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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Collaborative WHO xylitol field studies in Hungary. VII. Two-year caries incidence in 976 institutionalized children.

The aim was to assess caries increment as influenced by partial substitution of sucrose by xylitol (X group) over a 2-year period in comparison with systemic fluoride (F group) and restorative treatment only (C group). The study differed from the 3-year field study of the same series primarily in that existing base-line differences were eliminated because the protocol required that all the new subjects entering the institutions in the 1st year were to be included for a 2-year trial. During this period the number of dropouts was 243 (19.9% of all subjects), the final material consisting of 976 children (6-12 years old). The 2-year DMFS increment was 3.8 in the X group, 4.8 in the F group, and 6.0 in the C group. The corresponding ratio (RS) between caries incidence and the tooth surface population at risk was RSX, 4.5; RSF, 5.5; and RSC, 7.5. The xylitol regimen resulted in a lower increment of caries than measured in the F and C groups (p less than 0.001; convariance analysis, with base-line prevalence, number of permanent teeth, and visible plaque index as covariants.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed1991

On the etiology of hearing loss in a population of 155 institutionalized children.

In this paper we present the results of an etiological study in 155 hearing-impaired children and young adults, born between 1960 and 1984, inmates of the IRSA institute (Royal Institute for Deaf and Blind children). Special reference to genetic factors was given. One third of the inmates of this institute were children of immigrants, the majority Italians and North-Africans. The study revealed the following classification for the Belgian pupils: hereditary deafness 22.9%; acquired deafness 44.9% and deafness of unknown origin 32.1%; in the group of immigrants, it was 39.1%, 45.6% and 15.2%, respectively. Six of the 45 patients with a genetic form of deafness presented a distinct syndrome, Usher syndrome (2 patients) being the most frequent. Autosomal dominant inheritance was present more often in the deaf population than in the hearing-impaired population (hearing loss below 80 db), but the difference was not statistically significant. Even after 1980 congenital rubella remained the most frequent exogenous factor causing congenital deafness and, furthermore, we documented for the first time in a retrospective study cytomegalovirus infection as a cause of hearing loss. Atypical retinal abnormalities not related to congenital rubella syndrome were found in 10 inmates by systematic ophthalmological examination: 7 in the unknown group, 1 in the genetic group and 2 in the acquired (meningitis) group.

Child↗
PubMed1975

The effect of a teacher's presence on the classroom behavior of conduct-problem children.

Six institutionalized conduct-problem children performed in a classroom under three reinforcement conditions: (1) noncontingent reinforcement: (2) reinforcement for being on task and (3) reinforcement for the accuracy and rate fo their academic behavior. Within each of these conditions, the teacher was either present throughout the class session or absent for a portion of the session. In the teacher's absence, on-task behavior was markedly reduced and disruption was markedly increased, regardless of the reinforcement condition in operation. In contrast, the teacher's absence had no effect on academic accuracy and had a major effect on academic rate only when reinforcement was delivered noncontingently. Furthermore, the extent to which the children became disruptive in the teacher's absence was reduced when reinforcement was contingent upon academic accuracy and rate, instead of being contingent upon being on task or delivered noncontingently. It is suggested that the reinforcement of academic behavior, rather than on-task behavior or classroom social behavior, not only will improve the latter behaviors as well, but possibly also make them less dependent upon the presence and continued surveillance of the teacher.

Achievement↗
PubMed1975

Asymptomatic epidemic acquisition of group A Streptococcus: antibody response to extracellular and type-specific antigens.

The antibody response of 40 institutionalized children involved in an epidemic associated with asymptomatic pharyngeal acquisition of a group A, M-11, T-11 typeable Streptococcus was studied. Titers of antibody to streptolysin O and to deoxyribonuclease B determined in sera collected from patients within two weeks of positive throat cultures were significantly higher than those in sera of controls (P smaller than 0.001). However, there was no rise in antibody titers in sera obtained from these patients after an interval of three weeks. Type-specific antibody to the group A Streptococcus (type M-11) was assayed in the sera of 24 patients. No detectable antibody activity was found either in the initial sera or in sera collected eight months after the epidemic. Thus, the asymptomatic nature of this epidemic could not be attributed to the presence of detectable type-specific antibody in this population at the time of the epidemic. These observations suggest that asymptomatic pharyngeal acquisition of group A Streptococcus may occur in epidemic fashion in certain populations and may not be associated with evidence of an antibody response to the streptococcal organism.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1988

[Nutritional status of marginated children of the Madrid's autonomous community, Spain].

The nutritional status of 101 institutionalized students aged 6 to 13 was assessed from the dietary and biochemical points of view. The children were pupils of a Youth Care Boarding School. The dietary survey revealed an adequate nutrient intake which met the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) in most cases as well as a high protein intake (250% of RDA). A slight deficiency in energy, zinc, magnesium and vitamins B2 and C was found in some cases in the eldest group. Blood parameters (erythrocyte counts, hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular values, serum proteins, albumin, globulins, albumin/globulin ratio, urea and cholesterol) showed slightly lower values, mainly on hemoglobin, than those obtained from other similar groups. Nevertheless, urine parameters (nitrogen, urea, uric acid and creatinine) were higher, may be due to the high protein intake, energy deficiency and non-dietary factors such as lack of affection, socioeconomic problems, etc. All of these factors cause a rise in the students' catabolism. Correlations between dietary and biochemical data seem to corroborate that there is a shortage of energy, zinc, riboflavin, magnesium and vitamin C intakes in some cases, which limits the build up of several blood elements.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Blindness influences the growth of institutionalized prepubertal subjects.

To investigate if blindness influences the growth rate of young subjects we measured height and weight of 71 prepubertal blind subjects (33 females and 38 males) aged 7-10 yr, in Tanner stage one puberty, living at the Institute "Martuscelli" for young blind individuals in Naples, Italy. They were divided into two groups: group 1 consisting of 27 subjects (14 females and 13 males) with total blindness; group 2 consisting of 44 subjects (20 females and 24 males) having only a light perception. The distribution in quintiles of their height and weight was compared by X2 test for trend to that of an age-matched large population (7902 subjects: 3808 females and 4094 males) of primary school from the same district. A stature significantly lower than controls was evidenced in both group 1 (p = 0.0006) and in group 2 (p = 0.008). When the comparison is performed taking into account the sex of subjects, the girls of both group 1 (p = 0.0014) and group 2 (p = 0.0004) show a stature significantly lower than female controls, whereas the stature of boys of both groups did not differ from that of male controls. No statistically significant differences in weight distribution were found between controls and either group 1 and group 2. Our results suggest that total or partial blindness could influence negatively the growth of prepubertal subjects; in particular it can cause short stature or growth delay especially in female sex.

Blindness↗
PubMed1981

Differences in social skills performance between institutionalized juvenile male offenders and a comparable group of boys without offence records.

Eighteen institutionalized young male offenders and 18 boys without criminal records, comparable in terms of age, academic performance and social background, were videotaped during a five-minute standardized interview with a previously unknown adult. The videotapes were then subjected to a behavioural analysis of 13 responses which had previously been suggested to be important social skill components. The tapes were also shown to six independent judges who rated each tape in terms of social skills performance, social anxiety, friendliness, and employability. The offender group was found to differ significantly from the non-offender group in terms of the level of eye-contact, head movements, amount spoken, fiddling movements, and gross body movements. The offender group was also rated in significantly less favourably terms on the scales of social skills performance, social anxiety, and employability, compared to the non-offender groups. No significant difference was found in terms of friendliness ratings. Correlation analyses between the specific behavioural measures and the subjective rating scales revealed statistically significant associations between six of the 13 behavioural measures and one or more of the subjective rating scales. The provides some indication of the type of responses important in determining the impression made by adolescent male in an interview situation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Evaluation of a patterning treatment for retarded children.

Three groups, each with 15 seriously retarded institutionalized children, were employed to evaluate a modification of the sensorimotor patterning treatment developed at the Institutes for the Achievement of Human Potential (IAHP). The treatment group received a program modeled after the IAHP methods for approximately two hours per day, five days per week, for one year. For the same length of time, a matched motivational control group participated in activities with foster grandparents designed to create positive, success-oriented interactions to improve self-esteem and feelings of efficacy. A no treatment group continued to receive the standard care of the institution, which was enlightened and resident-oriented. A wide variety of behavioral measures were employed, including the IAHP Developmental Profile, IQ, motor and language development scales, and measures of affective, social, and maladaptive behaviors. On the majority of the measures there were no differences in posttest performance among any of the three groups. In no case did the pattern of change of the treatment group differ from that of its crucial comparison, the motivation group. However, all three groups showed some improvement in performance between the beginning and end of the study. It was concluded that the patterning treatment investigated in this study cannot be recommended for seriously retarded children.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1991

Evaluation of stannous fluoride and chlorhexidine sprays on plaque and gingivitis in handicapped children.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of twice-daily oral sprays of 2 ml chlorhexidine (0.2%) and 2 ml stannous fluoride (0.2%) as the sole oral hygiene measure on plaque and gingivitis in handicapped children. 52 institutionalized mentally handicapped individuals (aged 10-26 years) were divided into 4 groups to participate in a 9-week, double-blind, randomized clinically controlled trial, which included a cross-over. For the first 3 weeks, groups 3 and 2 had their mouths sprayed with chlorhexidine and stannous fluoride, respectively. Following a 3-week wash-out interval, groups 1 and 4 were sprayed with chlorhexidine and stannous fluoride, respectively. The alternate groups received a placebo, water. Plaque (PI) and gingival indices (GI) were recorded. Subgingival plaque samples were collected and counts of spirochaetes, motile rods and cocci were taken using darkfield microscopy. By the 9th week of trial, the PI and GI were reduced by 48% and 52% for the stannous fluoride group. In the chlorhexidine group, reductions of 75% (PI) and 78% (GI) were achieved. Pair-wise comparisons of placebo, stannous fluoride and chlorhexidine using the U-test of Mann-Whitney revealed significant (p less than 0.05) differences for both PI and GI scores in the placebo/stannous fluoride and placebo/chlorhexidine pair by the 9th week of the trial. In the stannous fluoride/chlorhexidine pair, only the PI was significantly reduced for those on chlorhexidine. Coccoid cells were more dominant at sites with low PI and GI scores (stannous fluoride and chlorhexidine groups), while spirochaetes and motile rods were more frequent at sites with high PI and GI scores (placebo group).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Local brain functional activity following early deprivation: a study of postinstitutionalized Romanian orphans.

Early global deprivation of institutionalized children may result in persistent specific cognitive and behavioral deficits. In order to examine brain dysfunction underlying these deficits, we have applied positron emission tomography using 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose in 10 children (6 males, 4 females, mean age 8.8 years) adopted from Romanian orphanages. Using statistical parametric mapping (SPM), the pattern of brain glucose metabolism in the orphans was compared to the patterns obtained from two control groups: (i) a group of 17 normal adults (9 males, 8 females, mean age 27.6 years) and (ii) a group of 7 children (5 males and 2 females, mean age 10.7 years) with medically refractory focal epilepsy, but normal glucose metabolism pattern in the contralateral hemisphere. Consistent with previous studies of children adopted from Romanian orphanages, neuropsychological assessment of Romanian orphans in the present study showed mild neurocognitive impairment, impulsivity, and attention and social deficits. Comparing the normalized glucose metabolic rates to those of normal adults, the Romanian orphans showed significantly decreased metabolism bilaterally in the orbital frontal gyrus, the infralimbic prefrontal cortex, the medial temporal structures (amygdala and head of hippocampus), the lateral temporal cortex, and the brain stem. These findings were confirmed using a region-of-interest approach. SPM analysis showed significantly decreased glucose metabolism in the same brain regions comparing the orphans to the nonepileptic hemisphere of the childhood epilepsy controls. Dysfunction of these brain regions may result from the stress of early global deprivation and may be involved in the long-term cognitive and behavioral deficits displayed by some Romanian orphans.

Adoption↗
PubMed1976

Reared in adversity: institutional care of children in the 18th century.

The earliest public pediatric care of the 18th century in this country took the form of "outdoor relief." Institutional care followed, first almshouses were built; then orphanages, hospitals, and dispensaries. Almshouses not only included workhouses but provided comprehensive medical services. Throughout the 18th century, people often referred to the almshouses as hospitals. As general hospitals, they rendered a variety of pediatric services to sick children, including the idiotic and hopelessly crippled, and the newborns delivered in the maternity wards; and they tendered services for well children, such as foundlings, abandoned children, and the children of destitute parents, placing infants in foster homes and indenturing older children for training in various trades and crafts. The voluntary hospitals, on the other hand, were for the "worthy" poor and limited their services to the insane and the curable sick. There were only two opened during the 18th century-the Pennsylvania Hospital in 1752 and the New York Hospital in 1791. The former excluded young children during the 18th century. Orphanages preceded the voluntary hospitals in point of time, offering many pediatric services to children, well and sick. Finally, at the end of the century, the independent dispensaries appeared, the first in Philadelphia in 1786. By the middle of this 20th century, practically all of them had been absorbed by hospitals. In these institutions, pediatric knowledge advanced and medical manpower developed even during the 18th century. By the end of that century, social movements began from which evolved the 19th-century concern for the welfare of children.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The Hopelessness Scale for Children: psychometric properties with hospitalized adolescents.

This study examined the internal consistency and factor structure of the Hopelessness Scale for Children with 201 adolescent inpatients (M age = 15.4 years). In comparison to the psychometric properties of the scale found with younger children, our findings suggest adequate, but lower, internal consistency reliability and a weak core factor structure. The results are discussed in terms of possible changes in the child scale or the alternative use of an adult measure of hopelessness with adolescents.

Adolescent↗