SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Joint Capsule”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources

PubMed1989

Termination patterns of identified group II and III afferent fibres from deep tissues in the spinal cord of the cat.

In chloralose-anaesthetized cats, the impulse activity of single afferent fibres supplying receptors in the deep tissues of the hindlimb (fasciae, muscles, ligaments, joint capsules) was recorded using micropipettes filled with a solution of horseradish peroxidase. Only myelinated fibres with conduction velocities up to 40 m/s (Group III and Group II units) were studied, i.e. fast conducting afferent fibres from muscle spindles and tendon organs were excluded. The fibres were functionally characterized with the use of mechanical stimuli such as local pressure and joint movements. The results show that a relationship exists between the functional properties of a given afferent unit and the location of its terminals in the spinal cord. Since the conduction velocity and hence the diameter of the fibres was similar in all the units studied, these factors appear not to be of importance for determining the pattern of spinal termination. Out of 84 units, 42 were classified as high-threshold mechanosensitive, 26 as low-threshold mechanosensitive, and 16 as secondary endings from muscle spindles. Following physiological identification the fibres were ionophoretically injected with horseradish peroxidase and their trajectory in the white and gray matter of the spinal cord visualized histologically with diaminobenzidine. High-threshold mechanosensitive units took a lateral course in the posterior funiculus and usually did not bifurcate. They exhibited two different patterns of spinal termination, one being characterized by terminal arborizations in both lamina I and deeper laminae (mostly IV/V), the other one by an exclusive projection to lamina I. Low-threshold mechanosensitive units often showed a bifurcation in the posterior funiculus and did not have a uniform termination pattern. The main areas of termination were lamina II and laminae IV-VI. The slowly conducting secondary endings from muscle spindles projected mainly to laminae VI and VII with additional collaterals entering the ventral horn. They thus had a termination pattern similar to that reported for fast conducting afferent fibres (above 50 m/s) from muscle spindle secondary endings. With the exception of one high-threshold mechanosensitive unit none of the stained fibres possessed terminal arborization and boutons in lamina III. It is concluded that different types of Group II and III primary afferent fibres from deep tissues exhibit different patterns of spinal termination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed1996

Arthroscopic diagnosis of posttraumatic disorders of the wrist.

Arthroscopy of the wrist is a helpful diagnostic procedure in cases of painful problems that cannot be diagnosed by clinical and radiological examination. Arthroscopy of the wrist was done in 32 patients, who could not be diagnosed by clinical and radiological examination. During arthroscopy, lesions of the fibrocartilaginous disc and of the cartilage, synovitis of the joint capsule, scaphoid-lunate dissociations and a loose body were detected. As a result of arthroscopic findings, 10 operative procedures were necessary. Resection of a torn disc, local synovectomy, reconstruction of the torn scaphoid-lunate ligament and removal of a loose body were done by open arthrotomy (8 patients). In 2 patients shaving of chondral ulcers on the radial joint surface was performed, which obviated the need for an explorative arthrotomy. Arthroscopy is a simple method that enables new diagnostic possibilities in rare but difficult cases of posttraumatic pain of the wrist.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

The microangiographic pattern of the glenoid labrum of the dog.

Microangiographic investigation of the glenoid labrum of the dog shows a rich vascular supply to the labrum except for its free edge. The vessels originate predominantly from the shoulder joint capsule and periosteum of the scapula neck. Several anastomoses to the glenoid vessels were demonstrated. This rich vascularization provides a good environment for surgical repair of traumatically detached parts of the labrum.

Angiography↗

PubMed1991

Joint proprioception in normal, osteoarthritic and replaced knees.

We measured joint position sense in the knee by a new method which tests the proprioceptive contribution of the joint capsule and ligaments. The leg was supported on a splint, and held in several positions of flexion. The subjects' perception of the position was recorded on a visual analogue model and compared with the actual angle of flexion. Eighty-one normal and 45 osteoarthritic knees were examined, as were 10 knees with semi-constrained and 11 with hinged joint replacements. All were assessed with and without an elastic bandage around the knee. There was a steady decline in joint position sense with age in subjects with normal knees. Those with osteoarthritic knees had impaired joint position sense at all ages (p less than 0.001). Knee replacement improved the joint position sense slightly (p less than 0.02); semi-constrained replacement had a greater effect than hinged replacement. The effect of an elastic bandage in subjects with poor position sense was dramatic, improving accuracy by 40% (p less than 0.001). It is proposed that reduced proprioception in elderly and osteoarthritic subjects may be responsible for initiation or advancement of degeneration of the knee.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

[Innervation of metacarpophalangeal joint and distal interphalangeal joint: an anatomical and histological study].

Using 131 fingers for the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint and 124 fingers for the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint obtained from 30 hands of human cadavers, the innervation of the MP and DIP joints was investigated anatomically in detail. Two articular branches developing from a dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve and a superficial branch of the radial nerve, and entering the dorsal side of the MP joint from the ulnar side and radial side, respectively, were found in every finger. In addition, articular branches from the deep branch of the ulnar nerve were found in every middle, ring and little finger. However, articular branches from the proper palmar digital nerve were found to exist in 62.7% of the fingers. Articular branches developing from the proper palmar digital nerve and going towards the DIP joint were found in every case, and 97.3% of 244 branches developed directly from the proper palmar digital nerve, while some of the remaining branches were from a dorsal branch of the proper palmar digital nerve and others developed neural loop penetration. Articular branches ran parallel to the distal transverse artery and entered the joint, and some of them went towards the volar plate, dorsal joint capsule, and tendon sheath. Many nerve endings existed in the surface layer of the articular capsule and arthrosynovial membranes in the form of Pacinian corpuscles and corpuscles of Ruffini. The existence of a neural loop in the finger should be taken notice of during somatoscopy in patients with neurovascular symptoms in the fingertip or surgical operation on a vascular pedicular island flap. Further, it was suggested that injury of the articular branch of the DIP joint could induce Heberden nodes due to its anatomical characteristics.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

[Outcome after total hip arthroplasty performed for rapidly progressive hip destruction].

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Rapidly progressive destruction of the hip joint occurs in approximately 5 to 10% of patients with degenerative hip disease. The cause and natural history remain unclear, but total hip arthroplasty is almost always necessary. We performed a retrospective analysis to determine the particular clinical and radiological features of this condition and to assess long-term outcome after total hip arthroplasty. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred total hip arthroplasties were performed between 1984 and 1988 in patients with rapidly progressive hip destruction (67 women and 11 men, mean age 71 years). The transtorchanteric approach was used in all cases to implant cemented Charnley-Kerboull prostheses. Mean follow-up was 7 years 10 months. RESULTS: There were seven complications: two nonunions of the trochanter, three extensive periprosthetic ossifications, one case of recurrent dislocation, and one late hematogenous infection. At last follow-up, the Merle d'Aubigné classification showed an excellent or very good functional result in 95 hips. Stable fixation was observed for 94 acetabular implants and 97 femoral implants. Six acetabular implants showed signs of loosening: certain=1, probable=4, potential=1. Three femoral implants showed signs of loosening: certain=1, potential=2. All the femoral loosenings were associated with acetabular loosening. Four hips required revision surgery: one for nonunion of the trochanter, one for septic loosening, two for aseptic loosening. DISCUSSION: This series confirmed the radiological and clinical definitions of rapidly progressive hip destruction and demonstrated the reliability of pathological examination of the femoral head and joint capsule. Among the different hypotheses put forward to explain this condition, neither overloading nor use of antiinflammatory drugs would appear to be operating in this series. We were unable to confirm or infirm the micro-crystalline or vascular origin of this condition. Nevertheless, the vascular phenomena observed in the femoral head could be compared with those observed in ischemic joint disease. Arthroplasty led to major blood loss (2706 ml, hematocrit 35). This appears to be higher than observed for arthroplasty performed with the same technique in patients with the usual form of degenerative hip disease. Excepting this fact, the complications observed and the clinical results as well as the longevity of these implants suggest that arthroplasties performed for rapidly degenerative hips are not substantially different from those performed for common degenerative hip disease.

Aged↗

PubMed1976

[Lectin arthritis--a new arthritis model].

By single intraarticular injection of lectin from Lens culinaris in nosenitized rabbits acute and chronic arthritis was produced. By use of fluoresceinisothiocyanate-labelled lectin binding of lectin could be demonstrated in the connective tissue of joint capsule for 4 weeks. The morphological features of lectin-arthritis were described. The results are discussed with respect to the pathogenesis of the arthritis.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

[Rheumatic lesions of the carpus].

The wrist is frequently involved in rheumatoid arthritis. The areas where the synovial membrane is best developed are the best areas for the development of the pannus as well. Proliferation of the synovial membrane lining the joint capsules leads to loss of ligamentary support of the wrist. This is the basis for further deformation. The direction of the carpal deformation is determined by normal anatomical conditions. Destruction of the elements that are essential for the stabilization of the wrist is responsible for these deformations; these elements are described. The flexor and extensor tendons of the fingers and wrist joint are coated with synovial sheaths. These can also be infiltrated by a synovial pannus or rupture due to abrasion by osteophytes. The dislocation, elongation, or rupture of tendons also leads to deformation. In accordance with our conception of the longitudinal pillars of the carpus we classify the different possible types of rheumatic carpal deformation into three groups: deformities of the ulnar, central, and radial type. Combinations of these various types are also common in the course of the disease and lead to instability and ankylosis. Synovectomy represents the basic treatment for the rheumatic joint. It is initially performed by radiosynovectomy. If there is persistent pain and swelling, an operative synovectomy is required. The following surgical procedures are most frequently combined with synovectomy of the wrist joint: synovectomy of the extensor tendons, resection of the head of the ulna, axial realignment of the wrist joint, and reconstruction of ruptured tendons. The operative technique is described in detail. This operation is also most commonly performed in the advanced stages. This operation produces good functional results that are reliable for a prolonged period of time, so that arthrodesis or arthroplasty can be avoided. Deterioration of the radiological findings, however, is common.

Arthritis, Juvenile↗

PubMed1982

Amyloid in osteoarthritic hip joints. Depositions in cartilage and capsule. Semiquantitative aspects.

Amyloid depositions in tissue from 116 osteoarthritic hip joints were examined. There was no significant correlation between amyloid and age although there was a tendency for joints from older patients to have more marked amyloid degeneration. We found significantly more amyloid in the joint capsules from male patients than from females. No difference in amyloid deposition was found between the right and left side, and pressure-loaded/less pressure-loaded parts of the femoral head contained equal amounts of amyloid. With the exception of two cases amyloid depositions in the joint capsule were always accompanied by amyloid in the joint cartilage (P less than 0.001). Conversely the cartilage was often positive when the capsule was negative for amyloid.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Multidirectional instability of the glenohumeral joint.

The concept of multidirectional instability (MDI) was introduced as an important clinical entity in 1980. Previously, it had received little mention in the literature and was not considered to be clinically relevant. MDI is a symptomatic glenohumeral subluxation or dislocation occurring in more than one direction. The basic pathology of this condition is a loose and redundant joint capsule. Most patients with MDI can be treated successfully by conservative methods, such as patient education, a shoulder girdle strengthening program, or modification of the patient's routine activity.

Arthroscopy↗

PubMed1976

Neurology of the temporomandibular joints: an experimental study.

Experiments on anaesthetized cats are described in which the reflex effects of stimulation of the mechanoreceptors in the temporomandibular joints on the ipsilateral and contralateral mandibular muscles were studied. The effects on this reflex activity and on dynamic manidublar muscle activity of the production of temporary and permanent dysfunction of the mechanoreceptors in different regions of the joint capsule were also studied. The significance of the findings in relation to the maintenance of normal jaw posture and the disturbance of mandibular muscular function by trauma, disease, and malocclusion is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Medial and lateral supporting structures of the knee. Normal MR imaging anatomy and pathologic findings.

The supporting structures of the knee can be divided into several layers: fascial boundaries, the collateral ligaments and tendons, and the joint capsule. MR imaging's ability to demonstrate these findings has helped to validate this anatomic concept. An appreciation for the organization of the medial and lateral compartments facilitates MR imaging interpretation.

Collateral Ligaments↗

PubMed1990

Intra-articular synovial folds of thoracolumbar junction zygapophyseal joints.

Transverse histological sections from T10-11, T11-12, T12-L1, and L1-2 zygapophyseal joints were examined in 32 post-mortem spines, using light microscopy, to record the presence of intra-articular synovial fold inclusions. In addition, three mid-joint sections from each joint were photographed using 35 mm colour film. From these slides, linear dimensions of the extent of intra-articular synovial fold projection between the zygapophyseal joints were measured using computer-aided planimetry. Small, fibrous folds were commonly found at the joint margins extending from the ligamentum flavum and the fibrous joint capsule. Larger, fibro-adipose synovial folds, projecting between the articular surfaces, were also noted, particularly at T12-L1 and L1-2.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Visualization of the anatomy of the rotator interval and bicipital sheath.

A systematic evaluation of the glenohumeral joint should be routinely performed with all shoulder arthroscopy and include all anatomic areas. However, to date, less attention has been given to the insertion of the subscapularis tendon, superior glenohumeral ligament (SGHL), and medial head of the coracohumeral ligament (MCHL). This article outlines arthroscopic techniques that may aid in the evaluation of the anatomy of the rotator interval and bicipital sheath. In this apical region, the CHL contributes fibers to the SGHL (forming the internal reflection of the bicipital groove-SGHL/CHL complex), the subscapularis tendon, and the joint capsule. The CHL is more anterior to the SGHL. There is a distinct anatomic difference between the SGHL/CHL insertion complex and the subscapularis insertion. The normal insertion of the subscapularis tendon is into a small trough on the lesser tuberosity. Together, these structures make up the medial wall of the superior biceps pulley. With the arthroscope advanced to the anterior portion of the joint, the shoulder is elevated from 60 degrees to 90 degrees and a neuroprobe is advanced through the anterior cannula. By internally rotating the arm, the subscapularis tendon insertion and SGHL/CHL complex slacken. A neuroprobe can be placed under the insertion of the subscapularis tendon and SGHL/CHL complex. A 70 degrees arthroscope can aid in visualization with less shoulder elevation. These techniques allow for a thorough visualization of the structures of the rotator interval and medial bicipital sheath.

Arthroscopy↗

PubMed1999

Extensor carpi radialis brevis. An anatomical analysis of its origin.

We studied the origin of extensor carpi radialis brevis using 40 fresh frozen human cadaver specimens. Ten were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and trichrome which showed the collagenous structure of the extensor tendons at their origin. Gross anatomical observation showed that there was no definitive separation between brevis and communis at the osseotendinous junction. The histological findings confirmed the lack of separation between the two tendons. The extensor tendons were in close proximity to the joint capsule but trichrome staining showed no interdigitation of the tendon with the capsule. The validity of ascribing the pain of lateral epicondylitis to extensor carpi radialis brevis must be questioned. It appears to arise more from the 'common extensor' origin.

Dissection↗

PubMed1999

Pigmented villonodular synovitis of the hip and knee.

Pigmented villonodular synovitis is an uncommon disease that remains a diagnostic challenge. Presenting complaints commonly involve one joint, most often the knee or hip. Symptoms of pain and swelling characteristically have an insidious onset and are slowly progressive. The physical examination may be completely normal. Radiographs of the knee may appear normal or may show a periarticular soft tissue density, expansion of the suprapatellar pouch and local osseous changes confined to the patellofemoral articulation. Radiographs of the hip may show erosions in the head and neck of the femur and acetabulum. Magnetic resonance imaging usually demonstrates key diagnostic features, which include joint effusion, elevation of the joint capsule, hyperplastic synovium and low signal intensity resulting from hemosiderin deposition. The diagnosis of pigmented villonodular synovitis is confirmed by biopsy, and the treatment of choice is synovectomy.

Diagnosis, Differential↗

PubMed1982

The midlumbar myelomeningocele hip: mechanism of dislocation and treatment.

We define the "bowstring" force of the iliopsoas, the force applied to the femoral head as the tendon angles across the hip joint, which we believe is an important cause of dislocation of the hip in patients with a midlumbar myelomeningocele. An operative procedure consisting of iliopsoas recession and suture of its tendon to the anterolateral hip joint capsule has been developed and used in 10 dislocated and 9 subluxated hips. The procedure was performed on patients with an average age of 6.6 months; the average follow-up was 45 months. Arthrography demonstrated the subluxation pattern of Leveuf in 17 hips. Surgical observations included: (a) flattening of the femoral head beneath the iliopsoas, (b) "bowstringing" of the iliopsoas across the hip joint, (c) posterolateral displacement of the femoral head with hip extension, (d) apparent increase in leg length after release of the iliopsoas, and (e) decrease of hip flexion contracture after iliopsoas release. Following iliopsoas recession alone, 11 hips were stable; 7 had subluxation; 1 was dislocatable. Secondary varus derotation osteotomy for valgus and anteversion was performed on five hips with subluxation; each was stable at review. A combined varus derotation osteotomy and Chiari osteotomy was performed on the one dislocatable hip that remained dislocatable. Therefore, at review 16 of 19 hips were stable, two have subluxation, and one was dislocatable. Early surgical treatment to prevent secondary adaptive changes in the hip is recommended. Additional surgery to correct retained valgus and anteversion is frequently necessary to achieve stability.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1997

High resolution magnetic resonance imaging application in anatomy: the extensor digitorum muscle insertion on the first phalanx.

Classical dissection may give unsatisfactory results because of the presence of artifacts due to both the embalming process and displacement of the anatomical structures. This spatial disturbance could explain the divergent descriptions found in the literature about the presence, or the absence, of an insertion of the extensor digitorum muscle (ED) at the first phalanx (P1). Preliminary experiments by Van Sint Jan et al. (1996) found the same contradiction: dissections did not show a real tendon attachment, whereas a functional experiment seemed to show that "something" should exist between ED and P1 to explain the results. This paper presents the results of an in vitro MRI study of this anatomical area. A 7-T NMR microscope was used to collect accurate, noninvasive data. Subsequently, surface rendering was performed to visualize the structures in a three-dimensional manner. The results of this MRI study, together with functional data obtained in an earlier study, showed that no real insertion of ED on P1 exists. However, some collagenic fibers were occasionally-observed running from the ventral aspect of ED to both P1 and the metacarpo-phalangeal joint capsule. Those few collagenic fibers would play a secondary role in the extension of P1.

Collagen↗