SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “INFECTIOUS DISEASES”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection in an infectious disease hospital.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To analyse clinicopathological features of HIV infected patients admitted in an infectious disease hospital in Mumbai. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study of 501 patients admitted from 1st September, 1996 to 28th February, 1998 and screened for HIV status out of clinical suspicion was carried out. HIV seropositivity was established by double confirmation of spot test results with microwell Elisa test. RESULTS: HIV seropositivity was seen in 39.92%. Out of these 94% were adults with male preponderance and 96.5% had only HIV-1 infection. The significant clinical features in HIV positive patients were chronic diarrhea (51.5%), prolonged fever (41.5%) and history of exposure (34%). Pulmonary tuberculosis could be diagnosed in 19.5% of HIV positive patients. In patients with prolonged/recurrent jaundice HBsAg and HIV was noted as a coinfection within 10/42 cases tested. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing prevalence of HIV seropositivity was noted in patients admitted to an infectious disease hospital. Association of HIV infection with tuberculosis and in icteric cases with HBsAg was significant. The HIV screening should be carried out in patients with prolonged illness resistant to usual mode of treatment.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed2003

Electron microscopy and the investigation of new infectious diseases.

OBJECTIVES: To review and assess the role of electron microscopy in the investigation of new infectious diseases. DESIGN: To design a screening strategy to maximize the likelihood of detecting new or emerging pathogens in clinical samples. RESULTS: Electron microscopy remains a useful method of investigating some viral infections (infantile gastroenteritis, virus-induced outbreaks of gastroenteritis and skin lesions) using the negative staining technique. In addition, it remains an essential technique for the investigation of new and emerging parasitic protozoan infections in the immunocompromised patients from resin-embedded tissue biopsies. Electron microscopy can also have a useful role in the investigation of certain bacterial infections. CONCLUSIONS: Electron microscopy still has much to contribute to the investigation of new and emerging pathogens, and should be perceived as capable of producing different, but equally relevant, information compared to other investigative techniques. It is the application of a combined investigative approach using several different techniques that will further our understanding of new infectious diseases.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

The use of contracts in the management of infectious disease related risk in the NHS internal market.

The paper reports a unique study of contracting for infectious disease control in the English National Health Service internal market. New-institutional economic and socio-legal theories are used to predict that it will not be possible to make contracts for the control of infectious disease which are complete with respect to either the allocation of financial risk or the specification of quality standards. Socio-legal theory predicts that in some circumstances informal relationships (known as networks or relational contracts) can evolve to compensate for some of the deficiencies of incomplete contracts. NHS policy makers are shown to have expected and continue to expect that contracts can be complete. The study comprised five in-depth case studies of contracting in different local areas in England and a national survey of all infection control professionals. The results confirm the theoretical predictions. Contracts were not complete, and some of the elements of relational contracts were present. These elements did not, however, fully compensate for the lack of clear accountability caused by contractual incompleteness.

Communicable Disease Control↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Role of infectious diseases in human carcinogenesis.

The burden of human infectious diseases remains a public health problem worldwide. At least 2 billion people are affected by viral infections, and a similar number by bacteria or helminths. The long-term effects of these maladies have raised particular concern since some infectious agents have been associated with chronic human diseases, especially cancer. It is estimated that 13-20% of the world cancer cases are associated with some virus, bacteria, or helminth, e.g., human papillomavirus, Helicobacter pylori, and Schistosoma haematobium that cause cervical, stomach, and urinary bladder cancer, respectively. Certain associations between infection and malignancy are strong and irrefutable; others are still speculative. This article reviews the infectious agents that have been associated with cancer and current knowledge about the mechanisms underlying these associations.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

How infectious diseases got left out--and what this omission might have meant for bioethics.

In this article, we first document the virtually complete absence of infectious disease examples and concerns at the time bioethics emerged as a field. We then argue that this oversight was not benign by considering two central issues in the field, informed consent and distributive justice, and showing how they might have been framed differently had infectiousness been at the forefront of concern. The solution to this omission might be to apply standard approaches in liberal bioethics, such as autonomy and the harm principle, to infectious examples. We argue that this is insufficient, however. Taking infectious disease into account requires understanding the patient as victim and as vector. Infectiousness reminds us that as autonomous agents we are both embodied and vulnerable in our relationships with others. We conclude by applying this reunderstanding of agency to the examples of informed consent and distributive justice in health care.

Bioethical Issues↗

PubMed1997

The advanced practice nurse in primary care: responsibility for reporting infectious diseases.

Advanced practice nurses are increasingly practicing in primary care settings where they are diagnosing and treating infectious diseases. Care is not complete until these conditions are reported to the local health department. Reporting is not optional--it is the law in every state. This article critiques case studies where disease reporting did not occur, reviews the evidence on noncompliance with reporting laws, discusses reasons for reporting, describes how state laws vary with respect to reporting, and presents steps to assist the advanced practice nurse in reporting infectious diseases.

Disease Notification↗

PubMed1994

A survey of practices in infectious diseases by obstetrician-gynecologists.

OBJECTIVE: To survey current practices among obstetricians and gynecologists concerning a wide range of infectious diseases to guide future efforts in continuing medical education. METHODS: A survey questionnaire of multiple-choice questions was mailed to 2500 physicians, under age 65, randomly selected from the American Medical Association specialty list of obstetrician-gynecologists. The first 500 returns constituted the data set and were analyzed by computer. RESULTS: We found many clinical areas in which practice patterns were deemed appropriate, including antibiotic selection, universal screening for hepatitis B, and follow-up of urinary tract infection in pregnancy. In other areas, marked by controversy among "experts," practice patterns varied widely. These areas included management of premature rupture of the membranes and premature labor, and universal screening for group B streptococci. Areas in need of further continuing medical education efforts include management of perinatal viral infections and diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Although this survey indicated that practice patterns of American obstetricians and gynecologists are appropriate in many clinical areas relevant to infectious diseases, there are other clinical conditions requiring future efforts in continuing medical education.

Female↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Non-epidermidis coagulase-negative staphylococci in infectious diseases of the compromised host].

Today Staphylococcus epidermidis has been recognized as the etiological agent of infectious diseases such as endocarditis, sepsis and meningitis that mainly come out in compromised hosts because of the breaching of the mechanical barrier (cardiosurgical, neurosurgical patients and central venous catheter carriers). Other "non-epidermidis coagulase negative Staphylococci" are more and more frequently isolated from patients at high risk of infection. Faced with these isolations, it is difficult for the clinician and the microbiologist to give these microorganisms their effective pathogenic role. The Authors present a case list of seriously compromised patients in whom non-epidermidis coagulase negative Staphylococci were repeatedly isolated: hemato-oncological patients: the Authors mark out 6 cases of sepsis that is, likely, to be linked to a central venous catheter. The isolated microorganisms were: S. warneri (3 cases); S. haemolyticus (1 case); S. hominis (1 case); S. xylosus (1 case); neurosurgical patients: in whom 3 cases of cerebro-spinal fluid infection were observed; 3 patients carried a ventriculo-peritoneal derivation; 1 patient carried an Ommaya's device. The etiological agents were S. haemolyticus in 2 cases, S. capitis in 1 case. The Authors point out the multiresistance of some strains (S. haemolyticus) and the oxacillin-methicillin resistance phenomenon. They also underline the need for a specific identification of coagulase-negative Staphylococci and the importance of a strict collaboration between clinicians and microbiologists in order to get a correct interpretation of the role played by these microorganisms in infectious diseases of the compromised host.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Toll-like receptors in human infectious diseases.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have emerged as critical players in immunity. They are capable of sensing organisms ranging from protozoa to bacteria, fungi or viruses upon detection of the pathogen as well as recognizing endogenous ligands, and triggering transduction pathways. Following activation of the innate immune system, strong inflammatory signals are generated inducing inflammation and activation of the adaptive immune response. However, the deregulation of TLRs signaling pathways may be conducive to the pathogenesis of many infectious diseases. Therefore, innate and adaptive immunity are not simply sequential and complementary mechanisms of resistance to pathogen, they regulate each other through cellular contacts and the secretion of soluble mediators. Herein, we summarize recent findings on TLRs signaling in infectious diseases and how pathogens have developed strategies to evade these pathways. In this context, a potential modulation of the innate immune response could have therapeutic benefit through the development of new drugs as well as vaccination strategies to be employed in infectious diseases.

Communicable Diseases↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The "Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut": past, present and future of research in infectious diseases of animals.

The Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, founded in 1910 by Friedrich Loeffler, the discoverer of the first animal virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, is the oldest virological research facility in the world. Beyond viruses, its area of competence has significantly expanded since its foundation and now also covers bacterial, parasitic and prion diseases of livestock, poultry and aquatic animals. Presently located at four sites within Germany (Insel Riems, Jena,Tübingen,Wusterhausen) the tasks of the institute as delineated in the Animal Disease Act encompass research on infectious animal diseases including zoonoses, import/export examinations, epidemiological studies in case of outbreaks of notifiable animal diseases, acting as reference laboratory for notifiable animal diseases and nationwide quality management of diagnosis of notifiable animal diseases. It is obliged to publish and maintain up-to-date diagnostic regimes for notifiable animal diseases, and it publishes a yearly report on animal health in Germany. With the increasing importance of infectious diseases of animals, in particular those potentially harmful to man (zoonoses), the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut will be moving into new facilities including laboratories and animal facilities up to the highest biosafety level at its main site Insel Riems on the occasion of its 100th anniversary.

Academies and Institutes↗

PubMed1991

Recent advances in pediatric infectious diseases and their impact on dermatology.

The past five years have seen numerous advances in the field of pediatric infectious diseases, and many of these have a substantial impact on the practice of dermatology. We review some of these advances and discuss their implications on etiology, diagnosis, therapy and complications of some relatively common conditions. The etiologic agent of exanthum subitum (roseola infantum) has been clearly implicated as a herpesvirus-6. Although in the classically described situation high fever in a young child is followed by defervescence and rash, two new scenarios have been described associated with this virus. The first is fever without rash and the second is rash without fever. The etiologic agent of erythema infectiosum ("slapped cheek") has been shown to be a human parvovirus B19. The virus has also been associated with aplastic crises (in hemoglobinopathies), hydrops fetalis, and a syndrome of subacute arthralgias in women. The etiologic agent in cat-scratch disease has recently been shown to be a small pleomorphic bacillus that also can produce pyogenic granuloma-like lesions in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The number of cases of congenital syphilis, particularly in large cities, is increasing tremendously. Many of these infants have received no prenatal care because of drug abuse problems in their parents. Finally, we describe the changing etiology of impetigo that is predominantly associated with Staphylococcus aureus. We further describe the growing resistance to erythromycin and several new erythromycin drug-drug interactions.

Cat-Scratch Disease↗

PubMed2003

Chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) in atherosclerosis, infectious diseases, and regulation of T-cell polarization.

Infiltration of tissues by monocyte-derived macrophages is a prominent component of a wide-range of diseases, including atherosclerosis, glomerulonephritis, encephalitis, infectious diseases, and virtually all syndromes characterized by chronic inflammation. The molecular signals responsible for this directed migration are incompletely understood, but members of the chemokine family, especially the monocyte chemoattractant proteins (MCPs) (MCP-1 to MCP-5) are emerging as key players. Cells that respond to the MCPs do so because they express chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), the cognate receptor. This review will summarize evidence supporting a key role for CCR2 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, infections with intracellular pathogens, and regulation of the type I adaptive immune response.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Adrenal steroids synthesis during acute infectious diseases in infants.

UNLABELLED: An increase in plasma 17OHP found in infants requiring differential diagnosis between septic shock and adrenal failure led us to look for adrenal steroids pattern during infection. INFANTS AND METHODS: 56 infants, 1-6 months old, were studied during infection of different degrees of severity. Plasma cortisol, 17OHP, androstenedione, DHEA, DHEA-S and testosterone were measured. RESULTS: 24 patients showed an expected cortisol elevation. One child had a low cortisol level. The concentration of 17OHP was above 6.0 nmol/l (200 ng/dl) in 41 patients and above 30.2 nmol/l (1,000 ng/dl) in 10. Higher 17OHP levels and more severe diseases correlated positively. CONCLUSIONS: During infectious diseases some patients demonstrated not only cortisol elevation but also 17OHP as high as that observed in NC-CAH. We suggest that if 17OHP elevation is not characteristic of SL-CAH, glucocorticoid therapy should be started and an ACTH test should be performed after recovery before ruling out this pathology.

17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone↗

PubMed2005

Immunizations and infectious disease screening for internationally adopted children.

Health care professionals play a critical role in providing age-appropriate immunizations and assessing newly arrived internationally adopted children for infectious diseases. A systematic approach to screening for infectious diseases combined with assessment of signs and symptoms that could be related to diseases prevalent in the child's country of origin supports children's long-term health and that of their new families.

Adoption↗

PubMed1990

Applications of nucleic acid probes in veterinary infectious diseases.

Nucleic acid probe technology is increasingly being used in basic research in veterinary microbiology and in diagnosis of infectious diseases of veterinary importance. This review presents an overview of nucleic acid probe methodology and its applications in veterinary infectious diseases. The major applications of nucleic acid probes include detection of pathogens in clinical samples, especially those organisms which are fastidious and difficult to cultivate, differentiation of virulent from avirulent organisms and vaccine strains from wild type isolates, typing of microorganisms, mapping genes, screening libraries of cloned DNA for specific genes, detection of latently infected or carrier animals, study of mechanisms of pathogenesis, epidemiological studies and food safety.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

[Incidence of infectious diseases in children in the 1st 7 years of life].

The dynamics of changes in the occurrence of infectious diseases in 1180 children during the first 7 years of life has been studied. The possibility of dividing children into groups with rare and frequent occurrence of diseases as early as during the first years of life has been demonstrated. The group of children falling ill frequently determines, to a considerable extent, the morbidity level in infectious diseases among children of the corresponding age group.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1997

Fever without apparent source on clinical examination, lower respiratory infections in children, other infectious diseases, and acute gastroenteritis and diarrhea of infancy and early childhood.

This section focuses on issues in infectious disease that are commonly encountered in pediatric office practice. Paul McCarthy discusses recent literature regarding the evaluation and management of acute fevers without apparent source on clinical examination in infants and children and the evaluation of children with prolonged fevers of unknown origin. Jean Klig reviews recent literature about lower respiratory tract infection in children. Jeffrey Kahn and Eugene Shapiro discuss literature concerning several infectious diseases commonly seen in office settings and concerning which recent developments are of interest. Michael Baron reviews recent literature about gastroenteritis and diarrhea of infancy and early childhood.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1996

Fever without apparent source on clinical examination, lower respiratory infections in children, other infectious diseases, and acute gastroenteritis and diarrhea of infancy and early childhood.

This section focuses on issues in infectious disease that are commonly encountered in pediatric office practice. Paul McCarthy discusses recent literature regarding the evaluation and management of acute fevers without apparent source on clinical examination in infants and children and the evaluation of children with prolonged fevers of unknown origin. Jean Klig reviews recent literature about lower respiratory tract infection in children. Eugene Shapiro discusses recent developments in the literature concerning several infectious diseases commonly facing practitioners in the office. Michael Baron reviews recent literature about gastroenteritis and diarrhea of infancy and early childhood.

Acute Disease↗