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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Novel cytoplasmic immunolocalization of RNA polymerase II in inclusion-body myositis muscle.

Sporadic inclusion-body myositis (IBM) is a progressive degenerative muscle disease of older persons. Abnormalities of gene-expression and RNA metabolism have recently been proposed to contribute to the IBM pathogenic cascade. We now demonstrate, using well characterized, epitope-specific antibodies, that the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II is abnormally accumulated in the cytoplasm of IBM muscle fibers, where it is co-localized with phosphorylated tau on IBM paired helical filaments. Since RNA polymerase II is a crucial nuclear factor involved in both transcription and mRNA processing, our results support the hypothesis that abnormality of either or both of those processes might be caused, in part, by pathological trafficking of RNA polymerase II, and that abnormal trafficking might be an important factor in the IBM pathogenic cascade.

Cytoplasm↗
PubMed1991

Therapy for myositis.

The mainstay of therapy for polymyositis-dermatomyositis continues to be corticosteroids either alone or in combination with other immunosuppressive agents. Intravenous cyclophosphamide may be beneficial in some patients, and success with cyclosporine has been reported in children with dermatomyositis. Intravenous gamma-globulin has resulted in short-term benefit for both children and adults. Other seldom-used therapies for the refractory patient with myositis include plasmapheresis, total body irradiation, and thymectomy.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1994

Myositis and malignancy.

Dermatomyositis appears to be associated with a greater frequency of malignancy than expected in the general population. For polymyositis, there does not appear to be a greatly increased risk of malignancy. Ovarian cancer may be overrepresented in women with dermatomyositis and difficult to detect. A paraneoplastic course, in which the activity of the myositis parallels that of the malignancy, occurs in some patients but is unusual. Although the frequency of malignancy rises with increasing age, young patients may harbor malignancy. The search for malignancy should be directed by symptoms, findings on physical examination, or laboratory testing, and it should be age appropriate.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Sporadic inclusion-body myositis and hereditary inclusion-body myopathies: current concepts of diagnosis and pathogenesis.

We discuss the pathologic diagnostic criteria and review the major new advances related to seeking the pathogenic mechanism of sporadic inclusion-body myositis (s-IBM) and hereditary inclusion-body myopathy (h-IBM). A classification of the various h-IBM syndromes is also presented. The several forms of the h-IBMs have different genetic transmissions and probably different genetic defects. In neither s-IBM nor the h-IBMs are the sequential steps of the pathogenic cascade understood. Because s-IBM and the h-IBMs have a number of characteristic pathologic features in common, we postulate that their different causes trigger the same upstream aberration leading to a similar downstream cascade of pathologic events, which are ultimately responsible for the characteristic muscle-fiber degeneration. Muscle-biopsy and experimental evidence is given supporting our hypothesis that overexpression of beta-amyloid precursor protein within abnormal muscle fibers is an early upstream event causing the pathogenic cascade. We also present evidence supporting our concept that muscle aging and oxidative stress are important factors contributing to the s-IBM-specific muscle fiber destruction. Additionally, the intriguing parallels between the pathologic phenotype of IBM muscle fibers and Alzheimer's disease brain are summarized.

Aging↗
PubMed2000

The association of malignancy with myositis.

The exact nature of the relation between malignancy and myositis has created continued controversy. Most of the evidence points toward an association between dermatomyositis (DM) with malignancy. The relation with polymyositis is much weaker, if at all present. The first 5 years after DM diagnosis is when the risk is greatest for malignancy. Although types of malignancy seen in DM and polymyositis are similar to those in the general population, ovarian cancer seems to be more common in DM. Most experts recommend that otherwise asymptomatic patients with DM have an age-specific examination for occult malignancy. All suggestive symptoms or clinical clues should be evaluated thoroughly.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Inclusion body myositis: genetic factors, aberrant protein expression, and autoimmunity.

Sporadic inclusion body myositis (s-IBM) is an inflammatory myopathy mainly affecting elderly individuals. It has a chronic progressive course leading to severe disability. Immunosuppressive treatment is in most instances ineffective. S-IBM is morphologically characterized by mononuclear cell infiltrates and vacuolated muscle fibers with pathologic accumulation of a large number of different proteins. Recent research has focused on the expression of various factors that may contribute to the inflammatory reaction and the typical inclusions. This review summarizes the new information on genetic factors, abnormal protein expression and inflammation, which provides a basis for linking the different typical morphologic features of s-IBM to a cascade of pathogenic events.

Autoimmunity↗
PubMed2001

Myositis-specific autoantibodies: overview and recent developments.

Myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSAs) are found in almost half the patients with an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM). Several clinical and epidemiological studies have suggested that MSAs are associated with specific clinical characteristics. Some of these associations are well-defined and are of clinical significance ( eg, anti-Jo-1 and the anti-synthetase syndrome), others are less well established and can cause unnecessary anxiety for both patients and physicians ( eg, anti-SRP and cardiac involvement). In this review, an overview is given of the various MSAs, their biochemical background, their clinical usefulness, and the promises they hold for a better understanding of IIM.

Autoantibodies↗
PubMed2002

Inclusion body myositis.

Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is an inflammatory myopathy with distinctive clinicopathologic features. The etiology of IBM remains elusive. The immune-mediated basis for this disease has been challenged by evidence implicating a number of divergent etiologic factors. These factors include mitochondrial deletions, nitric oxide induced oxidative stress, myonuclear breakdown, and abnormal accumulation within muscle fibers of brain-specific Alzheimer type proteins. The treatment of IBM with conventional immunosuppressive agents has been disappointing. Therapeutic approaches currently under study or consideration are beta-interferon and synthetic anabolic hormones.

Female↗
PubMed1988

Isolated levator myositis.

A 54-year-old woman presented with a 1-day history of ptosis of the left upper lid. On examination, the patient exhibited a moderate ptosis, poor levator function, lid lag on down-gaze, and no limitation of ocular motility. A computed tomography (CT) scan with contrast demonstrated enhancement of the levator muscle and levator aponeurosis on the involved side. Treatment consisted of systemic steroid administration and led to complete resolution of the ptosis in 2 weeks. The combined clinical and CT scan findings give a characteristic pattern of an isolated levator myositis.

Blepharoptosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Induction of myasthenia gravis, myositis, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus by high-dose interleukin-2 in a patient with renal cell cancer.

Interleukin-2 is an effective agent against renal cell carcinoma and melanoma, but it has been associated with autoimmune sequelae such as hypothyroidism and vitiligo. A 64-year-old man with non-insulin-dependent diabetes and metastatic renal cell carcinoma developed insulin-dependent diabetes after his first cycle of therapy with high-dose (HD) interleukin-2. After additional therapy with interleukin-2, the patient developed generalized myasthenia gravis (MG) and polymyositis, both of which responded to treatment with corticosteroids and plasmapheresis. To investigate the role of IL-2 in the development of these autoimmune complications, autoantibody titers were assayed from serum obtained before and after IL-2 treatment and after treatment with corticosteroids plus plasmapheresis. Before IL-2 treatment, the patient had antibodies directed against insulin, islet cell antigens, and striated muscle. Acetylcholine receptor antibody levels were normal before starting IL-2. After treatment with IL-2, the patient developed acetylcholine receptor binding antibodies and exhibited an increase in the striated muscle antibody titer from 1:40 to 1:160. Recovery from the MG and polymyositis was associated with substantial decreases in the acetylcholine receptor and striated muscle antibody titers. These findings suggest that HD IL-2 accelerated the progression of latent autoimmune diabetes and myositis in this patient whose tolerance to islet cell antigens and striated muscle had already been broken and precipitated a break in tolerance to the acetylcholine receptor resulting in the development of MG. This case demonstrates the importance of prompt recognition of IL-2-induced MG and shows how this complication can be successfully managed with aggressive therapy.

Carcinoma, Renal Cell↗
PubMed1984

Early diagnosis of myositis ossificans with Tc-99m diphosphonate imaging.

Myositis ossificans is primarily a disorder of young adults, whereby an area of muscle mass undergoes progressive ossification. The authors review a case in which the patient's presentation was somewhat atypical, and where the course of disease was unusually prolonged. Examination of the soft tissue lesion using Tc-99m diphosphonate bone scans was helpful in establishing the diagnosis and in determining the full extent of the process early in its evolution.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Myositis ossificans with Ga-67 citrate positivity.

A 16 year-old boy presented with a firm mass within the left thigh. Ga-6 7 citrate and bone scintigraphy revealed soft tissue radiotracer accumulation within the mass lesion. Radiographs and xerography of the left thigh revealed calcification within the soft tissue mass typical of myositis ossificans. The patient's clinical course was uneventful.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Heterotopic ossification (myositis ossificans) in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Detection by gallium scintigraphy.

A case of heterotopic ossification (myositis ossificans) secondary to the central nervous system complications of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is reported. Because of the overwhelming suspicion of infection in this patient, this diagnosis was not considered until a gallium scan revealed the typical findings of heterotopic ossification. Because of the increasing utilization of gallium imaging in the AIDS population, every imaging specialist should be aware of this potential disorder.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

The nuclear medicine bone image and myositis ossificans progressiva.

Myositis ossificans progressiva most commonly effects adolescents and young adults. It is characterized by progressive calcification of muscle and frequently follows trauma. Bone imaging may be helpful in determining the full extent of the disease process and may be more accurate than conventional radiographs. Bone imaging is able to detect lesions before they can be observed with radiographs. In addition, radiographs may tend to underestimate the severity of the disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Diagnosis of traumatic myositis of the intrinsic muscles of the hand by the use of three-phase skeletal scintigraphy.

A case of traumatic myositis of the intrinsic muscles of the hand is presented. This is believed to be the first report in which the diagnosis of this type of soft tissue injury was made based upon phases I and II of a three-phase bone scan. An incorrect diagnosis of primary skeletal injury could have been made if delayed, 3-4 hour (phase III) imaging alone had been performed because there was augmented uptake of tracer in the normal bone adjacent to the area of soft tissue hyperemia. This report emphasizes the need to perform three-phase scintigraphy to diagnose nonskeletal injury in patients with suspected bone trauma or pain of unknown etiology.

Hand Injuries↗
PubMed1992

Unusual clinical presentation and scintigraphic pattern in myositis ossificans.

Myositis ossificans, or heterotopic bone formation, is a possible sequela of musculoskeletal trauma. Its radiographic and scintigraphic appearances have been well documented. Specifically, plain film radiographs usually show soft tissue calcification in the muscle groups adjacent to the trauma. The three-phase bone scan may demonstrate an area of nonspecific increased tracer uptake in all three phases. The authors present a case of radiographically demonstrated heterotopic bone formation in the leg of a retired football player.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Muscle contusion injury and myositis ossificans traumatica.

In athletic competition, muscle contusion injury is a frequent and debilitating condition. Found in traditional contact and noncontact sports, contusions also can occur to the nonathlete by simple falls and accidents. The injury consists of a well-defined sequence of events involving microscopic rupture and damage to muscle cells, macroscopic defects in muscle bellies, infiltrative bleeding, and inflammation. The repair of the tissue can be thought of as a race between remodeling and scar formation. In the current study, the authors describe the relevant body of research directed at delineating the incidence, factors that affect injury severity, and treatment of muscle contusion injury. Emphasis is given to animal models that allow reproducible, quantitative injury, and study of the effects of various treatment modalities. Myositis ossificans traumatica, one of the most debilitating consequences of contusion injuries, also is discussed. The incidence, causative factors, and prevention strategies are reviewed.

Animals↗