccharomyces boulardii, a nonpathogenic yeast, has been widely used in Europe to prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). We performed a prospective double-blind controlled study to investigate AAD in hospitalized patients and to evaluate the effect of S. boulardii, a living yeast, given in capsule form concurrently with antibiotics. Over 23 mo, 180 patients completed the study. Of the patients receiving placebo, 22% experienced diarrhea compared with 9.5% of patients receiving S. boulardii (p = 0.038). Risk factors found to be associated with AAD were multiple antibiotic combinations (containing clindamycin, cephalosporins, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) and tube feeding. Clostridium difficile, an anaerobe found in the stools of most patients with pseudomembranous colitis, was variably associated with AAD. We evaluated the role of C. difficile in AAD in the study population and found no significant association between the presence of C. difficile or cytotoxin with AAD. Approximately 33% of the patients without diarrhea harbored at least one C. difficile-positive stool and nearly 50% of these patients had detectable cytotoxin. Similar values were obtained in patients with diarrhea. Of C. difficile-positive patients, 31% (5/16) on placebo developed diarrhea compared with 9.4% (3/32) on S. boulardii; this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.07). There were no discernable adverse effects of yeast administration. We conclude that S. boulardii reduces the incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Growth rate and life span in Drosophila V. The effect of prolongation of the period of growth on the total duration of life (J.H. Northrop, 1917)--revisited.

Sixty-eight years ago Northrop observed a constant life span in Drosophila after a progressive increase of the duration of development of the flies achieved by using a yeastless nutrient medium to which he added yeast with a progressively increasing delay. This evidence against the more recent concept of an increased life span following an experimentally decreased developmental rate has generally been ignored due, presumably, to the imprecise methodology employed by Northrop at a time that Drosophila research was just commencing. We describe here a study that aimed at re-examining and extending Northrop's work by developing the flies in either a yeastless or a lightly yeasted medium. While in a yeastless medium development of flies was virtually arrested until yeast was added, in the yeasted medium a slow growth of the larvae was possible before yeast was added. With another method, larval growth rate was reduced over the entire developmental period by adding a relatively low amount of yeast in four portions and with various delays between portions (the first portion being added without delay). Our study confirmed the "Northrop-effect", i.e. the absence of an effect on life span from increased duration of development by a virtual arrest of growth of the larvae for a number of days. Further, it showed that manipulation of growth rate by portioning the yeast amount did not unequivocally support the concept that a lower growth rate leads to an increased life span.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Nutritional role of chromium.

Chromium is an essential trace element required for normal carbohydrate metabolism. The biological function of chromium is closely associated with that of insulin and most chromium-stimulated reactions are also insulin dependent. Proper chromium nutrition leads to a decreased requirement for insulin and also an improved blood lipid profile. Most fresh foods and minimally processed foods are good sources of dietary chromium. Inorganic chromium does not potentiate insulin action and must be converted to an organic biologically active form. An organic form of chromium capable of potentiating insulin has been isolated from brewer's yeast and was shown to contain: Cr, nicotinic acid and a combination of amino acids. Synthetic insulin potentiating organic chromium complexes containing chromium, nicotinic acid, glycine, cysteine, and glutamic acid or chromium, nicotinic acid and glutathione have been prepared. These complexes have not been purified to homogeneity since they dissociate during purification. Suitable analytical bioassays are available to measure total chromium and the organic biologically-active forms of chromium, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Chlomipramine differently affects inflammatory edema and pain in the rat.

In the rat, the acute administration of the antidepressant drug chlomipramine significantly reduces the edema and the hyperalgesia induced by yeast injection in the paw. However, the intensity and time course of the two effects differ. Moreover, adrenalectomy enhances the antinociceptive effect, whereas it does not affect the antiedema action of chlomipramine. Our data suggest a dissociation between the antiinflammatory and the analgesic effect of acute chlomipramine.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1976

Cytotoxic testing for food allergy: evaluation of reproducibility and correlation.

Cytotoxic food tests still present conflicting opinions concerning their validity. Nine atopic patients with or without a history of food allergy were studied along with 5 nonatopic patients. All tests were conducted in a double-blind fashion with 6 determinations for each of 10 food antigens. Reproducibility of the test (5/6 positive or negative) was demonstrated with wheat, milk, yeast, chocolate, and orange. In the nonatopic group, reproducible results were obtained for wheat, egg, yeast, chocolate, and chicken. Clinical correlation with 11 foods in 7 patients was demonstrated. However, there were 46 positive tests without correlation and 2 negative tests with positive histories. Therefore, there appears to be reproducibility of the tests to only 3 foods but no apparent correlation with clinical symptoms. At the present time, cytotoxic tests offer no reliable help in establishing the diagnosis of food allergy.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Determination of analgesic drug efficacies by modification of the Randall and Selitto rat yeast paw test.

This report describes a modified Randall and Selitto (1957) rat yeast paw test that can evaluate differences in efficacy of different analgesics. The modifications consist of a decrease in the rate of acceleration of the noxious stimulus (mechanical pressure) on the inflamed paw from 20 to 12.5 mmHg/sec and an extension of the cut-off time from 15 to 60 sec. All the narcoticlike drugs tested (morphine, codeine, and pentazocine) increased the response latencies of the inflamed paws to the cut-off time. The nonsteroidal antiinflammatory-like drugs tested (acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophen, indomethacin, phenylbutazone, and proquazone) showed plateaus in their analgesic effects (i.e., increasing the dose failed to produce significantly greater increases in the response latencies compared to the next lower dose). Zomepirac (80-240 mg/kg p.o.) did not show this plateau effect, but was unable to increase response latencies to greater than 30 sec because of the toxicity of higher doses (320 mg/kg p.o.). Flunixin NMG (the meglumine salt of flunixin), a nonnarcotic analgesic, did not display a plateau effect and increased response latencies to maximum values. The methodology was therefore able to discriminate analgesics active against mild to severe clinical pain (narcoticlike) from those only useful against mild to moderate pain (nonnarcotic-like).

Analgesics↗
PubMed1981

Autoantibodies specific to beta-2-microglobulin inhibit the Fc receptor-dependent phagocytosis of human monocytes.

Effect of anti-beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) antibodies was investigated on the in vitro Fc and C3 receptor dependent phagocytic capacity of human peripheral monocytes. Both rabbit and human anti-beta2m antibodies inhibit the Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis. Anti-beta2m antibodies do not influence the spontaneous or C3b receptor-mediated ingestion. The inhibitory activity by human autoantibodies but not by rabbit anti-human beta2m antibodies was diminished when incubation was performed at 37 degrees C instead of 20 degrees C.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship of yeast-injection induced changes in brain met-enkephalin and analgesia.

Subplantar injection of Brewer's yeast induces a hyperalgesia that is associated with an increase in the level of striatal Met-enkephalin (ME); there was no change in the hypothalamus of periaqueductal gray. To test the relationship between striatal ME and analgesia, naloxone (10, 3, 0.5 mg/kg, SC) or thiorphan (100 micrograms, ICV) were administered. Neither drug caused a potentiation or a reduction in the hypersensitivity. These data suggest that an increase in striatal does not result in altered pain sensitivity in this model.

Analgesia↗
PubMed1987

Development of a system for evaluating 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors using human whole blood.

A reliable system for evaluating 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway inhibitors employing human whole blood stimulated by the calcium ionophore, A-23187, and yeast cell walls (YCW) is described. In developing this system, we have shown that leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) can be recovered quantitatively from whole blood, and can be measured with accuracy and a precision (standard deviation) of +/- 12%. Apparent differences in LTB4/5-HETE levels between donors can be minimized by normalizing the LTB4/5-HETE production to neutrophil number. Variability in LTB4/5-HETE production among different donors was reduced by increasing the ionophore concentration. The kinetics of ionophore stimulated product production display a 1-4 min lag which is dependent on ionophore concentration. The lag is removed by pretreatment of blood with 5 micrograms/ml cytochalasin B. Likewise, the kinetics of product formation after stimulation with yeast cell walls demonstrated a lag period, which could be shortened by prior opsonization of the YCW. The amount of LTB4 metabolism to 20-OH-LTB4 and 20-COOH-LTB4 in this system is approximately 20%. Phenidone, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, and nafazatrom, known inhibitors of the 5-LO pathway, display half-maximal inhibition points of 0.4, 1.5, and 9 micrograms/ml, respectively. In summary, we believe that this assay offers a guide for predicting systemic levels of drug needed to be achieved for effective inhibition of cellular LTB4/5-HETE synthesis/release in humans.

Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase↗
PubMed1994

Issues and problems for radiobiological research in space.

The uniqueness of the space radiation field creates specific problems in the evaluation of hazards to men and materials. Comprehensive measurements of all physical parameters are necessary but not sufficient. Particular attention has to be paid to variables like solar flares by applying fast-responding active dosimetry. The assessment of biological consequences poses even more problems. There are no human data for the kinds of particles seen in space and they will presumably never be available. The only reasonable approach is therefore to use the information obtained for other radiations and check their applicability for the space situation. This involves both the study of fundamental processes in ground experiments as well as their verification in space missions. Special emphasis has to be laid on the modification of radiation effects by flight-dynamic factors and microgravity. Radiation protection guidelines for space flights cannot simply be transformed from existent regulations designed for radiation workers on earth but have to be tailored to the specific situation in space.

Aerospace Medicine↗