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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

"Mutual aid" and "animal dispersion": an historical analysis of alternatives to Darwin.

Petr Alekseyevich Kropotkin (1842-1921) and Vero Copner Wynne-Edwards (1906-1997) developed evolutionary theories that emphasized social groups and cooperation rather than the organism-level natural selection of standard Darwinian theory. The most important reason for their alternative interpretations was their experience as field naturalists. Kropotkin and Wynne-Edwards worked in arctic environments and were impressed by aspects of the natural world that differed significantly from those experienced by Darwin or Wallace. These field experiences led to their emphasis on mutual aid and group selection, respectively. Understanding the development of their theories helps to illuminate the continuing debates over evolutionary theory and the current resurgence of interest in group selection.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

New perspectives on host-parasite interplay by comparative transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of Schistosoma japonicum.

Schistosomiasis remains a serious public health problem with an estimated 200 million people infected in 76 countries. Here we isolated ~ 8,400 potential protein-encoding cDNA contigs from Schistosoma japonicum after sequencing circa 84,000 expressed sequence tags. In tandem, we undertook a high-throughput proteomics approach to characterize the protein expression profiles of a number of developmental stages (cercariae, hepatic schistosomula, female and male adults, eggs, and miracidia) and tissues at the host-parasite interface (eggshell and tegument) by interrogating the protein database deduced from the contigs. Comparative analysis of these transcriptomic and proteomic data, the latter including 3,260 proteins with putative identities, revealed differential expression of genes among the various developmental stages and sexes of S. japonicum and localization of putative secretory and membrane antigens, enzymes, and other gene products on the adult tegument and eggshell, many of which displayed genetic polymorphisms. Numerous S. japonicum genes exhibited high levels of identity with those of their mammalian hosts, whereas many others appeared to be conserved only across the genus Schistosoma or Phylum Platyhelminthes. These findings are expected to provide new insights into the pathophysiology of schistosomiasis and for the development of improved interventions for disease control and will facilitate a more fundamental understanding of schistosome biology, evolution, and the host-parasite interplay.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Hypoxic preconditioning: a novel intrinsic cytoprotective strategy.

A concept of tissue-cell adaptation to hypoxia (hypoxic preconditioning) is raised and its corresponding animal model is introduced. A significantly strengthened tolerance to hypoxia and a protective effect of the brain extracts from the preconditioned animals are presented. Changes in animals' behavior, neuromorphology, neurophysiology, neurochemistry and molecular neurobiology during preconditioning are described. Energy saving, hypometabolism, and cerebral protection in particular are thought to be involved in the development of hypoxic tolerance and tissue-cell protection. The essence and significance of the hypoxic tissue-cell adaptation or preconditioning are discussed in terms of biological evolution and practical implication.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Bordetella pertussis: the intersection of genomics and pathobiology.

There has been much recent concern over an increasing incidence of pertussis despite high levels of vaccine coverage of infants. Many reports have documented that much of the increased incidence is due to infection in adolescents and adults. This renewal of interest in pertussis comes at a time when the findings of the Bordetella genome project have led to a quantum leap forward in our understanding of the biology, evolution and pathogenesis of the bacterium responsible for the disease. The impact of this basic research on current clinical problems posed by B. pertussis infection is discussed.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2001

Coevolutionary networks: a novel approach to understanding the relationships of humans with the infectious agents.

Human organism is interpenetrated by the world of microorganisms, from the conception until the death. This interpenetration involves different levels of interactions between the partners including trophic exchanges, bi-directional cell signaling and gene activation, besides genetic and epigenetic phenomena, and tends towards mutual adaptation and coevolution. Since these processes are critical for the survival of individuals and species, they rely on the existence of a complex organization of adaptive systems aiming at two apparently conflicting purposes: the maintenance of the internal coherence of each partner, and a mutually advantageous coexistence and progressive adaptation between them. Humans possess three adaptive systems: the nervous, the endocrine and the immune system, each internally organized into subsystems functionally connected by intraconnections, to maintain the internal coherence of the system. The three adaptive systems aim at the maintenance of the internal coherence of the organism and are functionally linked by interconnections, in such way that what happens to one is immediately sensed by the others. The different communities of infectious agents that live within the organism are also organized into functional networks. The members of each community are linked by intraconnections, represented by the mutual trophic, metabolic and other influences, while the different infectious communities affect each other through interconnections. Furthermore, by means of its adaptive systems, the organism influences and is influenced by the microbial communities through the existence of transconnections. It is proposed that these highly complex and dynamic networks, involving gene exchange and epigenetic phenomena, represent major coevolutionary forces for humans and microorganisms.

Adaptation, Physiological↗