SEARCH · PubMed Health
Results for “Behavior, Addictive”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Use of buprenorphine in the treatment of opioid addiction. II. Physiologic and behavioral effects of daily and alternate-day administration and abrupt withdrawal.
Nineteen heroin-dependent male volunteers were administered buprenorphine sublingually, in ascending daily doses of 2, 4, and 8 mg. They were maintained on 8 mg daily through study day 18. On study days 19 through 36, subjects in group 1 continued to receive burprenorphine daily; subjects in group 2 received buprenorphine or placebo on alternate days. On days 37 through 52, all subjects received placebo. Subjects receiving buprenorphine on alternate days reported significantly greater urge for an opioid, increased dysphoria scores, and pupillary dilation on placebo days. After abrupt termination of buprenorphine, no withdrawal signs were detected with the Himmelsbach scale. However, subjects reported mild-to-moderate opioid withdrawal symptoms, peaking at 3 to 5 and lasting for 8 to 10 days. Daily administration of buprenorphine provided greater control of subtle opioid withdrawal symptoms, but subjects could tolerate a between-dose interval of 48 hours.
Drinking, binge drinking, and other drug use among southwestern undergraduates: three-year trends.
This study examined substance use patterns and consequences in college students over a three year period. Students were surveyed at a large, southwestern university, allowing for a diverse sample that included a large percentage of minority respondents. Students (total N = 2710) in 1994, 1995, and 1996 responded anonymously to the Core Survey of Alcohol and Drugs. Over 80% of students at each time point were current drinkers, and over one-third at each time period reported binge drinking. Binge drinking was associated with greater weekly drinking and with a range of negative consequences. Underage drinking was prevalent at all time points, and underage drinkers reported drinking in a range of on- and off-campus situations. Hispanic students reported higher rates of binge drinking than other ethnic groups. Nonwhite, non-Hispanic students reported greater rates of abstinence than other students. Although other drug use was much less prevalent, drug use in combination with drinking was associated with more problematic patterns of drinking and more negative consequences. Results are discussed in terms of implications for interventions with college students.
The appeal of violent video games to lower educated aggressive adolescent boys from two countries.
The objective of this study was to test the effect of individual differences on appeal and use of video games. Participants were 299 adolescent boys from lower and higher secondary schools in the Netherlands and Belgium. In general, boys were most attracted to violent video games. Boys that scored higher in trait aggressiveness and lower in empathy were especially attracted to violent games and spent more time playing video games than did boys lower in trait aggressiveness. Lower educated boys showed more appreciation for both violent and nonviolent games and spent more time playing them than did higher educated boys. The present study showed that aggressive and less empathic boys were most attracted to violent games. The fact that heavy users of violent games show less empathy and higher aggressiveness suggests the possibility of desensitization. Other studies have shown that playing violent games increases aggressiveness and decreases empathy. These results combined suggest the possibility of a violence cycle. Aggressive individuals are attracted to violent games. Playing violent games increases aggressiveness and decreases empathy, which in turn leads to increased appreciation and use of violent games.
The behavioral economics of cigarette smoking: The concurrent presence of a substitute and an independent reinforcer.
The present study examined the consumption of cigarettes and two alternative reinforcers in dependent smokers. Cigarette price (response requirement) increased across sessions while alternatives were available at a fixed price in four phases of availability: (1). cigarettes alone; (2). cigarettes and nicotine gum; (3). cigarettes and money; and (4). cigarettes, nicotine gum, and money. Cigarette consumption decreased with increasing price throughout. In the cigarette and nicotine gum phase, nicotine gum consumption increased with cigarette price, indicating nicotine gum to be a substitute for cigarettes. In the cigarette and money phase, money consumption increased slightly with cigarette price, indicating money to be an independent reinforcer for cigarettes. When all three reinforcers were present, money again served as an independent reinforcer. During this phase, nicotine gum consumption increased marginally, but the small magnitude of increase suggests that nicotine gum functioned as an independent reinforcer rather than a substitute. Cigarette consumption decreased modestly when nicotine gum was available, and to a larger extent when money or both alternatives were available. The results highlight the potential for an independent reinforcer such as money to be more effective at reducing drug use than a pharmacological substitute.
To do or not to do? The complexities of addiction, motivation, self-control, and impulsivity.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Targeted in vivo expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in mouse brain using lentiviral expression vectors.
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the brain exhibit diverse functional properties and ubiquitous distribution. Yet, except for providing a receptor for the exogenously applied nicotine of tobacco products, their role in the normal functioning of the brain has remained elusive. We have used a lentiviral expression vector to re-express the beta2 subunit specifically in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of beta2-/- mice. The viral vector efficiently expresses beta2- subunit protein leading to new nAChR-binding sites. VTA neurons transduced by the lentiviral vector are responsive to intravenous nicotine when analyzed using in vivo electrophysiology. Nicotine-induced dopamine release from the nucleus accumbens (NuAcc) was also restored in re-expressing beta2-/- mice. Intra-VTA injection of nicotine was found to be reinforcing in both wild-type and beta2-subunit re-expressing beta2-/- mice, but not in beta2-/- mice. Furthermore, in the absence of applied nicotine, the spontaneous slow exploratory behavior of the mice was restored, whereas fast navigation did not change. This latter behavioral analysis suggests a role for beta2* nAChR, specifically expressed in the VTA, in mammalian cognitive function.
Burning Love: big tobacco takes aim at LGBT youths.
Secret tobacco industry documents lay bare the industry's targeting, seduction, and recruitment of minority groups and children. They also unmask Big Tobacco's disdain for its targets.
Craving your next Web fix. Internet addiction is no laughing matter.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Public policy statement on parity in insurance benefit structure between general medical services and services for the evaluation, management and prevention of behavioral health conditions, including addictive disorders.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
[Addiction and drug associated behavior. Management, substitutive therapy and abstinence: alcohol, tobacco, psycho-active and illicit substances. Part I. Tobacco].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Public policy statement on parity in insurance benefit structure between general medical services and services for the evaluation, management and prevention of behavioral health conditions, including addictive disorders.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Exercise-dependence in bodybuilders: antecedents and reliability of measurement.
AIM: The purposes of this study were: a) to examine social and psychological antecedents of bodybuilding dependence (life satisfaction, socio-economic status, marital status and parental status) and b) to examine the test-retest reliability of the Bodybuilding Dependence Scale (BDS). METHODS: One hundred and eighty-one male bodybuilders agreed to participate in the study. Nineteen of these failed to complete the questionnaire on the second occasion, resulting in a sample size of 162. Each participant completed the BDS on two occasions 3 weeks apart, together with the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and items relating to occupation, marital status and parental status. RESULTS: Pearson correlations revealed high test-retest reliability for all three subscales (r=0.94, 0.96 and 0.94 for social-dependence, training-dependence and mastery-dependence, respectively). Pearson correlations also revealed significant negative correlations between all three BDS subscales and SWLS scores (r=-0.66 in all cases). A MANOVA revealed that working class participants scored significantly higher on all three BDS subscales than intermediate class participants who, in turn, scored significantly higher than professional class participants. Participants who were not currently involved in a romantic relationship scored significantly higher on all BDS subscales than those who were romantically involved. Parents scored significantly higher than non-parents on social and mastery-dependence, but not on training-dependence. CONCLUSION: These results show acceptable test-retest reliability for all three BDS subscales. They also demonstrate that life satisfaction, socio-economic status, marital status and parental status can successfully predict BDS scores.
[Changes of behavior of the drug addict in recent times].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Pharmacological and behavioral treatment of cocaine addiction: animal models.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Breaking the cycle of addiction: prevention and intervention with children of alcoholics.
Children of alcoholics (COA's) are at increased risk for behavioral and emotional problems, including alcoholism. Research has helped guide the design of prevention and intervention programs aimed at reducing this risk. Currently, most such programs for COA's use a short-term, small-group format, often conducted within schools. Broad-based community programs are another promising option, but have not been sufficiently studied. Generally, interventions include alcoholism education, training in coping skills and social competence, social support, and healthy alternative activities. Increased interaction between basic research and intervention may lead to improved services for COA's.
[Cognitive-behavioral and systemic approaches to drug addiction among adolescents: value and limitations].
Cognitive behavioral approaches of adolescent drug abuse participate in the understanding of their complex determinisms. Some of their therapeutic methods may be an useful component of a multimodal therapy which is often necessary because of the multiplicity of pathogenic factors and dysfunctions. The preferential use of cognitive behavioral therapies seems to be group therapies or an auxiliary therapy which carried the supportive work. The systemic approach may help to minimize resistances, to mobilize the family, to induce positive changes which strengthen the therapeutic alliance which may be used secondarily for a psychoanalytical approach of family conflicts.
Drug addiction. II. Variation of addiction.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.