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PubMed1999

Pharmacokinetics of rifapentine in subjects seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus: a phase I study.

Rifapentine is undergoing development for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. This study was conducted to characterize the single-dose pharmacokinetics of rifapentine and its 25-desacetyl metabolite and to assess the effect of food on the rate and extent of absorption in participants infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Twelve men and four women, mean age, 38.6 +/- 6.9 years, received a single 600-mg oral dose of rifapentine in an open-label, randomized two-way, complete crossover study. Each volunteer received rifapentine following a high-fat breakfast or during a fasting period. Serial blood samples were collected for 72 h and both rifapentine and its metabolite were assayed by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method. Pharmacokinetics of rifapentine and 25-desacetylrifapentine were determined by noncompartmental methods. Mean (+/- the standard deviation) maximum concentrations of rifapentine in serum and areas under the curve from time zero to infinity following a high-fat breakfast were 14.09 +/- 2.81 and 373.63 +/- 78.19 micrograms/ml, respectively, and following a fasting period they were 9.42 +/- 2.67 and 256.10 +/- 86.39 micrograms. h/ml, respectively. Pharmacokinetic data from a previously published healthy volunteer study were used for comparison. Administration of rifapentine with a high-fat breakfast resulted in a 51% increase in rifapentine bioavailability, an effect also observed in healthy volunteers. Although food increased the exposure of these patients to rifapentine, the infrequent dosing schedule for the treatment of tuberculosis (e.g., once- or twice-weekly dosing) would be unlikely to lead to accumulation. Additionally, autoinduction has been previously studied and has not been demonstrated with this compound, unlike with rifabutin and rifampin. Rifapentine was well tolerated by HIV-infected study participants. The results of our study suggest that no dosage adjustments may be required for rifapentine in HIV-infected patients (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention classification A1, A2, B1, or B2) undergoing treatment for tuberculosis.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed1982

Effects of dietary fibre and exercise on mid-morning diabetic control--a controlled trial.

Twenty-one insulin-dependent diabetic children completed a trial of 4 different breakfasts, given in random order. Three diets differed in fibre content. The fourth diet contained soya beans as part (38%) of the dietary fibre source. Children collected capillary blood samples on to filter paper strips which were analysed for blood glucose content. Each morning the children were asked to exercise vigorously for an hour and to rest for an hour, resulting in comparable rest and exercise periods for each child. Mean initial blood glucose levels on the 4 diets were not significantly different. The low-fibre diet resulted in the highest blood glucose concentrations after breakfast. Blood glucose levels on the high-fibre diet did not differ from those on the medium-fibre diet. The bean diet produced the lowest mean blood glucose level and the smallest reduction in blood glucose level in the hour before lunch. All the children found the bean diet unacceptable but liked the high- and medium-fibre diets, which were as popular as the low-fibre diet. The level of prescribed exercise had no effect on the level of blood glucose. It appears that the potentially major benefits from beans are limited by their unpalatability. The more acceptable cereal fibre produces a smaller but important benefit on morning hyperglycaemia after breakfast.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

Effect of guar crispbread with cereal products and leguminous seeds on blood glucose concentrations of diabetics.

To compare the effect on blood glucose concentrations of guar incorporated into crispbreads with that of unprocessed high-fibre foods groups of four to six diabetics took a total of seven test breakfasts on separate days. By comparison with a breakfast of wholemeal bread and cheese, guar crispbread combined with bread reduced the area under the glucose response curve to 51% (p < 0.05); bread and soya beans reduced the area to 65% (p < 0.05); guar crispbread with soya beans to 25% (p < 0.002); and soya beans with lentils to 29% (p < 0.002). Porridge and cornflake breakfasts showed no difference. The favourable results with leguminous seeds may not make such meals more acceptable than meals of guar products, but a combination of leguminous seeds and guar may allow smaller and more acceptable amounts of both to be used.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Gastrin response to meals of different composition in normal subjects.

The serum gastrin responses and the integrated gastrin responses to eating three meals of very different composition were studied in the same normal subjects on different days. Two meals, a milk meal of 500 ml, and a breakfast of eggs, toast, butter, marmalade, fruit juice and coffee, were eaten at breakfast time. The serum gastrin responses to these meals were compared and contrasted with the concentrations observed when the subjects fasted over the same time of day. A steak meal was eaten at lunch time. There were no significant differences between the mean serum gastrin concentrations to the three meals but each meal produced a significant increase in serum gastrin above fasting levels. When the prefeeding gastrin concentration was subtracted from the gastrin responses then the integrated responses to the steak meal were greater than those to either of the breakfast meals. Considerable variability in response to any one meal was observed within the group of subjects, but those subjects who produced high serum gastrin concentrations to one meal did so to the others. Conversely, at low response to one meal was reflected in low responses to the other two meals. Fasting serum gastrin concentration was correlated with the age of the subject. Repeatability of the response to one meal was tested in two subjects who ate the same meal on four separate occasions showing their responses to be repeatable.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Diurnal changes in serum unconjugated bile acids in normal man.

Unconjugated bile acids were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the serum of two subjects throughout a 24 hour period and in two other subjects over a six hour period after breakfast. Unconjugated bile acids were found in all samples of serum and included cholic, chenodeoxycholic, deoxycholic, 3 beta, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholanic (iso-chenodeoxycholic), ursodeoxycholic, 3 beta, 7 beta-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholanic (iso-ursodeoxycholic), 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic, and lithocholic acids. The maximum concentration of each bile acid generally occurred between breakfast and dinner and total unconjugated bile acid concentrations attained levels of between 2-3 mumol/l. Concentrations increased after breakfast and were often as high as 30-40% of the conjugated bile acid glycocholate, but returned to fasting levels in the absence of lunch. The intestinal absorption of unconjugated bile acids is therefore of greater quantitative importance than was previously thought.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

New non-invasive test of gastric acid secretion for use in children.

Loss of the gastric acid barrier may lead to recurrent enteric infections, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, persistent diarrhoea, and thus malnutrition. To investigate this possibility, a new, non-invasive test of gastric acid secretion was developed ideal for field use in the developing world, where chronic diarrhoea and undernutrition are common. The test relies on the capacity of the kidney to retain H+ during gastric acid secretion, leading to a post-prandial urine 'alkaline tide'. Gastric intubation studies of seven healthy adult volunteers showed a direct relation between changes in gastric acid secretion and changes in urine acid output (measured as the H+/creatinine molar ratio in spot urine samples). Subjects who secreted gastric acid in response to stimulation with a sham feed showed a fall in urine acid output > 0.5 mmol H+/mmol creatinine (range -7.4 to -1.52 mean -1.12). The most reproducible decrease in urine acid output in response to normal food was observed around the time breakfast was usually eaten and was abolished by 36 hours of treatment with ranitidine. Breakfast time reductions in postprandial urine acid output in 22 healthy English children were comparable with those in healthy adults, and significantly different from values in achlorhydric adults. They were much more variable, however, in 106 Gambian children in whom values spanned both normochlorhydric and achlorhydric ranges (-12.7 to +1.8). Measuring changes in urine acid output at breakfast time provides a reliable indirect measure of gastric acid secretion that can be used in field conditions, enabling the relation between gastric acid output and the development of diarrhoeal diseases to be investigated.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

A comparison of isocaloric high carbohydrate and high fat test meals in diabetics.

Ten diabetic patients were given test meals at breakfast and lunch on successive days to compare the acute glycaemic responses to meals either high (65%) (HC) or extremely low (12%) in carbohydrate; the latter was very high (71%) in fat (HF). The meals were isocaloric and fibre content, though higher in HC, was within the range of the average British intake for both diets. The mean fasting blood glucose levels were similar on the 2 days (9.8 mmol/l; 9.6 mmol/l) but mean peak post-prandial levels were significantly greater after the HC meals (17.7 mmol/l after breakfast and 14.1 mmol/l after lunch) than after the HF meals (11.7 mmol/litre after breakfast; P less than 0.02; 8.1 mmol/l after lunch; P less than 0.02). Mean blood glucose value for the 6-hr study period was significantly higher after the HC meals (14.0 mmol/l) than after the HF meals (9.2 mmol/l; P less than 0.001). There was no significant difference in mean fasting, peak or total mean triglyceride level. In the short term, therefore, meals very low in carbohydrate and high in fat are followed by a lower glycaemic response than meals high in carbohydrate but with only a usual (22 g/day) fibre content. Delayed gastric emptying after HF meals may well contribute to the results but long-term use of such HF meals is not advised in view of the extremely high fat content.

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed2005

Effects of gastric emptying on the postprandial ghrelin response.

Distension and chemosensitization of the stomach are insufficient to induce a ghrelin response, suggesting that postgastric feedback is required. This postgastric feedback may be regulated through insulin. We investigated the relation between gastric emptying rate and the postprandial ghrelin response as well as the role of insulin and other hormones possibly mediating this response. Fifteen healthy men [BMI 21.6 kg/m2 (SD 1.9), age 20.5 yr (SD 2.5)] were studied in a single-blind, crossover design. Subjects received two treatments separated by 1 wk: 1) a dairy breakfast in combination with a 3-h intravenous infusion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which delays gastric emptying, and 2) a dairy breakfast in combination with a 3-h intravenous infusion of saline. Blood samples were drawn before breakfast and during the infusion. Postprandial ghrelin (total) responses were lower following the saline infusion compared with the GLP-1 infusion (P < 0.05). Acetaminophen concentrations, an indirect measurement of gastric emptying rate, were inversely correlated with total ghrelin concentrations (saline r = -0.76; 95% CI = -0.90, -0.49, GLP-1 r = -0.47; 95% CI = -0.76, -0.04). Ghrelin concentrations were only weakly correlated with insulin concentrations (saline r = -0.36; 95% CI = -0.69, 0.09; GLP- 1 r = -0.42; 95% CI = -0.73, 0.03), but strongly inversely correlated with GIP concentrations (saline r = -0.74; 95% CI= -0.89, -0.45; GLP-1 r = -0.63; 95% CI = -0.84, -0.27). In conclusion, our results support the hypothesis that ghrelin requires postgastric feedback, which may not be regulated through insulin. Conversely, our data suggest a role of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in ghrelin secretion.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Analysis of gastric emptying dynamics in relationship to qualitative composition of intake. Comparison between normal-weight and obese subjects].

AIMS: To analyze whether the gastric emptying profile could define obesity and to study the impact of macronutrients diet composition on gastric emptying in obese and non obese people. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 47 subjects were selected (12 non obese and 35 obese). The study was organized in 4 visits. In each visit the subject was given isocaloric breakfast differing in macronutrient composition, (either equilibrated, or lipid, protein or carbohydrate rich) quantitative gastric emptying assay was done realized, every 15 minutes for two hours using a radionuclide technique. The week prior to the visit, the subject followed a standard 1,800 cal/day diet. RESULT: A significant interaction between time and diet composition is shown regardless of the group (obese or non-obese) the subject belongs to. The different macronutrient composition differentially affected gastric emptying only in the obese group. Post hoc analysis of the results showed significant differences after 45 min post breakfast between protein and carbohydrate rich breakfast. CONCLUSIONS: Gastric emptying in obese but not in non obese subjects, was significantly modified depending on the intake qualitative composition. These differences are clear when protein rich (significantly slower emptying) is compared versus hydrocarbon enriched diet (significantly faster emptying). A significant difference in gastric emptying between obese and non-obese subjects cannot be established.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

The effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of S-1 after single oral administration to patients with solid tumors.

PURPOSE: The purpose is to determine the effect of food on the bioavailability of S-1, an oral formulation of the 5-fluorouracil (5FU) prodrug Ftorafur (FT), 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine (CDHP), a dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase inhibitor, and oxonic acid (an inhibitor of 5FU phosphoribosylation in normal gut mucosa) in a molar ratio of 1:0.4:1. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Eighteen patients received a single dose of S-1 of 35 mg/m(2) with (535-885 kcal) or without food in a crossover study design: in arm A without breakfast on day -7 and with breakfast on day 0 and in arm B the reversed sequence. Blood samples were taken before and after S-1 administration. This food effect was evaluated according to the Food and Drug Administration guidelines using log-transformed data. RESULTS: Pharmacokinetic parameters for 5FU without breakfast were as follows: Tmax, 107 min; Cmax, 1.60 microm; area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) 441 microm x min; and T(1/2), 104 min. Fasting decreased Tmax of FT, 5FU, CDHP, and oxonic acid significantly (P < 0.006) and increased the Cmax (P < 0.013). The food/fast ratio for the AUC of FT was not different, which for 5FU was 0.84 (P = 0.041), for CDHP was 0.89 (P = 0.191), for oxonic acid was 0.48 (P < 0.0005), and for cyanuric acid, the breakdown product of oxonic acid, was 5.1 (P = 0.019). Accumulation of uracil, indicative for dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase inhibition, was not affected, as well as the T(1/2) of FT, 5FU, CDHP, and oxonic acid. Evaluation of the log-transformed data demonstrated that the 90% confidence interval for the food/fast ratio for the Cmax and AUC of FT, 5FU, CDHP, and uracil were within 70-143% and 80-125%, respectively, indicating no food effect. Only for oxonic acid and cyanuric acid were these values outside this interval. CONCLUSIONS: Food intake affected only the pharmacokinetics of the S-1 constituent oxonic acid but not of FT, CDHP, and 5FU. Because oxonic acid is included to protect against gastrointestinal toxicity, this observation might affect the gastrointestinal toxicity and thus the efficacy of S-1.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1994

Timing for administration of an antihypertensive drug in the treatment of essential hypertension.

To find the best timing for administration of long-acting antihypertensive drugs, we gave nitrendipine, a calcium antagonist of the dihydropyridine group, once a day to six hospitalized and drug-free patients with essential hypertension, changing the time of administration and studying the effects on the circadian rhythm of blood pressure. After control values of 24-hour blood pressure variations were taken with patients on placebo, a 10-mg tablet of nitrendipine was given for 3 days on three occasions--at 6 AM on awakening, at 8:30 AM after breakfast, and at 6 PM after supper; 24-hour blood pressure values for each period were recorded on the third day. The 24-hour blood pressure values during the control period showed a biphasic circadian rhythm, with higher values during wakefulness and lower values during sleep. The control period was also characterized by a rapid rise in blood pressure on awakening, the so-called morning surge of blood pressure, and a gradual decline during sleep at night. Although the morning surge was not completely suppressed by nitrendipine given after breakfast, it was diminished by the drug given on awakening or after supper; the latter brought a deeper decline in blood pressure during sleep compared with other times. The average of 24-hour blood pressure values obtained by nitrendipine given on awakening was the lowest among the three occasions. Thus, administration of long-acting calcium antagonists with a rapid onset of action on awakening in the early morning seems to be a more rational and beneficial alternative than the conventional administration after breakfast.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1986

The effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin.

After oral administration of a single dose of ofloxacin (300 mg), with and without a standard breakfast, to 12 healthy male volunteers in an open, randomized crossover study, concentrations of the unchanged drug were estimated at various times in serum and urine, over 28 hours and 48 hours, respectively. Each dose was followed by a wash-out period of 1 week. Ofloxacin concentrations were determined using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC): parallel determinations using a microbiological assay were in close agreement. Maximum serum concentrations (Cmax) of ofloxacin, after fasting and with breakfast, respectively, were 3.7 and 3.1 micrograms/ml (HPLC, median values). The corresponding areas under the serum concentration-time curves (AUC0-28) were 29.9 and 24.5 micrograms/ml. The lower values of Cmax and AUC0-28 found after food intake were statistically significant (p less than 0.05) but not clinically relevant when compared to the fasting values. Time to reach Cmax and terminal elimination half-life (t1/2 beta) were not significantly affected by food intake: t1/2 beta was calculated as 5.3 and 5.9 hours (HPLC, median values), fasting and with breakfast, respectively. Urinary recovery (after 48 hours: 72% and 74%, respectively) was also not significantly affected by food intake, and urinary concentrations of ofloxacin remained far above 1 microgram/ml, i.e. above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90) for most bacterial strains, for at least 48 hours after drug administration. General tolerability was good; no side-effects were reported.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Targeting postprandial hyperglycemia: a comparative study of insulinotropic agents in type 2 diabetes.

This study was designed to compare the efficacy of three insulinotropic agents in the control of postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. Fifteen subjects with noninsulin-requiring type 2 diabetes were admitted to the General Clinical Research Center on four separate occasions. During the control study and following 7-10 d on each study medication, daylong glucose profiles were performed to investigate the effects of the assigned medication on postprandial hyperglycemia. During each admission, placebo or study medications were administered before three isocaloric meals as follows: immediate-release glipizide 30 min before breakfast and 30 min before supper, glipizide gastrointestinal therapeutic system (GITS) 30 min before breakfast, or nateglinide 120 mg 10 min before breakfast, before lunch, and before supper. Blood was drawn for analysis of glucose, insulin, and C-peptide at -0.05, 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 h relative to each test meal. Immediate-release glipizide, nateglinide, or glipizide GITS administration resulted in significantly lower integrated daylong (glucose area under the curve) and peak glucose levels, compared with placebo. There were no significant differences in the daylong integrated glucose levels among the three study medications. The peak postbreakfast glucose level (but not glucose area under the curve) was lower with nateglinide, compared with either immediate-release glipizide or glipizide GITS. Postlunch and postdinner integrated glucose levels were significantly lower with immediate-release glipizide or glipizide GITS, compared with nateglinide. C-peptide levels were significantly higher with immediate-release glipizide, compared with glipizide GITS. Insulin levels did not differ among the three study medications. Once-daily glipizide GITS, twice-daily immediate-release glipizide, or three-times-a-day administration of nateglinide results in equivalent control of postmeal hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. The decision to prescribe one of these three insulinotropic agents should be based on factors such as the patient's ability to comply with complex dosing regimens, the need to control fasting hyperglycemia, the risk of interprandial hypoglycemia, and pharmacoeconomic considerations, rather than postprandial glucose-lowering efficacy.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Responses of lipolysis and salivary cortisol to food intake and physical activity in lean and obese children.

This investigation was conducted to determine whether there were differences in lipolytic responses to feeding and physical activity between lean (LN) and obese (OB) children, and if these responses were related to cortisol. Fourteen LN and 11 OB children participated in this study of abdominal lipolysis and salivary cortisol response to breakfast and lunch with an intervening exercise session. Calculated fasting glycerol release was lower in OB than LN (0.645 +/- 0.06 vs. 0.942 +/- 0.11 micromol/ml; P < 0.05). Fasting adipose tissue nutritive flow was lower in OB than in LN subjects, but responses to feeding and exercise were not different. Breakfast elicited a decrease in interstitial glycerol concentration in LN (-33%; P < 0.05), but not in OB (-5%), children, although decreases in glycerol concentration in response to lunch were similar (LN, -41%; OB, -36%). An interaction was evident in the salivary cortisol response to breakfast (LN, no change; OB, increase) and exercise (LN, no change; OB, decrease), but there were no group differences in response to lunch. Alterations in salivary cortisol and lipolysis were not related. These data suggest that salivary cortisol and lipolytic responses are not necessarily linked, but are altered in obesity. Furthermore, prior exercise may improve the antilipolytic response to a meal in OB children.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1995

[Risk factors for diabetes mellitus evaluated by long-term observation].

To evaluate the risk factors for diabetes mellitus, I examined 2573 people (1851 males and 722 females) who received medical checkups more than twice at a health examination center in Tokyo during the period from 1976 through 1991. Diabetic patients were excluded at the beginning. The mean follow up duration was 5.2 years. A self-registering questionnaire was administered at the time of the health checkup. The standard of this study was the onset of diabetes mellitus or glucose intolerance (fasting blood sugar over 110 mg/dl). I compared two prognosis groups (a normal group and a diabetic group) in terms of age, examination findings and prevalence of health risks (lifestyle, stress and working form). I also assessed family history of diabetes and past history including hypertension, hepercholesterolemia and hyperuricemia. After assessing each variable, I employed Cox's proportional hazards model analysis. 1) Among the subjects, 296 persons (243/1851 [13.1%] males, and 53/722 [7.3%] females) were newly diagnosed with diabetes during the observation period. 2) The diabetic group had significant differences compared to the normal group in age, BMI (Body Mass Index), FBS (fasting blood sugar), smoking, drinking, eating no breakfast, dairy intake, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hyperuricemia, and family history by t-test and chi 2 test. 3) According to proportional hazards model analysis, FBS, age, family history, hypertension, smoking and BMI were selected as significant risk factors for diabetes in males. For females, breakfast, FBS, age, drinking and hypertension were selected. 4) Diabetes seemed to be related to fixed factors such as age, or genetic factors such as family history and FBS in males. For females, lifestyle, such as eating no breakfast and drinking habit played an important role.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

The relationship between healthful eating practices and dental caries in children aged 2-5 years in the United States, 1988-1994.

BACKGROUND: As a result of the introduction of multiple fluoride vehicles and other preventive agents, caries prevalence rates in young children have been declining over the past two decades in the United States. However, changing dietary patterns in young children may offset some of the oral health benefits of fluoridation. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between caries in primary teeth and healthful eating practices in young children. METHODS: The authors used data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to investigate the relationship between healthful eating practices (such as breast-feeding, eating breakfast and consuming five servings of fruits and vegetables a day) and dental caries (untreated tooth decay and overall caries experience) in the primary dentition among children aged 2 through 5 years. RESULTS: The odds of experiencing caries in primary teeth were significantly greater in nonpoor children who did not eat breakfast daily or ate fewer than five servings of fruit and vegetables per day (odds ratio, or OR = 3.77; 95 percent confidence interval, or CI, 1.80 to 7.89 and OR = 3.21; 95 percent CI, 1.74 to 5.95, respectively). No association was found between breast-feeding and caries in primary teeth. CONCLUSION: Young children with poor eating habits are more likely to experience caries. Overall, the findings support the notion that dental health education should encourage parents, primary caregivers and policy-makers to promote healthful eating practices, such as eating breakfast daily, for young children. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Dental professionals are well-positioned to inform parents and caregivers regarding age-appropriate healthful eating practices for young children entrusted in their care.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1998

Short-term variability in the concentration of serum interleukin-6 and its soluble receptor in subjectively healthy persons.

The effects of the time of the day and breakfast on the outcome of interleukin-6 and its soluble receptor in serum were studied on 22 subjectively health volunteers. We collected blood specimens at 8.00 a.m. after an overnight fast, at 9.30 a.m. after usual breakfast, and at 11.30 a.m. A second group of volunteers (n = 20) was studied during the evening. We observed a significant decrease in the concentration of interleukin-6 after breakfast. This suggests that for assay of this analyte it is preferable to collect specimens after overnight fast. No changes were observed in the concentrations of interleukin-6 soluble receptor. Weak, but significant negative correlations were found between the age of the volunteers and the concentrations of interleukin-6 soluble receptor and between age and the ratio interleukin-6 soluble receptor/interleukin-6. The concentrations of interleukin-6 were positively and significantly correlated with age. The within-subject variability was 30% for interleukin-6, 13% for its receptor, and 33.1% for the ratio interleukin-6 soluble receptor/interleukin-6. The between-subject variability was 43.7% for interleukin-6, 22.2% for its receptor, and 60.2% for the ratio interleukin-6 soluble receptor/interleukin-6. The indices of individuality (ratio within-subject variability/between-subject variability) were calculated and found to be 0.69, 0.60, and 0.55 for interleukin-6, its soluble receptor, and the ratio interleukin-6 soluble receptor/interleukin-6, respectively. The implications of these indices with the use of health-related reference values is discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of parenteral nutrition on oral intake.

Oral intake following a high density oral supplement (preload) is lower than that after a low density preload. We studied a similar effect of parenteral nutrition on oral intake. Twelve neurologically intact children (8-16 yr) with orthopedic problems and no concurrent illness were included in the study. As part of the inclusion criteria, all patients had documented energy intake for breakfast of +/- 10% on 3 consecutive days. On the fourth day parenteral nutrition equal to 50% of the mean energy intake for breakfast was provided for 4 hours before breakfast and energy intake measured. The composition of the parenteral energy was matched with that of the oral intake. The mean oral energy intake without (470 +/- 90 kcal) and with (458 +/- 64 kcal) parenteral nutrition preload was comparable (p > 0.05). Our conclusion is that parenteral nutrition does not affect oral intake in patients without underlying gastrointestinal disease.

Adolescent↗