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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Development of residency program guidelines for interaction with the pharmaceutical industry. Education Council, Residency Training Programme in Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.

Medical residency programs are likely to face increasing pressure to address their relations with the pharmaceutical industry. Our internal medicine residency program has developed guidelines that were adopted after extensive debate by residents and faculty members. The guidelines are based on the principles that residents and faculty should set the educational agenda and that the residency program should not allow gifts of any sort from industry to residents. Specific policies include obtaining and screening educational materials from the industry before residents are exposed to them, proscribing "drug lunches" and accepting industry sponsorship only when the residency program maintains complete control of the educational event being sponsored. The industry response to the guidelines was split; about half reacted negatively, and half found the guidelines acceptable. Our experience suggests that productive debate about guidelines for the interaction of residency programs with the pharmaceutical industry is possible and desirable and that explicit policies can clarify areas of ambiguity.

Drug Industry↗
PubMed1997

A legacy of silence: bioethics and the culture of pain.

For over 20 years the medical literature has carefully documented the undertreatment of all types of pain by physicians. During this same period, as the field of bioethics came of age, the phenomenon of undertreated pain received almost no attention from the bioethics literature. This article takes bioethicists to task for failing to recognize the undertreatment of pain as a major ethical, and not merely a clinical, failing of the medical profession. The nature and extent of the problem of undertreated pain is examined, as well as possible reasons for its disregard by bioethicists. The factors contributing to undertreated pain in the clinical setting are considered, as well as the hazards posed by recent failures to address ethically questionable clinical practices. Finally, suggestions are offered for refocusing the attention of bioethicists to this significant problem.

Attitude↗
PubMed2001

[Marker transport across biological barriers in vitro: comparison of cell culture models for the gastrointestinal barrier, the blood-brain barrier and the alveolar epithelium of the lung].

In order to respond to the flood of new active ingredients currently being generated by combinatorial chemistry or molecular biological synthesis, selection procedures able to filter out rapidly and economically those drug candidates with the highest development potential are required. This necessitates the measurement of fundamental biopharmaceutical parameters very early in the drug development process. Any pharmaceutically active agent must be able to overcome the body's natural protective mechanisms. A broad variety of biological barriers can be simulated in the laboratory by cell monolayer models. Apart from ethical aspects, the advantage of these in vitro test systems is that permeability studies can be performed at high throughput rates under controlled and reproducible conditions. The validity of such a model is ultimately reflected in its ability to accurately predict the behaviour of an active ingredient at the corresponding in vivo barrier.

Animal Testing Alternatives↗
PubMedDate not supplied

New Mexico pharmacists' knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs toward prescribing oral emergency contraception.

OBJECTIVE: To describe New Mexico pharmacists' knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs toward the prescribing of oral emergency contraception (EC) in their practices. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: New Mexico in January through March 2004. POTENTIAL PARTICIPANTS: New Mexico pharmacists. INTERVENTIONS: Questionnaire containing 74 items. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Mean scores were calculated for individual knowledge items, overall knowledge scores, and attitude/belief items. Knowledge and attitude/belief scores were compared across demographic variables using t tests, ANOVA, and chi-square analyses. RESULTS: Of 1392 deliverable questionnaires, 555 (40%) were returned and 523 (38%) were usable; 136 contained written comments. Pharmacists had overall knowledge scores of 71.2% +/- 11.3%. Pharmacists who had participated in a state-approved EC prescribing training program and had time in their practice setting to prescribe EC had significantly higher knowledge scores. Mean scores indicated that pharmacists have positive attitudes and beliefs toward prescribing EC. Overall, 40% of respondents indicated that they would like to become certified to prescribe EC. Pharmacists who agreed that they would like to be certified to prescribe EC were significantly more likely to be male, non-Hispanic, non-Christian, to have liberal or moderate political views, and to indicate that they had employer/manager approval, time, and privacy in their practice setting to prescribe EC. CONCLUSION: New Mexico pharmacists have positive attitudes/beliefs toward EC prescribing; however, their knowledge in this area is average. Although religious, moral, and political views influence pharmacists' willingness to prescribe EC, factors such as education and practice environment must be addressed if more pharmacists are to accept this EC prescriptive authority.

Contraception, Postcoital↗