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PubMed1997

The incorporation of maternal age into the sonographic scoring index for the detection at 14-20 weeks of fetuses with Down's syndrome.

Sonographic markers for Down's syndrome have been useful in the identification of affected fetuses. In this study, we evaluated the accuracy of an expanded scoring index that included recently described sonographic markers as well as maternal age to optimize identification of fetuses with Down's syndrome. Over a 27-month period, we performed 4075 genetic amniocenteses for advanced maternal age or an abnormal triple panel. Prior to each amniocentesis, a complete sonographic assessment of the fetus was performed including a structural survey and fetal biometry. Each patient was assigned a score based on the sonographic markers in a previously reported scoring system, modified by the addition of an echogenic intracardiac focus. The sonographic scoring system was then combined with the assignment of additional points based on maternal age. Karyotypic results were obtained subsequent to the scans, and Down's syndrome fetuses and a control group of normal fetuses were compared. Fifty-three fetuses with Down's syndrome were identified by karyotype and compared to a control group of 177 normal fetuses. A score of > or = 2 as a criterion for a positive test resulted in the identification of 75.4% of fetuses with Down's syndrome, with a 5.7% false-positive rate. A score of > or = 1 increased the sensitivity to 83.0%, with a false-positive rate of 17.5%. The age-adjusted modification resulted in the identification of 86.8% of fetuses with Down's syndrome, with a false-positive rate of 27.1%. It is for the individual patient and her practitioner to weigh the risks and benefits in selecting her options for prenatal diagnosis.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Microcephaly--no small deal.

Anatomic shortening of the fetal frontal lobe seems to precede microcephaly. Brain size determines the size of the calvarium. The report by Pilu and colleagues provides a physiological basis for recent anatomical observations made regarding microcephaly. Biometry of the frontal lobe of the fetal brain may be a valuable tool for the identification of the fetus at risk for microcephaly. A thorough investigation of the subtle brain anatomy of the developing fetus is necessary in suspicious cases. Prenatal studies have suggested that abnormalities of neurocranial architecture occur in approximately two-thirds of cases. Steinlin and colleagues found a much higher incidence in children (90%) affected by microcephaly. Either the progressive nature of the condition or the improved sensitivity of childhood magnetic resonance imaging (used in their study) over prenatal ultrasonography for the detection of subtle brain abnormalities may account for this difference. However, high-resolution ultrasonographic instruments should allow for the detection of many accompanying neuroanatomic abnormalities, possibly before the markedly small calvarium is seen. Finally, Pilu and colleagues have shown that the underlying conditions that may predispose to brain atrophy may be recognizable with Doppler ultrasonography.

Female↗

PubMed1999

Abnormal ductus venosus blood flow: a clue to umbilical cord complication.

We report a case of umbilical cord complication causing, fetal hypoxemia and acidemia. At 30 weeks of gestation, the patient was referred because of slightly increased amniotic fluid volume and a non-reactive cardiotocogram. Biometry was appropriate for gestational age. Umbilical artery and fetal aortic Doppler findings were normal, whereas diastolic blood flow velocities in the middle cerebral artery were increased and the ductus venosus showed severely abnormal flow velocity waveforms with reversal of flow during atrial contraction. Since other reasons for fetal hypoxemia could be excluded, careful examination of the umbilical cord was performed. Traction of the hypercoiled umbilical cord due to its course around the fetal neck and shoulders was suspected. Cesarean section confirmed the sonographic findings and fetal blood gases revealed fetal acidemia. This case indicates that investigation of fetal venous blood flow may also help to identify fetal jeopardy due to reasons other than increased placental vascular resistance.

Acidosis↗

PubMed1999

The possible impact of a myomatous uterus on the accuracy of fetal biometric measurements.

OBJECTIVE: The propagation speed of ultrasound beams changes in different media. The aim of the study was to assess the possible measurement error of fetal biometry performed in cases of a myomatous uterus. DESIGN: Three iron phantoms of 30 mm, 50 mm and 70 mm were measured by ultrasound. Each phantom was measured by three different transducers of 3.5 MHz, 6.5 MHz and 7.5 MHz. Measurements were performed in a water bath and the intraobserver variability was assessed. Thereafter phantoms were measured with one of their edges covered by a specimen of a myomatous uterus while their other edge was covered with water. RESULTS: Artifactual lengthening of the phantoms' size was observed in measurements performed with the uterine myoma. The measurement errors were inversely related to the length of the phantoms and became statistically significant in the phantoms of 30 mm (13.15 +/- 3.16% without the myoma vs. 17.38 +/- 4.39% with the myoma; p < 0.0001). Measurement errors were independent of the transducer type (p = 0.001, p = 0.01 and p = 0.014 for the 3.5-MHz, 6.5-MHz and 7.5-MHz transducers, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound measurement errors are expected while examining small fetal organs which are partially overshadowed by a myoma.

Embryonic and Fetal Development↗

PubMed1999

Prognostic factors in severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome treated by endoscopic laser surgery.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate clinical and sonographic parameters, in particular Doppler blood flow measurements, in severe second-trimester twin-twin transfusion syndrome before and after endoscopic laser coagulation of the placental vascular anastomoses, to correlate these data with fetal outcome and to determine whether fetal blood flow measurements could help to estimate the probability of fetal survival. METHODS: In 121 cases of severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome examined between 17 and 26 weeks of gestation, the following investigations were performed: fetal biometry, placental location, deepest pool of amniotic fluid, echocardiography and Doppler sonography of the umbilical arteries and the ductus venosus of both twins before and after fetoscopic laser ablation of the placental anastomoses. RESULTS: The overall survival rate was 64% (156/242). Both fetuses survived in 48% (58/121) and one fetus survived in 33% (40/121), resulting in 81% (98/121) of pregnancies with at least one survivor. Gestational age at the time of the procedure and placental location had no significant influence on fetal survival. The amniotic fluid volume drained after laser coagulation correlated significantly (p = 0.038) with the risk of miscarriage or extremely premature delivery within 4 weeks of the procedure. Intertwin discrepancy in abdominal circumference showed a significant negative correlation (p = 0.004) with the probability for survival of donor fetuses. Before the procedure, 19% (23/121) of donor twins and 5% (6/121) of recipient twins showed absent or reversed end-diastolic flow in the umbilical artery (p = 0.001). This finding had no significant influence on the survival rate of donors. An increase of waveform indices in the umbilical artery 1 day after the procedure compared to immediately after the procedure correlated significantly with a lower probability for survival of donors (p = 0.042) and recipients (p = 0.018). Before the procedure, 37% (45/121) of recipient twins and 9% (10/113) of donor twins showed absent or reversed flow during atrial contraction in the ductus venosus (p < 0.0001). This finding had a significant negative influence on the survival rate of recipient fetuses (p = 0.02). Furthermore, an increase of waveform indices in the ductus venosus 1 day after the procedure compared to immediately after the procedure correlated significantly with a lower probability of survival in recipients (p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Fetoscopic laser coagulation of the placental vascular anastomoses in severe mid-trimester twin-twin transfusion is a potentially corrective and effective, minimally invasive procedure. Doppler investigation of the umbilical and fetal circulations provides important information on the fetal condition, prognosis and therapeutic effects of the intervention. Signs of congestive heart failure in the recipient may reduce the probability of survival, whereas increased placental resistance in the donor before the procedure is not necessarily associated with a reduction in the probability of survival after laser coagulation.

Arteriovenous Anastomosis↗

PubMed1999

Early fetal megacystis between 11 and 15 weeks of gestation.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic criteria of early fetal megacystis. DESIGN: A prospective, transvaginal ultrasound, cross-sectional study at 11-15 weeks of gestation at a tertiary referral fetal medicine unit. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Sixteen pregnancies out of a total of 5240 were identified with early fetal megacystis. Fetal biometry, morphology, amniotic fluid, bladder size and volume were also evaluated. The karyotype was available in 15 cases. Vesicocentesis was performed in six fetuses and three had concomitant cystoscopies. RESULTS: In six fetuses, the megacystis was isolated. In the remaining ten, we detected associated hygroma (n = 5), nuchal translucency (n = 3), omphalocele (n = 1), mild pyelectasis (n = 1) and bilateral talipes (n = 1). In three cases the fetuses demonstrated renal hyperechogenicity with cysts, and in two cases oligohydramnios was found; four cases (25%) had chromosomal abnormalities; 47, XY + 13 (two cases), 47, XY + 18 and 47, XY + 21. Only one fetus from this study survived. In the remaining 13 cases, termination was proposed after counselling of the patients on the poor prognosis. The mean gestational age at termination was 15.5 +/- 2.4 weeks (range 12-20). Three fetal transabdominal cystoscopies did not allow us to view the valves; one urethral atresia was suspected, and confirmed postnatally. CONCLUSIONS: We found a high rate of associated malformations, especially intestinal malformations. The systematic evaluation of the intestinal enzymes in the amniotic fluid and urine samples might be an important aid in the diagnosis of multiple malformations, such as cloacal dysgenesis.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗

PubMed2000

Fetal weight estimation by three-dimensional ultrasound.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of three-dimensional volume scanning in predicting fetal weight at birth. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cross-sectional study within 7 days of delivery. A total of 190 patients were considered for final analysis (formula-finding group: n = 125, formula evaluation group: n = 65). Inclusion criteria were a singleton pregnancy and absence of chromosomal or significant structural anomalies. Three-dimensional (3D) volumetric measurements of the fetal thigh, upper arm and abdomen were performed together with conventional two-dimensional (2D) biometry. RESULTS: All measurements were completed successfully in each patient. Polynomial regression analysis with standard biometric parameters and volumes of the upper arm, the thigh and the abdomen was employed to yield the best-fit formula for prediction of fetal weight at birth. The new 3D formula (estimated fetal weight (EFW) = -1478.557 + 7.242 x thigh volume + 13.309 x upper arm volume + 852.998 x log10 abdominal volume + 0.526 x BPD3) proved to be superior to established 2D equations with the lowest mean error (25.8 +/- 194.4 g), the lowest mean absolute error (155.2 +/- 118.2 g) and the lowest mean absolute percentage error (6.1 +/- 5.0%) when studied prospectively in the evaluation group. CONCLUSION: 3D sonography allows superior fetal weight estimation by including soft tissue volume. Further studies at the extremes of fetal weight are needed to confirm the value of our formula in these subsets.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Fetal cardiac effects of doxorubicin therapy for carcinoma of the breast during pregnancy: case report and review of the literature.

Cardiotoxicity is a recognized complication of anthracycline drugs given as part of chemotherapy; however, the pre- and postnatal cardiac effects of in utero exposure are not well documented. In this report we present a case of gestational breast cancer with initiation of four cycles of doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide chemotherapy after modified radical mastectomy and axilla dissection during the early second trimester. Serial echocardiographic measurements of the ventricular shortening fraction and biometry of the ventricular cavities were performed. Allowing for the individual variability of these values in the fetus no myocardial dysfunction was observed. The literature was reviewed in an attempt to delineate the possible role of prenatal echocardiography in the diagnosis of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in the fetus.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Fetal hydrops and hepatosplenomegaly in the second half of pregnancy: a sign of myeloproliferative disorder in fetuses with trisomy 21.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the relationship between fetal hydrops and/or hepatosplenomegaly in the second half of pregnancy with a myeloproliferative disorder in fetuses with trisomy 21 or mosaic trisomy 21. DESIGN: A retrospective case series. SUBJECTS: Cases were selected from 79 cases of trisomy 21 diagnosed in our prenatal unit between 1993 and 1999. METHODS: All fetuses had a detailed sonographic anatomic survey and biometry. Doppler of the umbilical and middle cerebral arteries, ductus venosus, inferior vena cava and umbilical vein was performed whenever possible. Two-dimensional echocardiography supplemented by color Doppler flow mapping and spectral pulsed wave Doppler was performed in all cases of fetal hydrops. Fetal karyotyping was obtained by amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling or fetal blood sampling. In the presence of fetal hydrops a cordocentesis was performed for fetal hematology, biochemistry and TORCH serology. In cases with diagnosis of myeloproliferative disorder, peripheral blast cells were characterized by microscopy, cytochemistry and determination of surface markers. All cases with myeloproliferative disorder were stillborn and subsequently had a postmortem examination performed. RESULTS: During the study period 79 cases of trisomy 21 were diagnosed. Eleven of these had fetal hydrops. Three of these fetuses presented with hepatosplenomegaly and myeloproliferative disorder in the second and third trimesters. In addition, one fetus with sonographic markers of trisomy 21, where karyotyping was unfortunately unsuccessful, presented with hepatosplenomegaly, hydrops and myeloproliferative disorder. In the four fetuses with hepatosplenomegaly and hydrops, serology was negative for congenital infection. The characteristics of blast cells in the peripheral blood smear revealed a myeloproliferative disorder. CONCLUSION: Fetal hydrops and/or hepatosplenomegaly in the second half of pregnancy, although suggestive of infectious etiology, may be a sign of myeloproliferative disorder in fetuses with trisomy 21 or mosaic trisomy 21. There is a possibility that a transient myeloproliferative disorder is a more common cause of mid or late-trimester hydrops in cases of trisomy 21 than previously thought. In these hydropic fetuses the prognosis seems to be poor. On the other hand we can speculate that a myeloproliferative disorder and the associated hepatosplenomegaly and/or hydrops may show spontaneous remission or that the transient myeloproliferative disorder may be without any detectable ultrasonographic signs and therefore may be more frequent in utero than realized.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Prenatal age-specific reference intervals for measuring all five digits of the fetal hand.

OBJECTIVE: To construct prenatal age-specific reference intervals for measurement of five digits in normal fetuses. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospective cross-sectional study of fetuses assessed at an antenatal ultrasound unit in a university-affiliated general hospital. The study cohort comprised 302 pregnant women attending our clinic for routine fetal biometry or anomaly scan between December 1997 and June 2000. They all fulfilled the study inclusion criteria: singleton fetuses with normal anatomy, accurate gestational age and no medical complications of pregnancy. Each fetus was scanned once only and the finger measurements of one hand were obtained. Electronic calipers were placed on the outer margin of the proximal phalanx to the outer margin of the distal phalanx level. Those measurements and the relevant gestational age were registered in a computerized database. RESULTS: The linear increase of size of each of the five fingers was plotted across the evaluated range of gestation (P < 0.001; r2 between 0.85 and 0.86 for fingers I to V). Tables showing the 5th, 50th and 95th centiles of finger lengths between 14 and 27 weeks' gestation were created based on the reference interval charts. CONCLUSIONS: Second-trimester measurement of all five digits of the fetal hand is feasible. This may assist in the evaluation of fetuses that are primarily suspected of having genetic abnormalities that might be expressed by deviation in finger length.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMed2002

Determination of gestational age after the 24th week of gestation from fetal kidney length measurements.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the application of kidney length measurement to the determination of gestational age between the 24th and 38th weeks and to compare its accuracy with that of other fetal biometric indices. STUDY DESIGN: Seventy-three women with singleton uncomplicated pregnancies underwent standard ultrasound fetal biometry and kidney length measurement every 2 weeks between 24 and 38 weeks' gestation. These measurements were used to date the pregnancies relative to crown-rump length dating between 8 and 10 weeks' gestation. Linear regression models for estimation of gestational age were derived from the biometric indices and kidney length. In addition, stepwise regression models were constructed to determine the best model for determining gestational age between 24 and 38 weeks. Comparisons were then made between the accuracy of these models in the determination of gestational age. RESULTS: The best model for estimating gestational age in late pregnancy included the variables kidney length, biparietal diameter, head circumference, femur length and abdominal circumference. This model accurately predicted gestational age with a standard error of +/- 8.48 days. A model including kidney length, biparietal diameter, head circumference and femur length accurately predicted gestational age with a standard error of +/- 8.57 days. These models were slightly more accurate than models derived from the biometric indices of biparietal diameter, head circumference and femur length (+/- 9.87 days), biparietal diameter, head circumference, femur length and abdominal circumference (+/- 9.45 days) and biparietal diameter and femur length (+/- 9.9 days). Kidney length and femur length were the most accurate single parameters for predicting gestational age using simple linear regression models (+/- 10.29 and 10.96 days, respectively); the abdominal circumference was the least accurate (+/- 14.54 days). CONCLUSION: Kidney length is a more accurate method of determining gestational age than the fetal biometric indices of biparietal diameter, head circumference, femur length and abdominal circumference between 24 and 38 weeks' gestation. When combined with biparietal diameter, head circumference and femur length, the precision of dating is improved by 2 days. This measurement is easy to make and could therefore be easily incorporated into the model for dating pregnancies after 24 weeks of gestation, in particular when measurements of the biparietal diameter and head circumference are difficult.

Crown-Rump Length↗

PubMed1996

Microfluctuations of steady-state accommodation measured with ultrasonography.

Over the past 30 years investigators have noted fluctuations in accommodation when the eye views a stationary target. These microfluctuations have been studied mainly with the use of infrared optometers. Two dominant components have been found: a low frequency component (LFC; 0.05-0.5 Hz) and a high frequency component (HFC; 1.0-2.2 Hz). The LFC probably has a neurological origin. The HFC is supposed to be related to the arterial pulse. The aim of this study was to investigate accommodative fluctuations and gain more information about their origin by using a non-optical method. We used continuous ultrasonographic biometry to measure changes in anterior chamber (AC) depth, lens thickness and vitreous length during steady-state accommodation. Simultaneously, the electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded. Changes in axial length were calculated offline by taking the sum of the changes in the three intraocular distances. Results show that fluctuations with an LFC were present in all three intraocular distances but not in the axial length, proving that only the lens was involved. In contrast with the findings of investigators using optical methods, no HFC was present in fluctuations of AC depth and lens thickness. However, a small HFC was found in registrations of the vitreous and axial length, which appeared to correspond with the heart rate.

Accommodation, Ocular↗

PubMed1989

[Schistosoma intercalatum: morphologic and biometrical changes of the eggs in relation to the localization in the definitive host and with the geographical origin of the parasite (Cameroon and Zaire)].

A study of the egg morphology and biometry of Schistosoma intercalatum is carried out. A comparative study shows that the egg size varies according to the localization: the smallest are in utero, the largest in the liver, those from the faeces being intermediate. The increase in size could depend on the miracidial development. Some morphological features vary in relation with size especially the width. Regarding the geographical origin, two morphological differences are reported: the first is the presence of a "shoulder" at the spined end of the egg of the Cameroon strain and its absence in the Zaïre strain; the second is the dissymmetry of the eggs from Zaïre and the relative symmetry of the eggs from the Cameroons. The eggs from the Cameroons which tend to be larger but narrower than those from Zaïre, are significantly different.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Fetal growth restriction due to placental disease.

Normal fetal growth depends on the genetically predetermined growth potential and its modulation by the health of the fetus, placenta and the mother. Fetuses that are small because of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are at higher risk for poor perinatal and long-term outcome than those who are appropriately grown. Of the many potential underlying processes that may result in IUGR, placental disease is clinically the most relevant. Fetal cardiovascular and behavioral responses to placental insufficiency and the metabolic status are interrelated. The concurrent evaluation of fetal biometry, amniotic fluid volume, heart rate patterns, arterial and venous Doppler, and biophysical variables therefore allow the most comprehensive fetal evaluation in IUGR. In the absence of successful intrauterine therapy, the timing of delivery is perhaps the most critical aspect of the antenatal management. A discussion of the fetal responses to placental insufficiency and a management protocol that accounts for multiple Doppler and biophysical parameters as well as gestational age is provided in this review.

Blood Flow Velocity↗

PubMed1999

[Can 3D volumetric analysis of the fetal upper arm and thigh improve conventional 2D weight estimates?].

AIM: To determine the usefulness of three-dimensional ultrasound volumetry of fetal thigh and upper arm in predicting weight at delivery. METHOD: Inclusion criteria to our prospective study were single-ton pregnancies with a planned or expected delivery within 96 hours of enrollment. In 74 patients (formula-finding group) standard fetal biometry, followed by measurement of thigh and upper arm volumes by three-dimensional ultrasound, was performed. Subsequently, our new 3D-formulas were tested in a prospective validation group of 52 patients. RESULTS: Both upper arm and thigh volumes correlated well with birth weight (r2 = 0.95, respectively, p < 0.0001). The best result, however, was achieved by a combination of standard 2D-measurements with the volumetric data of upper arm and thigh (r2 = 0.98, p < 0.0001). With use of polynomial regression analysis we obtained two best-fit formulas: BIRTH WEIGHT: -263.8 +13.7269 x Arm Volume +7.16575 x Thigh Volume +148.2 x ATD. Birth weight: -1288.7 +51.9502 x Arm Volume -0.252 x Arm Volume 2 -2.1766 x Thigh Volume +0.0321 x Thigh Volume 2 +36.2509 x GA -0.7526 x GA2 +654.3 x BIP -36.6136 x BIP2 -381.8 x ATD +24.0927 x ATD2. CONCLUSION: Three-dimensional volumetry of the fetal thigh and upper arm may improve prediction of birth weight. Further larger studies are needed to validate our results.

Arm↗

PubMed2000

[Planning sample size in ophthalmologic studies].

An essential aspect in the cooperation of clinic and biometry consists in designing of studies, e.g. during the preparation of grant applications or for review by official drug surveillance institutions. A central aspect in study planning is the design-adequate and well-documented prediction of sample size, which should be recommended for any intended study. Based on several examples for sample size planning in study designs, which are of common relevance for ophthalmology, guidelines are derived to enable clinical researchers to perform sample size planning on their own. The latter can be based on the various available software packages for sample size prediction.

Bias↗

PubMed2000

Age-related reference ranges for fetal foot length.

AIM: The aim of this study was to establish age-dependent reference ranges for fetal foot length with gestation as well as for the femur/foot length ratio, based on a mathematical growth model. METHOD: In a prospective cross-sectional study of 610 pregnancies with sonographically confirmed gestational age (< 12 weeks' gestation), fetal biometry was performed in addition to measurements of fetal foot length between 12 and 42 completed weeks of gestation. Reference ranges for the fetal foot and for the femur/foot length ratio were constructed with an overall coverage of 90% of the measured data, using a previously established method of determining reference bands for growth parameters. RESULTS: Foot length was noted to level off slightly up to 24 weeks of gestation and it continued in a nearly linear fashion thereafter. The femur/foot length ratio was associated with a mean value of approximately 1 up to 24 weeks of gestation, falling to below 1 after this time point to a value of 0.85 at 41 weeks' gestation. The comparison of the reference ranges established in this study with anatomic and sonographic reference ranges for the fetal foot demonstrates good conformity with the anatomic reference range published by Streeter as early as 1920, and a large degree of conformity with the sonographic reference range developed by Mercer and co-workers. CONCLUSION: The proposed statistical approach offers reliable reference ranges for the fetal foot and for the femur/foot-ratio as well.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMed2001

[Scheimpflug photographic imaging following implantation of anterior and posterior chamber phakic intraocular lenses: preliminary results].

BACKGROUND: For the correction of refractive errors lenticular procedures are increasingly used in addition to corneal refractive surgery. One of those techniques is the implantation of intraocular lenses into phakic eyes (pIOL). Due to the close neighborhood of the implant to delicate intraocular structures, exact positioning and high postoperative stability are required. Scheimpflug photography has been shown to be a suitable instrument for the biometry of the anterior eye segment and the examination of IOL position. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Four anterior chamber phakic IOLs (pIOLs) (Bausch & Lomb NuVita) and 7 posterior chamber pIOLs (Staar ICL) were examined 1 week, 1 month and 3-6 months following implantation. At each examination 1 Scheimpflug slit image and 1 infrared retroillumination image were taken using the anterior eye segment analysis system EAS-1000 (Nidek Co., Gamagori, Japan). Evaluation of the images was performed with a personal computer and the software provided by the manufacturer. The distance of the pIOL to cornea and human lens was calculated and incidence and amount of pIOL rotation around the optical axis and potential crystalline lens opacification were assessed. RESULTS: The distance between the anterior chamber pIOL and the cornea 1 week after implantation was 1.61 +/- 0.10 mm. The distances between the myopic posterior chamber pIOL and the human lens were 0.34 +/- 0.11 mm and between the hyperopic posterior chamber pIOL and the human lens 0.26 and 0.29 mm, respectively. The values were constant over a period of 3-6 months. The pIOL showed no movement or change of position around the optical axis. There was no detectable cataract formation in the human lens. CONCLUSIONS: All implanted phakic anterior and posterior chamber IOLs showed a stable position in the eye within the observation period. Scheimpflug photography is proved to be a useful technique for the postoperative evaluation of the positioning of phakic IOLs.

Anterior Chamber↗