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PubMed1998

[Obesity, an unresolved challenge in Chile].

Socioeconomic and demographic changes in Chile, have modified its epidemiological profile. At the present time, the most important public health problems are non communicable chronic diseases, specially cardiovascular ailments. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors has also increased and obesity stands out. This review analyzes the present situation of obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors of nutritional origin, in Chile, and proposes intervention alternatives. At the present time 7% preschool children, 12% of school children, 24% of pregnant women, 10% of male adults and 24% of female adults are obese. This higher prevalence is even more pronounced in women of low socioeconomic level. Risk factors associated to obesity are an inadequate diet, with a higher consumption of fats and refined foods, sedentariness and hyperlipidemia. Primary and secondary care strategies must be devised to face this growing problem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Three strikes and you're out: demographic analysis of mandatory prison sentencing.

Much of the debate about the costs and benefits of "three-strikes" laws for repeat felony offenders is implicitly demographic, relying on unexamined assumptions about prison population dynamics. However, even state-of-the-art analysis has omitted important demographic details. We construct a multistate life-table model of population flows to and from prisons, incorporating age-specific transition rates estimated from administrative data from Florida. We use the multistate life-table model to investigate patterns of prison population growth and aging under many variants of three-strikes laws. Our analysis allows us to quantify these demographic changes and suggests that the aging of prison populations under three-strikes policies will significantly undermine their long-run effectiveness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[A marked increase in the rate of diagnosed prostate cancer in the Netherlands during 1990-1996].

OBJECTIVE: To study the variation of the number of histologically detected adenocarcinomas of the prostate in the Netherlands during the period 1990-1996. DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING: National study. METHOD: Use was made of data from the National Automated Morbid-Anatomical Record Department (PALGA), Utrecht. The following data were established for each year of the study period: the total number of histological examinations of the prostate, the number of men involved (often several histological examinations of the prostate of the same man in the same year), how often adenocarcinoma was diagnosed by these examinations and how many men were involved, as well as the age of all carcinoma patients. These data were compared with those concerning variation and incidence of cancer of the prostate obtained from the Netherlands. Cancer Registration and the Central Statistics Office. RESULTS: In 7 years a total of 205,525 histological examinations of the prostate were performed in 179,298 men; the diagnosis 'adenocarcinoma of the prostate' was made 52,964 times in 44,182 men. The number of tissue examinations with the diagnosis 'carcinoma of the prostate' increased by 63% (from 5,596 to 9,146), the number of men in whom this diagnosis was made increased by 62% (from 4,710 to 7,614). The relative frequency of prostate carcinoma in relation to all examinations of the prostate increased in 6 years (1991-1996) from 22% to 28%. In that period, the (uncorrected) incidence increased by 50%, while mortality corrected for age remained the same. CONCLUSION: Of the marked increase of the number of detected cases of carcinoma of the prostate in the study period, only a small part could be attributed to demographic changes. Since autopsies have shown that there exists a large 'stock' of subclinical carcinomas, most of the growth can probably be explained by the more intensive diagnostics with prostate-specific antigen and transrectal ultrasonography.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1998

Current patterns and future trends in the population of the United States: implications for dentistry and the dental profession in the twenty-first century.

Changes in the size, distribution and composition of the population of the United States will have significant effects on health care professionals in the coming years. For dentists and other professionals involved in health care provision, it is likely that among the effects of demographic change will be change in the characteristics of their patient base, change in the characteristics of health professionals, and potential change in the socioeconomic resources of their patients. In this article, we describe current and expected future patterns of change in the population of the United States and discuss their significance for dentistry in the twenty-first century.

Dental Health Services↗