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Results for “Chorionic Villi”

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PubMed1982

Surface ultrastructure of the human placental villi and sites of contact with maternal red blood cells.

With the aid of the scanning electron microscope the possible sites of materno-foetal oxygen transfer were investigated. Fresh small tissue pieces were obtained and processed from at least six regions of central and peripheral parts of the maternal surface of human full-term placentas. The surface ultrastructural features of the syncytiotrophoblast lining the stem and floating villi were surveyed. The microvilli projecting from the apical portion of the syncytiotrophoblast appeared to be highly pleomorphic and showed regional variation in their distribution. On the other hand, our results confirmed the occurrence of non-microvillous areas on the apices of some floating villi. When present, these areas were always free from contact with maternal red blood cells. Maternal red blood cells, however, were seen in close contact only with areas covered with microvilli. Occasionally, impressions ("footmarks") were apparent on some surfaces and detached microvilli were seen adherent to the surface of other maternal red cells which had separated from the villous surface. Our results indicate, therefore, that the microvillous areas of the chorionic villi are the most likely sites for oxygen transfer and that one of the functions of the microvilli is gas transfer across the placenta.

Chorionic Villi↗

PubMed1985

Alpha-globin gene organisation and prenatal diagnosis of alpha-thalassaemia in Chinese.

DNA samples from 60 Chinese patients with haemoglobin H disease were analysed by restricted endonuclease mapping to determine the patterns of alpha-globin gene organisation and the distribution of these patterns in China. Restriction endonuclease analysis and rapid micro-DNA hybridisation on nitrocellulose membranes were also used to analyse DNA from amniotic fluid cells or from chorionic villi in 7 pregnancies at risk of haemoglobin Barts hydrops fetalis, in 1 at risk of haemoglobin H disease, and 1 at risk of both disorders.

Amniotic Fluid↗

PubMed2003

Adrenomedullin messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the placentae of normal and preeclamptic pregnancies.

In pathological pregnancies, alterations in circulating maternal and fetal adrenomedullin (ADM) concentrations may mediate compensatory vascular responses in the fetal or placental circulation. To address whether ADM is a potential paracrine vasoactive factor within the placenta, the regional distribution and cellular localization of ADM mRNA expression were determined by Northern blot and in situ hybridization of different regions of the placenta and fetal membranes from pregnancies complicated by severe preeclampsia [<28 wk (n = 7) and >28 wk (n = 13)] and from normotensive pregnancies [<28 wk (n = 6) and >28 wk (n = 15)]. Northern blotting revealed that ADM mRNA (1.3 kb) was expressed in chorionic villi and basal plate regions, but was most abundantly expressed in the choriodecidua. By in situ hybridization, ADM mRNA was localized to the syncytiotrophoblasts and the extravillous cytotrophoblasts in the basal plate and choriodecidua regions. ADM mRNA expression was increased in the choriodecidua, syncytial knots, and cytotrophoblasts in peri-infarct regions in preeclampsia. In chorionic villous explant studies maintained at reduced oxygen tension, ADM mRNA abundance was increased at 12, 24, and 48 h. ADM mRNA expressed in syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts in the basal plate decidua and choriodecidua may contribute to the maternal and fetal plasma levels. In preeclampsia, regional increases in ADM mRNA may be induced by hypoxia and mediate local fetal/placental adaptive responses to reduced placental perfusion.

Adrenomedullin↗

PubMed1976

Midtrimester prostaglandin-induced abortion: gross and light microscopic findings in the placenta.

A systematic gross and light microscopic study was done of 60 placentas, spontaneously delivered following induction by intra-amniotic PGF2alpha administration. The main findings were: high incidence of marginal and basal decidual hemorrhage, widespread degenerative changes in the decidua and chorionic villi, intervillous congestion and thrombosis and significant underfilling of the fetal vasculature. These changes are discussed in terms of the possible factors underlying the mechanism of prostaglandin-induced abortion.

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Prenatal paternity testing using DNA extracted from coelomic cells.

OBJECTIVE: Prenatal paternity testing can be performed following invasive prenatal diagnosis with amniocentesis or CVS. Coelocentesis is a new technique that could be used as an alternative method early in the first trimester of pregnancy. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential use of the DNA extracted from coelomic cells in the prenatal paternity testing. METHODS: Coelocentesis was performed in 20 singleton pregnancies at 7-9 weeks of gestation immediately before surgical termination of pregnancy. Chorionic cells from the placenta and blood cells from the parents were processed by the standard salt extraction method. Two loci, TPO and Apo B, were used for paternity testing in the DNA of coelomic cells, chorionic cells and blood cells. RESULTS: There was concordance in the results obtained from the coelomic cells and chorionic villi. In two cases only the polymorphisms used were not conclusively informative for paternity exclusion. CONCLUSIONS: Coelomic cells are potentially useful for early paternity testing.

Apolipoproteins B↗

PubMed1988

Characteristic differences in immunohistochemical localization of new placental proteins (PP1, PP19, PP21) in the human placenta.

The immunohistochemical localization in the human placenta of new placental proteins PP1, PP19, and PP21 was clarified using modified indirect enzyme-labeled antibody method and compared with that of pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (SP1). The major results are as follows: positive staining for PP1 was seen at the nucleus and cytoplasm of villous cytotrophoblasts, the X cells at the basal plate, and of chorionic trophoblasts, while the decidua cells and amnion were not stained. PP19 was characteristically seen in the nucleus and cytoplasm of syncytiotrophoblasts. X cells in basal plate, chorionic trophoblasts, and maternal leukocytes. The villous cytotrophoblasts, decidua cells, and amnion were not stained. PP21 localization was found at the microvilli and basal membrane of syncytiotrophoblasts and at the cytotrophoblast plasma membrane of the chorionic villus in early gestation. In late gestation, increased staining was seen at the syncytiotrophoblast microvilli and the villous basement membrane, and moderate staining at plasma membrane of the amniotic epithelium and chorionic trophoblasts. SP1 was found only at the syncytiotrophoblast cytoplasm of chorionic villi. Studies using these four placental proteins simultaneously may therefore provide a new key learning about unknown metabolic functions of trophoblasts.

Basement Membrane↗

PubMed1988

Bilateral tubal pregnancy.

A case of simultaneous bilateral tubal pregnancy in a 29-year-old patient is presented. The diagnosis was confirmed by pathologic examination, showing chorionic villi in both locations. The possibility of this rare diagnosis should always be kept in mind and careful examination of both adnexa should be performed in cases of ectopic pregnancy.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Immunocytochemical localization of a caveolin-1 isoform in human term extra-embryonic membranes using confocal laser scanning microscopy: implications for the complexity of the materno-fetal junction.

This immunochemical, immunocytochemical, histological and ultrastructural study demonstrates the presence of caveolin 1 in a number of locations in term human extra-embryonic membranes. Strong expression was observed in fetal blood vessel endothelial cells of chorionic villi (cv) and in cv, amniotic and chorionic plate mesenchymal cells, but weak expression was characteristic of trophoblast. Expression in the amniotic epithelium indicated a stronger association with apical as opposed to baso-lateral membranes. Strong immunoreactivity in the thin lining layer of the maternal blood space of the basal plate was a surprising finding. Previously defined as trophoblast, we argue that this is at least partly endothelium based on this new histological, ultrastructural and immunocytochemical data.

Amnion↗

PubMed2002

CD10 is a marker for normal and neoplastic endometrial stromal cells.

Using the immunohistochemical technique, we investigated the expression of CD10 in normal female genital tissues, chorionic villi and decidua of early gestation, endometriotic lesions, and uterine mesenchymal tumors. The cytoplasm of normal endometrial stromal cells was consistently positive for CD10. During early gestation, decidualized endometrial stromal cells were negative or only focally positive for CD10, whereas nondecidualized stromal cells were diffusely positive. Syncytiotrophoblast was positive for CD10 on the apical surface, whereas chorionic mesenchymal cells were diffusely positive within the cytoplasm. Cytotrophoblast and intermediate trophoblast were negative for CD10. Groups of stromal cells surrounding cervical glands were often positive for CD10. Myometrium, endometrial and cervical glands, cervical squamous epithelia, and tubal epithelia and stroma exhibited no reactivity for CD10. In endometriosis and adenomyosis, ectopic endometrial stromal cells were usually positive for CD10. Endometrial stromal tumors, including undifferentiated uterine sarcomas, mostly showed diffuse immunoreactivity for CD10. Leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas were negative or focally (< 5% of cells staining) positive (8/12 leiomyomas and 4/8 leiomyosarcomas) for CD10, except for 1 myxoid leiomyosarcoma that showed CD10 staining in the myxoid areas. These data suggest that diffuse CD10 staining is characteristic of normal and neoplastic endometrial stromal cells, unless they are decidualized.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗

PubMed1978

[The microvascularity of human placental villi].

Scanning electron microscopic observation of plastic casts of human chorionic villi vasculature has demonstrated that in the area of placental exchange two blood capillary networks are present: the paravascular and the villous capillary networks. S.E.M. provides precise information on the shape and anatomical relations of these blood capillary networks.

Capillaries↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A study of placental villi in extrauterine gestation: a guide to the frequency of blighted ova.

Material from 329 tubal pregnancies has been examined histologically. In addition, the villous content of glucosaminoglycans was studied. Depending on the degree of the morphological changes three groups can be differentiated: "abortion in association with normal placental findings", "suspicion of blighted ova", and "blighted ova". In the first group (35 cases, 10.64 per cent) there were distinct differences in the morphological picture in contrast to the normal abortion of intrauterine origin; that is, differing size of chorionic villi, the presence of isolated molar villi and proliferative changes in the epithelium. A normal morphological villous pattern was extremely rare. The second group (146 cases, 44.41 per cent) showed all the morphological signs of transition to blighted ova. Most villi were well-vascularized but there were more molar villi, and proliferative and degenerative changes were seen in the epithelium. Group three (132 cases, 40.19 per cent) showed the full picture of a blighted ova. The morphological pattern of the extrauterine blighted ova was similar to that seen in the blighted ova of intrauterine origin, the only difference being that the vascularization of the villi was more pronounced in blighted ova of tubal pregnancies. Glucosaminoglycans were non-uniformly distributed over the villous stroma in the case of blighted ova, and they were present in greater concentration than in the case of abortions with normal placental findings: this is a useful method for differentiating abortions from blighted ova. It is apparent from the results of this investigation that the proportion of blighted ova is substantially greater in extrauterine than in intrauterine pregnancies. This suggests that unfavourable conditions of nidation within the tube have a decisive influence upon the genesis of blighted ova. Furthermore, the unfavourable environment appears adversely to influence trophoblastic development.

Chorionic Villi↗

PubMed1993

Expression of class II HLA molecules by endothelial cells of human decidua.

Many authors have documented a high level of expression of class II HLA molecules by decidua. Although macrophages appear to be responsible for this, we show in this article that endothelial cells (EC) of the venules and capillaries of human decidua also strongly express class II molecules, whereas EC of chorionic villi do not. We discuss this finding in the context of the maternal-fetal immune interaction.

Arterioles↗

PubMed1989

A new case of pericentric inversion 20.

A prenatal diagnosis from a chorionic villi biopsy revealed a pericentric inversion of chromosome 20. The child's father also carries the inverted chromosome. The breakpoints p13q11.2 differ for 4 of the 5 published cases of inversion 20.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Impact of first-trimester chromosome, DNA, and metabolic studies on pregnancies at high genetic risk: experience with 1,000 cases.

We describe the results and follow-up of chorionic villus studies in 1,034 pregnancies at risk for chromosome or metabolic disorders. Direct chromosome studies were successful in 99.7% and yielded results within a few days. Fifty pregnancies at risk for an unbalanced translocation, inherited from parents with many small reciprocal translocations, were a good test for the quality of the direct method. The 101 metabolic studies involving 28 disorders were correct in 99 pregnancies in the first trimester. In two cases a correct diagnosis was obtained by the confirmatory amniocentesis. DNA studies were carried out in pregnancies of male fetuses at risk for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and a few metabolic disorders. The abortion rate after chorionic villus sampling was 5.1% but more than half of the pregnant women were greater than or equal to 36 years old and have a spontaneous abortion rate of 10% between the 10th and 14th week according to Gustavii [Lancet 1:562, 1984]. Follow-up studies confirmed results of all chromosome studies after termination when there was fetal cell growth; the outcome of 504 consecutive continuing pregnancies showed no discrepancies of the phenotype after birth. It was concluded that first-trimester chorionic villi studies gave reliable results and were increasingly preferred by the patients, while the sampling can be considered a safe procedure based on the currently available data.

Chorionic Villi↗

PubMed2004

Prenatal diagnosis of propionic acidemia.

In this report we summarize our experience in prenatal diagnosis of propionic acidemia (PA) since 1987. Overall, we have investigated 25 pregnancies at risk from 19 unrelated families. Until genetic structure of the genes involved in PA was elucidated, prenatal diagnosis has been successfully performed by means of metabolite quantitation and/or enzymatic assays in foetal issue. Today, direct propionyl-CoA carboxylase activity assay in combination with molecular analysis in chorion villi can be regarded as a fast and reliable method of choice for prenatal diagnosis of this organic acidemia.

Amniotic Fluid↗

PubMed1998

Extratubal secondary trophoblastic implants: clinicopathologic correlation and review of the literature.

Extratubal secondary trophoblastic implants (ESTI) are a rare complication of conservative laparoscopic procedures for tubal ectopic pregnancies. These implants present with persistent beta-hCG titers postoperatively and are probably the result of disruption of the ectopic pregnancy at salpingostomy or morcellation of the fallopian tube at salpingectomy. We describe the case of a 32-year-old woman who underwent a laparoscopic salpingectomy for a tubal ectopic pregnancy that was complicated postoperatively by peritoneal ESTI including extensive omental implants. Intraoperatively the lesions appeared as 0.3 cm red-black nodules and, microscopically, consisted of degenerating chorionic villi associated with implantation changes in the surrounding tissue. To the pathologist unaware of the clinical entity of ESTI, these lesions may present a diagnostic challenge.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Measurement of endogenous carbon monoxide formation in biological systems.

Endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) formation has been measured in different biological systems using a variety of analytical procedures. The methods include gas chromatography-reduction gas detection, gas chromatography-mass spectroscopic detection, laser sensor-infrared absorption, UV-visible spectrophotometric measurement of CO-hemoglobin or CO-myoglobin complex, and formation of (14)CO from (14)C-heme formed following [2-(14)C]glycine administration. CO formation ranged from a low of 0.029 nmol/mg of protein/h in chorionic villi of term human placenta to a high of 0.28 nmol/mg of protein/h in rat olfactory receptor neurons in culture and rat liver perfusate.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Abortion risk in chorionic villus sampling. Evaluation in elective termination of pregnancy.

100 patients were examined to evaluate the risk of abortion of chorionic villus sampling. In the 8th-10th week of pregnancy a catheter with a mandrin was introduced into the chorion frondosum under ultrasound guidance. The mandrin was then removed and trophoblast tissue obtained by aspiration. The patients agreed to postpone elective termination of pregnancy for 2 weeks. Another ultrasound was performed before suction curettage. With increasing experience, the abortion rate dropped to 4%, whereas the rate of successful biopsies and analyses rose to more than 90%. Based on these results, chorionic villi sampling was made available at the 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vienna, as an alternative method to amniocentesis. Out of 38 biopsies, 25 karyotypes were normal, two biopsies revealed pathological results (trisomy 21, 22), 11 samples showed no results (insufficient tissue or no mitoses). One patient had a spontaneous abortion (trisomy 22) and one an abortion due to infection. Chorionic villus sampling could replace amniocentesis because chromosomal anomalies may be detected already in the 1st trimester of pregnancy.

Abortion, Induced↗